Aplicación De La Tecnología NIRS Para La Determinación On-Line De Parámetros De Control Y Calidad Alimentaria En Aceitunas Intactas”

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Aplicación De La Tecnología NIRS Para La Determinación On-Line De Parámetros De Control Y Calidad Alimentaria En Aceitunas Intactas” UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA E.T. S. de INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS Y DE MONTES DEPARTAMENTO DE BROMATOLOGÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS TESIS DOCTORAL Ph. D. Thesis “Aplicación de la tecnología NIRS para la determinación on-line de parámetros de control y calidad alimentaria en aceitunas intactas” NIRS technology for on-line determination of control and quality parameters in intact olives LOURDES SALGUERO CHAPARRO Córdoba, Abril 2013 TITULO: APLICACIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA NIRS PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN ON-LINE DE PARÁMETROS DE CONTROL Y CALIDAD ALIMENTARIA EN ACEITUNAS INTACTAS AUTOR: LOURDES SALGUERO CHAPARRO © Edita: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales Ctra. Nacional IV, Km. 396 A 14071 Córdoba www.uco.es/publicaciones [email protected] AGRADECIMIENTOS Cuando se finaliza un trabajo tan complejo y lleno de dificultades como es la elaboración de una Tesis Doctoral, una no sería consecuente con la realidad, si se atribuyese para sí misma la mayor parte del mérito. El final de un proyecto de esta envergadura no se consigue sin las aportaciones tanto profesionales como personales, que en mayor o menor medida, realizan las distintas personas e instituciones que vas encontrando o que simplemente siempre te han acompañando a lo largo de este camino de tan difícil tránsito. Quisiera pues utilizar estas líneas para agradecer a tod@s los que han hecho, que de un modo u otro, este proyecto haya llegado a su fin. En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a mi director Paco Peña la confianza que un día depositó en mí, cuando me concedió la posibilidad de realizar esta tesis doctoral bajo su dirección. Gracias por tu labor de revisión y por el apoyo que me has mostrado durante todo este tiempo. Gracias igualmente a mi co-directora, Mª Isabel López Infante, por tu apreciada contribución a esta tesis. Quisiera agradecer a la Dra. Pilar Barreiro Elorza, del Departamento de Ingeniería Rural, de la E. T. S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, por permitirme realizar una breve pero intensa estancia en su Área y por introducirme en el mundo de Matlab, al que tanto he recurrido posteriormente a lo largo de la tesis. Igualmente gracias a todo su equipo del Laboratorio (LPF-TAG), en especial a Ana Herrero, Eva y Silvia, por hacerme sentir una más del grupo durante toda mi estancia. Gracias a los doctores Vincent Baeten, Juan Fernández Pierna y Ouissam Abbas, del Centro Valón de Investigaciones Agrícolas (CRA-W), de Gembloux (Bélgica), por acogerme en su centro de investigación en dos ocasiones y ayudarme en la proyección y orientación de mis trabajos. Gracias por todos los conocimientos que de vosotros he podido adquirir y sobre todo, gracias Vincent por tu inestimable ayuda y palabras de apoyo. Mi más cariñoso agradecimiento también a Assoumani, Quentin L., Quentín A., Jeanne, Marianne…por su amistad y compañía. Gracias igualmente al Dr. Jean-Michel Roger del grupo de investigación UMR ITAP Irstea - SupAgro de Montpellier (Francia) por tu cálida acogida, incalculable ayuda y sobre todo, por tus valiosísimos conocimientos. Gracias también de forma muy especial, al investigador Bernard Palagos, por tu inestimable ayuda, total disponibilidad, pero sobre todo, por tu simpatía y amistad. Por último, agradecer los no menos importantes conocimientos y consejos de los que el Dr. Steven D. Brown me hizo participe durante su estancia en el centro y gracias, de igual forma a Yangkun, Adeline y Xavier por su colaboración y compañía. Mi agradecimiento más sincero a Antonio Gaitán, compañero y amigo desde mis inicios en el IFAPA, al que agradezco todos sus consejos y recomendaciones; gracias también a Toñi, Alicia y Manolo Armenteros por vuestra ayuda en la realización de los trabajos y especialmente, gracias a mis compañeros de fatigas, Nana, Elena, Curro, Miguel, Javi…por los momentos tan buenos que hemos vivido durante estos 4 años. Gracias a todos mis amig@s, que de una forma u otra, me han acompañado y sobre todo aguantado a lo largo de este arduo recorrido y en especial gracias Sami, por tu ayuda desinteresada en la realización de gran parte de los diseños de mi tesis y gracias Mada y Antonio, por haber estado siempre ahí. Por último, pero sin duda, la parte más importante, agradecer a toda mi familia (prim@s, tit@s, cuñad@s, suegr@), el cariño, paciencia, apoyo y consejos dados que han contribuido en grandísima medida a la finalización del presente trabajo. Sin vosotros nada de esto hubiera resultado posible. Gracias a mi cuñada Rosa, por tu apreciada ayuda