Irish Names Introduction Overall View of Cultural Influences

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Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Introduction

In Ireland during our period, there were several distinct cultures which each had their own naming practices. Which name elements were used and how a name was formed varied by culture and time period. The cultures seen in Ireland at different times include Gaels, Norse, and Anglo-Normans. Further complicating the issue is the fact that documents written in Ireland during our time period were written in Latin, Gaelic, English, and possibly Norse. So, a person of Anglo-Norman descent could have easily been referenced in a Latin document, an English document, and a Gaelic document. And the form of their name would have been different in each language. An example of such forms can be found in references to Strongbow:

Language Annals Entry Name Gaelic B M1170.11 Ricard mac Gillebert .i. Iarla ó Strangbouu Latin AH 1169 Ricardus filius fuit Gilberti Comitis Strongulensis

Culture, time period, and document language are all factors that need to be considered when creating an authentic name or determining if an already-constructed name is authentic.

Overall View of Cultural Influences 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Written Language used by Gaels: Oghamic Irish Old Irish Gaelic Middle Irish Gaelic Early Modern Irish Gaelic c. 500 – c. 700 c. 700 – c. 900 c. 900 – c. 1200 c. 1200 – c. 1700

Cultures in Ireland and their Gaels as a cohesive culture in Ireland influence on Gaelic naming practices:

Norse/Danish settlers living as a cohesive culture in Ireland Norse/Danish names adopted into the Gaelic naming pool

Anglo-Norman / English settlers living as a cohesive culture in Ireland Anglo-Norman names adopted into the Gaelic naming pool

the Catholic religion

p. 1 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Gaelic Culture and Gaelic Naming Practices in Ireland

Information about Gaels and Gaelic Culture in Ireland:

[Information regarding clan structure in Ireland – a quote from Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages:] - In the case of Ireland, the greater part of the humbler classes certainly did not belong to any recognised clans or descent-groups other than their immediate family groups (father and sons, or a group of brothers). In the case of persons like these, devoid of political influence or property, the clan would have had no functions which could serve to hold it together. Conall Mageoghagan, writing in 1627, refers contemptuously to persons of this sort as ‘mere churls and labouring men, [not] one of whom knows his own great-grandfather.’ The phrase is significant; in a lineage-based society the keeping of genealogies is of primary importance. Not only is membership of the clan conferred by descent, but the precise details of this descent may determine a person’s legal rights in, for instance, the property of the clan. [p. 9]

Important Developments and Changes in Naming Practices among Gaels:

- Throughout most of our period, names of prominent saints were considered too holy to give to children. Instead, parents wishing to reference a saint in their child’s name would give their child a devotional name formed from that saint’s name. For example, parents wishing to reference Saint Ciarán when they named their son, would name him Gilla Ciaráin ‘servant of [Saint] Ciarán’ or Máel Ciaráin ‘devotee of [Saint] Ciarán’ rather than simply Ciarán. - occasionally Biblical names (forms of Daniel, Abel, etc.) show up as the names of religious men; the same names rarely or never appear in the general population - Construction patterns used in early names tended to be simple, usually only naming the person’s father. Over time more complex constructions came into use (see the charts on the next two pages for examples). - 900s - family / clan names come into use - 1100s - Norse given names begin appearing in the Gaelic naming pool - c. 1300 - Anglo-Norman names begin appearing in the Gaelic naming pool

[The section “From Pelican: Capitalization of Gaelic Particles: mac versus Mac” in the Cover Letter to the June 2002 LoAR explains the issue of capitalization of particles in Gaelic names:]