en la elaboración de esta tesis. Gracias a Roberta, por llenar esos huecos de cansancio durante la redacción de la tesis, con tus juegos y carreras. Eres la más bonita del “mundo mundial”. Gracias a mi abuela Antonia, que tanto se preocupó por mí cada vez que tenía que partir al extranjero, por tu cariño y dedicación. Te extraño mucho. Gracias a mi hermano José Luís al que quiero con locura, porque has tenido que soportar mis constantes idas y venidas de humor, por tu cariño y compañía. Gracias a mis padres, sin los cuales nada de esto hubiera sido posible, por vuestras inagotables palabras de aliento y por vuestro cariño y amor. Os quiero mucho. Y gracias a mi marido Sebas. Tú más que nadie has vivido este proceso como algo tuyo. Gracias por tu apoyo, compañía, amor, amistad y paciencia. Gracias por tu ayuda en la configuración final del documento pero sobre todo, gracias, por ser simplemente como eres. A todos…de nuevo, ¡GRACIAS! Finalmente, destacar que la realización de esta tesis doctoral ha sido posible por una parte, gracias a la concesión de una ayuda para la formación de personal investigador del subprograma FPI-INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), en régimen de cofinanciación entre el IFAPA (aportación cofinanciada por el Fondo Social Europeo, a través del Programa Operativo FSE de Andalucía 2007-2013) y el INIA y por otra, gracias a la línea de I+D+i que en 2008 pusieron en marcha el IFAPA y FAECA, en el marco del Proyecto DEX-560630-2008-16 “Aplicación de la Tecnología NIR para la determinación on-line en almazara de parámetros de control, calidad y seguridad alimentaria”, dentro de la cual, se ha enmarcado la presente Tesis Doctoral. FMP/ffee – Andalucía se mueve con Europa A mi familia ÍNDICE Capítulo I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................ 1 Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 7 Capítulo II. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 11 Chapter II. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................. 14 Capítulo III. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ........................................................... 15 3.1. Introducción ................................................................................................... 17 3.2. El sector oleícola ............................................................................................ 22 3.2.1. Análisis de mercado del aceite de oliva ..................................... 22 3.2.1.1. Producción y superficie .................................................. 22 3.2.1.2. Impacto económico y social ......................................... 25 3.2.2. Calidad del aceite de oliva ........................................................... 31 3.2.2.1. Criterios de calidad ........................................................ 32 3.2.2.2. Clasificación de los aceites de oliva .............................. 34 3.2.2.3. Factores que influyen en la calidad ............................... 36 3.2.2.4. Control actual de calidad en almazara .......................... 42 3.3 Tecnología NIRS ............................................................................................. 43 3.3.1. Definición y evolución histórica.................................................. 45 3.3.2. Bases teóricas ................................................................................ 46 3.3.3. Bases instrumentales ..................................................................... 48 3.3.3.1. Interacción radiación-muestra ....................................... 48 3.3.3.2. Componentes básicos de un equipo NIRS ................... 50 3.3.3.3. Modalidad de análisis para el control de procesos ...... 57 3.3.4. Análisis quimiométrico de datos espectroscópicos ................... 59 3.3.4.1. Filtrado de señales espectrales ....................................... 60 3.3.4.2. Métodos de reconocimiento de pautas .......................... 62 3.3.4.3. Métodos de calibración. Análisis cuantitativo .............. 63 3.3.5. Estandarización de instrumentos y transferencia de modelos de calibración entre equipos NIRS .............................................. 67 3.3.5.1. Corrección a priori y corrección del modelo ................ 68 3.3.5.2. Corrección a posteriori .................................................... 71 3.3.5.3. Obtención de calibraciones robustas ............................. 72 3.3.6. Aplicación de la tecnología NIRS ............................................... 73 3.3.6.1. NIRS en la industria oleícola ........................................ 74 Capítulo IV. METODOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL .............................................. 85 4.1. Colectivo muestral ......................................................................................... 87 4.2. Instrumentación .............................................................................................
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