Capitalization of name elements in period Gaelic documents was less consistent than it is now, but it was not completely random. Most sources that reference Irish Gaelic names use standardized transliteration rules for rendering Gaelic text. For example, John O'Donovan, Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, is a facing page translation. Each left-hand page is a transcription which preserves capitalization as it appears in the original work. Each right-hand page is a 19th C translation of the corresponding left-hand page. The examples listed below (with 19th C translations) are taken from the year 1400 (vol. 4). A period after a letter indicates a punctum delens (which looks like a dot that appears above the preceding letter). A punctum delens is usually transliterated as an h following the letter in question. For example, {m.} is transliterated as mh. The notation e represents a "long e" character. In some cases, it is transliterated as e. In other cases, it is transliterated as ea. hoiberd mac Emainn mic hoiberd a burc ("Hubert, the son of Edmond, son of Hubert Burke", pp. 768-769) cathbarr {m.}ág aon{g.}usa ("Caffar Magennis", pp. 768-769) Con{c.}o{b.}ar mac Do{m.}naill mic néill {g.}air{b.}, mic aoda, mic do{m.}naill óicc uí {d.}o{m.}naill ("Conor, the son of Donnell, son of Niall Garv, son of Hugh, son of Donnell Oge O'Donnell", p. 770) Modern transliteration standards render literal bynames with non-capitalized particles and family names with capitalized particles. For example, mac Néill would indicate that this man's father was named Niall, while Mac Néill would indicate that Mac Néill was his family name. In a period document, mac Néill could indicate that either that his father was named Niall or that his family name was Mac Néill. p. 2 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien

Patterns seen in Men’s Names Among Gaels

- the list below is preliminary; it is constructed from a rough sample taken from various annals - all examples listed below have at least 5 men with names with this construction 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Written Language: Oghamic Irish Old Irish Gaelic Middle Irish Gaelic Early Modern Irish Gaelic c. 500 – c. 700 c. 700 – c. 900 c. 900 – c. 1200 c. 1200 – c. 1700

Construction patterns A maqqas B A mac B found in the names of 5 or more men: A hua B A Ua B / A Ó B

A mac B meic C A mac B mhic C

A mac B huí C A mac B uí C

A mac Meic B A mac Mhic B

A mac B mhic C uí D Gaelic Particle of Relationship A mac B mhic C mhic D Nominative Case Genitive Case Meaning mac meic / mhic son hua / ua / Ó huí / uí grandson [later came to mean ‘male descendant’]

p. 3 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Patterns seen in Women’s Names Among Gaels

- the list below is preliminary; it is constructed from a fairly complete list of women’s names that appear in Irish annals. At this time, most of the women’s names have been sorted for the list below, but there are still a portion left to be sorted. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Written Language: Oghamic Irish Old Irish Gaelic Middle Irish Gaelic Early Modern Irish Gaelic c. 500 – c. 700 c. 700 – c. 900 c. 900 – c. 1200 c. 1200 – c. 1700

Construction patterns A inigena B A ingen B A inghean B found in the names of 5 or more women: A ingen B meic C A inghean B mhic C

A ingen meic B A inghean mhic B

A ingen B huí C A inghean B uí C

A ingen huí B A inghean uí B

A ingen B huí C ben D huí E A inghean B uí C bean D uí E

A inghean B mhic C uí D

A inghean B mhic C bean D mhic E

A inghean B uí C bean D mhic E

A inghean uí B bean C mhic D

Gaelic Particle of Relationship A inghean uí B bean C uí D

Nominative Case Genitive Case Meaning A inghean B mhic C bean uí D mac meic / mhic son ingen / inghean daughter A inghean B uí C bean uí D hua / ua / Ó huí / uí grandson [later came to mean ‘male descendant’] ben / bean wife A inghean uí B bean uí C

p. 4 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Examples of Variation in a Woman’s Name

These are examples of women referred to multiple times in the annals. All of these examples are grouped by person. By looking at the multiple ways the annals render the name of a woman, we can begin to guess which elements were inherited and which were literal. In some cases, the final patronymic element may actually be a family name or a chiefly title (indicating descent from a clan chief).

Omitting a phrase

B M1152.10 Dearbhforgaill, inghen Murchadha Uí Mhaoileachlainn, ben Tighernan Uí Ruairc B M1153.21 Derfforgaill, inghen Murchadha Uí Mhaoileachlainn T T1157.3 Derborgaill ingin Murchada h-Úi Mael Sechlainn MCB1 MCB1165.3 Dirboguill, ingean Murcadha Meg Floinn, bean Tigearnain h- Ruairc, ri Breithne & Mighe B M1167.16 Dearbforgaill inghen Murchadha Ui Maoil Sechlainn U U1186.9 Derbhorgall, ingen Murchaidh h-Ui Maeil Shechlainn LC LC1186.4 Derborcaill, ingen Murchada .H. Máoil Seclainn U U1193.6 Der Fhorgaill, ingen Murchaidh h-Ui Mhail Sheachlaind C M1193.4 Derforghaill (.i. ben Tighernain Ui Ruairc) ingen Murchadha Ui Maoileachlainn LC LC1193.7 Derbhorgaill, ingen Murchada h-I Maeil Sechlainn

MCB1 MCB1165.6 Aine ingin Mic Murchadha MCB1 MCB1169.2 Aine ingean Diarmada [The entry is explicit that her father is Mac Murchadha.]

Co 1406.6 Mna Muman ingine meic Fedlimid (NOTE: this entire name is in the genitive case due to sentence structure of the entry) D M1406.2 Bean Mumhan inghean mic Fedhlimidh Co 1411.12 Ben Muman ingen Aeda h. Conchobair uxur Murchada meic Cormaic Meic Dondchada Co 1411.30 Ben Muman ingen Aeda meic Fedlimid h. Conchobair, bantigerna Clainni Connmaig

Co 1413.17 Be Bind ingen Ruaidri meic Tomaltaig Meic Dondchada ben Eogain meic Domnaill D M1413.8 Bebind inghen Ruaidhri, mic Tomaltaigh, Mec Donnchaidh bean Eoghain, mic Domhnaill Uí Concobhair

Co 1418.15 Lasarfina ingen Chathail meic Aeda Brefnig h. Conchobair ben Mailsechlainn meic Flaithbertaig h. Ruairc D M1418.11 Lasairfiona ingean Cathail mic Aodha Breifnigh bean Maoileachlainn mic Flaithbhertaigh Uí Ruairc

A inghean B mhic C; reduced to A inghean mhic C

U U923.7 Ligach ingin m. Mael Sechlainn, rigan righ Bregh B M921.10 Lioghach, inghean Floinn, mic Maoileachlainn, ben Mhaoile Mithigh, tigherna Bregh uile

Co 1343.5 Dubchablaig ingen Conchobair Meic Diarmata ben h. Birn C M1343.7 Dubhchabhlaigh inghen Meic Diarmada bean Uí Birn LC LC1343.4 Dubhcablaich inghen Conchobair Mic Diarmada, ben Ui Bhirn

p. 5 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien

Co 1347.10 Findguala ingen Eogain Meic Fingin uxur Feargail Mumnig h. Duibgendan airchideochain Chilli Ronan C M1347.10 Finnguala inghen Meic Fingin ben Ferghail Uí Duibhgionnain LC LC1347.8 Findguala, ingen Eogain mic Finghin, uxor Feargail Muimhnigh .H. Duibhgendan, archindech Chille Ronain

Co 1393.9 Ragnailt ingen meic Fedlimid h. Conchobair D M1393.9 Raghnailt inghean Aodha mic Feidhlimidh Uí Choncobhair

Co 1530.2 Caitilin inghen Murchada Meic hSuibhni ben h. Dochartaig E M1530.3 Caitilin inghen Mic Suibhne ben I Dhochartaigh

... bean A meic B ... reduced to ... bean meic B

Co 1320.2 Grane ingen Meic Magnusa ben Meic Diarmada C M1320.2 Grainne inghean Meic Magnusa ben Meic Diarmata Co 1321.2 Grainne ingen Meic Magnusa ben Maelruanaig Meicc Diarmata C M1321.1 Grainne inghen Meic Maghnasa ben Mhaol Ruanaidh Meic Diarmata LC LC1320.1 Gráinne inghen Mic Magnusa, ben Mic Diarmada LC LC1321.1 Grainne inghen Mic Maghnusa, ben Maelruanaigh Mic Diarmada

Co 1364.7 Margrec ingen Uater a Burcc ben meic Feidlim C M1364.2 Mairgreg inghen Uatér A Burc ben Aodha mic Feidhlimidh Uí Concobhair C M1364.4 Mairghreg inghen Uátéir A Búrc bean Aedha mic Feidlimidh Uí Concobair ri Connacht

A inghean B Uí C; reduced to A inghean Uí C

Co 1255.18 Ragnailt ingen h. Fergail LC LC1255.17 Raghnailt, inghen h-I Fhergail Co 1257.23 Ragnailt ingen Amlaib h. Fergail C M1255.11 Ragnailt ingen Uí Fhergail LC LC1257.18 Raghnailt, ingen h-I Ferghail

Co 1433.2 Margreg ingen h. Ceruaill D M1433.8 Mairghréicc inghen Uí Cerbhaill ben Ui Conchobhair Fhailghigh (an Calbhach) Co 1445.6 Margreg ingen h. Cerbaill D M1447.7 Mairgrege inghene Uí Cerbhaill) ben Uí Domhnaill Co 1451.2 Margreg ingen Taidc h. Cerbaill ri Ele, aenroga ban Gaidel D M1451.3 Mairgrécc inghen Ui Cherbhaill (Tadhg) ben Ui Conchobhair Fhailgigh (An Calbhach) Co 1471.28 Margrege in Enig ingine h. Cerbaill

D M1471.15 Sile ingen Uí Domnaill, .i. Niall Garb, ben Neill mic Airt Uí Neill E M1521.9 Síle inghen Néill Ghairbh Uí Domhnaill

p. 6 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Norse & Danish Settlers in Ireland and their Influence on Gaelic Naming Practices:

Information about Norse & Danish people in Ireland:

[information below taken from the Wars of the Irish Kings, pp. 85-86.] - first recorded Norse raid was in 795 - “floods of foreigners” arrive in 820 (per the Annals of Ulster) - previous to this time, population centers were around monasteries; now, the Norse built communities around trade - “Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and more, all have their origins as Viking trading centers, for although the foreigners arrived as raiders and kidnappers, they later became businessmen who established busy ports (founded as winter camps) both to carry out trade and to provide embarkation points for raids on other lands, notably Scotland and northern Britain”.

[information below taken from the Annals of Ulster] - for several centuries, there were Norse kingdoms in Ireland. The annals record Norse kings of Dublin and Waterford, among others.

[information below taken from John O'Donovan, ed., Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, vol. 6, p. 2436, info. from a genealogy; names modernized & Anglicized in this source] - Donovan (d. 977), son of Cathal, chief of the Ui-Figeinte had as a father in law Auliffe, king of the Danes of Munster - Donovan also had an alliance with the Danes of Waterford, and one of the sons of Ivor, king of the Danes of Waterford was called Donovan after him.

Some examples of Norse & Danish people in Ireland mentioned in Annals: U U857.1 Imar U U857.1 Amlaiph U U896.3 Sitriucc m. Imair U U917.2 Sitriuc h. Imair U U917.2 Ragnall h. h-Imair U U927.2 Sitriuc h. Imair, ri Dubgall & Finngall (19th C translation: “Sitriuc grandson of Ímar, king of the dark foreigners and the fair foreigners”) U U977.1 Amhlaim m. Sitriuca U U980.1 Ragnall m. Amhlaim m. rig Gall U U1021.1 Sitriuc m. Amlaimh, ri Atha Cliath (ri Atha Cliath = ‘king of Dublin’) U U1022.1 Sitriuc mc. Ímair ri Puirt Lairgi (ri Puirt Lairgi = ‘king of Waterford’) U U1124.1 Torfind m. Turcaill primh-oigthigern Gall n-Erenn U U1171.2 Ascall, mac Torcaill, ri Atha Cliath

Some examples of Norse given names adopted by Gaels: U U1102.6 Sitriuc H. Mael Fhabhaill .i. ri Cairrce Brachaide U U1102.6 Sitriuc m. Conraigh m Eogain U U1126.11 Imar H. n-Aedhacan U U1128.3 Sitriuc H. Mael Brigte U U1164.7 Amhlaim, mac Gilla Caimghin U Cheinneidig U U1165.3 Sitriuc h-Ua Ruairc U U1174.11 Imar mac Mic Cargamna h-Ui Gilla Ultan, toisech Muinnteri (Mail Sinna) C M1316.2 Tomas mac Amhlaoibh Uí Ferghail

p. 7 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Anglo-Norman Settlers in Ireland and their Influence on Gaelic Naming Practices:

Information about Anglo-Normans in Ireland:

[information below taken from the Annals of the Four Masters] - 1170: Mac Murchadha gives his daughter in marriage to Strongbow. Strongbow recorded in this entry as: B M1170.11 Robert mac Stephni, & Ricard mac Gillebert .i. Iarla ó Strangbouu [19th C translation: “Robert Fitz Stephen and Richard, son of Gilbert, i.e. Earl Strongbow”]

[information below taken from the Annals of Ulster] - 1172: Henry II comes to Ireland (with 240 ships); receives pledges - battles between Anglo-Normans & Gaels in the 1170s - 1176: Strongbow dies

[Information on the evolution of Anglo-Norman culture in Ireland - quotes from Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages:] - Medieval Ireland was, of course, a society of clans or lineages – referred to as ‘nations’ in contemporary English terminology, and the most outstanding feature in the Gaelicisation of the Anglo-Norman settlers is the speed with which, within the first century following the invasion, the concept of the clan had become established among them. [p. 8] - If throughout the Anglo-Norman areas of Munster law and custom were a mixture of Irish and English forms and the rule of primogeniture was still generally but not invariably observed, the lordships of Anglo-Norman descent in Connacht and Westmeath would to an outside observer have appeared indistinguishable from their purely Gaelic neighbours, with whom they pracised succession by tanistry and inheritance of land by ‘Irish gavelkind’. [p. 4] - [T]hroughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the marcher areas saw a gradual replacement of the surviving English institutions by Gaelic ones, a trend that did not begin to be reversed until after 1534, while the sixteenth century was to see what appears to have been a general increase in violence everywhere, leading to a decline in material conditions and economic life. [pp. 4-5]

[The Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366] - enacted at the Parliament of Kilkenny in February of 1366. The text is in Norman-French, the legal language of the time, and is available at http://www.uhb.fr/langues/cei/statkkfr.htm - Cosgrove (p. 4) says of the Statutes: The statute frankly recognised that Ireland was divided in two group, the English and the Irish, or, as we would term them, the Anglo-Irish and the Gaelic Irish. It acknowledged, too, that many of the Anglo-Irish had become ‘degenerate’ through their preference for ‘the manners, fashion and language of the Irish enemies’. And in an effort to halt the process of gaelicisation among the colonial population, it forbade intermarriage and other social and trading contacts between the Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Irish populations. - The translation at: http://www.uhb.fr/langues/cei/statkkgb.htm includes the following sections: II. Also, it is ordained and established, that no alliance by marriage, gossipred, fostering of children, concubinage or by amour, nor in any other manner, be hencefoth made betweeen the English and Irish of one part, or of the other part; and that no Englishman, nor other person, being at peace, do give or sell to any Irishman, in time of peace or war, horses or armour, nor any manner of victuals in time of war; and if any shall do to the contrary, and thereof be attainted, he shall have judgment of life and member, as a traitor to our lord the king.

III. Also, it is ordained and established, that every Englishman do use the English language, and be named by an English name, leaving off entirely the manner of naming used by the Irish; and that every Englishman use the English custom, fashion, mode of riding and apparel, according to his estate; and if any English, or Irish living amongst the English, use the Irish language amongst themselves, contrary to the ordinance, and therof be attainted, his lands and tenements, if he have any, shall be seized into the hands of his immediate lord, [...]

p. 8 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien

[Interesting quotes from Campion (pp. 5-8), written c. 1571, shows the English opinion of the Anglo-Norman families in Ireland as “mere Irish”, “wilde Irish”, etc.] - I tooke notice of the most noble English families in Ireland, which heere ensue with their surnames as they stand at present. - Gerald Fitz Gerald Earle of Kildare - Robert Fitz Stephens - One record that I have seene, nameth a Geraldine the first Earle of Kildare, in anno 1289. [By Geraldine, Campion means a member of the Fitz Gerald family.] - Sir Thomas Butler, Earle of Ormond and Ossorye: the Butlers were ancient English Gentlemen, preferred to the Earledome of Ormond in the first of Edward the 3. - Sir Richard Burcke, Earle of Clanriccard, a braunch of the English family, de Burge Lord Burgh, who were noble men before their arrivall into Ireland. - Lord Bermingham, Baron of Athenrye, now degenerate and become meere Irish, against whome his auncestors served valiantly in An. 1300. - Lord Courcye a poore man, not very Irish, the auncient descent of the Courcyes planted in Ireland with the Conquest. - Mac Suretan Lord Deseret, whom Sir Henry Sidney called Iordan de Exeter. This was Lord in the time of Lionell Duke of Clarence, An. 1361. now very wilde Irish. - Mac William Burcke, Lord of eighter Connacht, now very Irish. - Seintleger, Baronet of Slemarge, meere Irish. - Den, Baronet of Por man ston, waxing Irish. - English gentlemen of longest continuance in Ireland are the race of those which at this day, either in great povertie, or perill, doe keepe the properties of their auncesters lands in Vlster, being then companions to Courcy the conquerour and Earl fo that part. These are the Savages, Iordanes, Fitz Symonds, Chamberlaines, Russels, Bensons, Audleyes, Whites, Fitz Ursulyes, now degenerate, & called in Irish Mac Mahon the Beares sonne.

Some examples of Anglo-Norman people in Ireland mentioned in Annals: C M1172.4 Hugó De Laci (Hugh de Lacy) C M1185.2 Pilib Unserra C M1188.8 Iohn Do Cuirt (John de Courcy) C M1281.4 Uilliam Bairéd (William Barrett) C M1281.4 Adam Plemend (Adam Fleming) C M1294.6 Riocard A Burc .i. an t-Iarla Ruadh (Richard Burke, i.e. the Red Earl) C M1303.8 Tepoitt A Burc (Theobald Burke) C M1332.1 Uater mac Sir Uilliam Búrc (Walter, son of Sir William Burke) C M1336.3 Teaboid A Burc Mac Uilliam (Theobald Burke; chiefly title: Mac William) C M1336.3 Maoil Ir Mac Siurtan d' Exetra (Meyler; the byname is a chiefly title: Mac Jordan de Exeter) C M1336.12 la h-iarla Urmhumhan Semas Buitilér (19th C translation: James Butler, Earl of Ormond) C M1364.4 Mairghreg inghen Uátéir A Búrc bean Aedha mic Feidlimidh Uí Concobair ri Connacht (19th C translation: Margaret, daughter of Walter Burke, and wife of Felim O Conor, King of Connaught) D M1383.12 Onara inghen Uilliam Burc ben Uí Mhechair (19th C translation: Honora, daughter of William Burke, and wife of O'Meagher) F M1597.17 Mairghrecc inghen Tómais Ciosocc (19th C translation: Margaret, the daughter of Thomas Cusack) F M1598.39 Mairgreig Ciosócc (19th C translation: Margaret Cusack)

Some examples of Anglo-Norman given names adopted by Gaels: C M1301.3 Uilliam Mácc Flannchaidh toiseach Dartraighe C M1304.1 Hoiberd Ua f-Flaithbeartaigh C M1316.2 Uilliam mac Aodha Óicc Uí Fherghail C M1316.2 Tomas mac Amhlaoibh Uí Ferghail C M1335.2 Seaan mac Airt Uí Eaghra D M1396.13 Maire inghen Uí Chatháin ben Uí Dhochartaigh C M1370.6 Siobhan Cham inghen Meg Cartaigh ben Mec Con Mara p. 9 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien Notes regarding Annals citations in this handout:

What we know as a set of Irish Annals are manuscripts that were each compiled during a particular time period, usually using older material as sources. For example, when the Annals of the Four Masters were written from 1632 to 1636, they covered events that occurred centuries and millenia before (including legendary history). So, when an entry in this set of annals refers to a person who lived in the year 738, the spelling used for that person's name is very likely not using the spelling that would have been used in 738.

The Annals referenced below under the code letters A, B, C, E, & F tend to use later spellings than the other Annals. In some cases, the spellings listed in these Annals may not be appropriate for the year referenced in the Annal entry.

In some Gaelic scripts, there is a character that looks approximately like a lowercase f, but without the crossbar. This character (represented by an underscored , e, in the entries cited) sometimes represents e and sometimes ea depending upon the context of the text.

Sources and Resources:

Annals: A Donnchadh Ó Corráin, Mavis Cournane, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 1" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1997) [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005A/ AH James Grace of Kilkenny, "Annales Hiberniae" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2001) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/L100001/ B Donnchadh Ó Corráin, Mavis Cournane, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 2" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1997) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005B/ C Stephen Beechinor, Beatrix Färber, Daithí Ó Corráin, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 3" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2000) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005C/ CCC Philip Irwin, Bart Jaski, Maeve MacAllister, ed., "Cathréim Cellacháin Caisil" " (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland., 1997) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100030/ Co Mavis Cournane, Vibeke Dijkman, Ivonne Tummers, ed., "Annála Connacht" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland., 1997) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100011/ D Stephen Beechinor, Eoin Dunford, Beatrix Färber, Philip Irwin, Elva Johnston, Julianne Nyhan, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 4" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2000) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005D/ E Mavis Cournane, Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 5" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1998) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005E/ F Beatrix Färber, Peter Flynn, ed., "Annals of the Four Masters, Volume 6" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2000) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005F/ FM John O'Donovan, Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, Volumes 1-7 (New York, N.Y.: AMS Press, 1966).

p. 10 Irish Names by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada 2003-2012 Kathleen M. O’Brien

I Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Annals of Inisfallen" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2000) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100004/ LC Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Annals of Loch Cé A.D.1014-1590" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2002) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100010A/ M Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Egerton Annals: Mionannala" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1996) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100027/ MCB1 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Mac Carthaigh's Book", Fragment 1 (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2000) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100013/] MCB2 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Mac Carthaigh's Book", Fragment 2 (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2001) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100014/ MCB3 "Mac Carthaigh's Book", Fragment 3 (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2001) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100015/ O Brian Ó Cuív, ed., "A fragment of Irish annals" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 2001) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100022/ T Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ed., "Annals of Tigernach" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1996) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100002.html U Donnchadh Ó Corráin & Mavis Cournane, "The Annals of Ulster" (WWW: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork, Ireland, 1997) http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001/

Onomastics Resources: OCM Donnchadh Ó Corráin and Fidelma Maguire, Irish Names, 2nd edition (Dublin, Ireland: Lilliput Press, 1990). QEGN Sharon L. Krossa"Quick and Easy Gaelic Names", 3rd edition, (WWW: 1997-2003). [http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/] Mari (Annals) Mari Elspeth nic Bryan (Kathleen M. O'Brien) , "Index of Names in Irish Annals", (WWW: 2000-2012). [http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/] Tangwystyl (Ogham) Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn (Heather Rose Jones), "Some Masculine Ogham Names", (WWW: 1999, 2001). [http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/ogham/] Tangwystyl (100) Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn (Heather Rose Jones), "100 Most Popular Men's Names in Early Medieval Ireland" (WWW: 1998, 2002). [http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/irish100/] Woulfe Woulfe, Patrick, Irish Names and Surnames, Special Revised Edition (Kansas City, MO: Irish Genealogical Foundation, 1992).

Historical Works: Campion, Edmund. A Historie of Ireland. (c. 1571). (New York, NY: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1940). Cosgrove, Art. Late Medieval Ireland, 1370-1541. (Dublin: Helicon Limited, 1981). Curtis, Edmund. A History of Ireland. (New York, NY: Routledge, 1936). McCullough, David Willis. Wars of the Irish Kings. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2000). Nicholls, Kenneth. Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages. The Gill History of Ireland 4. (Great Britain: Gill and MacMillan, 1972). Richter, Michael. Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition. (Dublin: Gill & MacMillan, 1988). p. 11