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A Short History of Construction of 'Chikyu' -What Drives Our Passion to Materialize a New Ocean Riser Equipped Scientific Drilling Vessel ?

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A Short History of Construction of 'Chikyu' -What Drives Our Passion to Materialize a New Ocean Riser Equipped Scientific Drilling Vessel ? Summary A Short History of Construction of 'Chikyu' -What drives our passion to materialize a New Ocean Riser Equipped Scientific Drilling Vessel ?- I. The Inception of the Idea to develop 'Chikyu' samples from the Nankai Trough earthquake zone off the The 'Chikyu' a scientific deep sea drilling vessel with coast of Japan (Nature v. 450 , 19 December 2007 , pp 1134 - a marine riser system was launched after a 15 year period of 1135 )' (Figure VI. 3-2 on page 264 ). research and development carried out with the collaboration What does this 'Chikyu' mean for the scholars of of administrative, industrial and academic groups in Japan. It earth sciences who are striving to understand the earth as a is a result of the accumulation of methodical progress in complicated but unified dynamic system? In one word, the ocean drilling science and technology driven by the dreams 'Chikyu' is a symbol of the new phase of the revolution in of the earth science researchers in the world, and the soul of earth sciences in the 21 st Century. Efforts toward Japanese shipbuilding and oil and natural gas production understanding the earth system were started as early as the well design engineers (Figures on cover page). beginning of 17 -th century; first by F. Bacon who noticed The scientific measuring instruments aboard the that the coastal outlines of America and Africa seemed to fit vessel are astonishingly marvelous. These highly each other in great detail. sophisticated high-speed and precise measurement and In the ages of the Great Navigation around the globe, analyzing systems are provided for post-cruise research by which continued from the middle of 15 -th century to the scientists participating IODP program aboard the scientific beginning of 17 -th century, R. Descartes described his drilling vessels and platforms offered by Japan, USA and intuition that there should be some dynamic, convection- Europe. The measurement equipment at onboard and type motion deep inside the Earth. Since G. Galilei proposed onshore laboratories was planned through the coordinated the heliocentric theory, scientific research played an efforts of Kochi Core Research Institute, JAMSTEC and important role in changing mankind's understanding of the Kochi University at the Kochi University campus. A universe. This was the time of the first revolution in our beautiful shore-based research environment was built for the concepts about the heavenly bodies and the earth. People of first time in the history of Ocean Drilling Programs (DSDP, the Occident started to regard the earth as a unified system. IPOD and ODP) through the efforts of Japan in The second revolution of earth sciences started at the collaboration with the ODP implementation operators at beginning of 20 -th century and corresponded to the end of TAMU. Based on present technology, the best of all the the storm of social and political revolution that swept over available scientific research tools are brought together at this the Eurasian Continent during the 18 th - 19 th century - the laboratory. Soviet socialistic revolution for example. At this time the Let us refer to the subject as it appeared in the revolution in the earth sciences started with the theory of popular journal Nature; Subject 2007 , The year in which continental drift, including the false hypothesis of - the Chikyu drilling ship set sail -- Japan's gigantic oceanization of the continental plate. The continental drift research ship Chikyu set off on its first scientific hypothesis forced people to consider the possibility that expedition. The 210 -metre and US$ 526 -million drilling some intense dynamic motion was taking place inside the vessel completed its first mission in November ( 2007 ). earth. The mantle convection theory, the spreading of the Its long-term goal is to obtain six kilometres of rock seafloor, the subduction of the lithosphere into the lower part 7 Summary of the mantle, geomagnetic field self-reversal and many However, US scientists were stubborn as usual. other theories were put forward. We may call this time the Having been disappointed by the “Mohole Project ”, they second revolution in the earth sciences. overcame political and economic difficulties by focusing on The initial trial to prove that there should be a deep-sea sediment and rock recovery using conventional oil dynamic motion within the Earth was to study the internal drilling technologies. They resumed their efforts with the structure of the Earth's crust through seismological methods. promising and prosperous Deep Sea Drilling Project. , As It is a conventional technique in science that the theoretical described in detail in the book Glomar Challenger at Sea (by output is to be fed back and compared with the measured K.Hsu, October 1, 1992 ), a full-scale scientific drilling plan facts and vice versa. In the early years of seismic was resumed with the initiation of the Deep Sea Drilling exploration scientists had to scrape off the strata from the top Project. These efforts (DSDP: from 1963 to 1973 , IPOD of the crustal surface to delineate the layered structure [International Phase of Ocean Drilling], 1973 to 1983 : ODP obtained by seismic shooting (usually using high-powered [Ocean Drilling Program] from 1983 to 2003 ) have led all of seismic sources such as dynamite). In the present day us into a new era and the third revolution in earth sciences. inverse methods are used in seismological structural study The economic growth of Japan in the second half of that take a large number of widely distributed observational 1970 s was quickly followed by a rapid growth in the points in a large volume of raw data and then rearrange and exchange program with foreign countries. In the field of resort the data using a high speed computer to clarify the Japanese earth sciences, the development of international structure of the interior of the shallow part of the Earth. joint research projects prospered. The French geological During and after World War II, the technologies of survey ship Jean Charcot, the deep sea research submersible oil exploration and production, well drilling and excavation Nautile (with the mother ship Nadir and L'Atalante) and the of deep seated natural resources developed a great deal, German seismic survey ship Sonne, for example, all visited particularly in the United States. There was a big discussion our country in the first half of 1980 s. These international in the 1950 s about the possibility of drilling deep into the interactions showed us that there were differences in Earth's crust to reach the mantle underneath. There was also technology and management systems between Japan and a discussion of the possibility of drilling a deep hole beneath other developed countries that seemed scarcely considered the bottom of the abyssal oceans. Late in the 1950 s the by Japan. This situation must have been the same as that of ocean floor drilling program started and gave us new the noble-minded patriots 'Samurai (Japanese ancient scientific results, mostly on the physical properties of some worrier)' who gazed at the Western warships or U.S. Black serpentine rocks brought up from the bottom of a drill hole Battle Ships in the last stage of the Edo era. Too many in the eastern North Pacific. Soon after the beginning of this things, for example equipment, technology, and the system project, there was some scandal invoving cost over-runs and of management, were different from those of Japan, and we the program was suddenly terminated in 1966 - seemingly were forced to consider that the Japanese researchers were because of some quibbles over the logistics of hole drilling all but helpless to try to absorb the technological and implementation and budgetary difficulties. Earth scientists managerial know-how from foreign developed countries. were disappointed, for they had been looking forward to However, the psychological tsunami of this time became the more analytical results of drilled rock samples brought up ignition agent in the argument for our own reformation of one after another from beneath the eastern Pacific Ocean the Japanese scientific management systems in later years. seabed. With time, the number of the Japanese university 8 Summary researchers participating in IPOD and ODP gradually Westerners. They built a full-scale citizen hospital taking increased. The IPOD and ODP drillships offered by U.S. into account the comprehensive scientific foundation of that (one Leg consists of 55 -60 seafaring days mostly) was a time. This opportunity became the first light (dusk) of the great project that added to the deep sea drilling experience of Japanese medical regime, i.e., the ancient regime declined these researchers. The research proposals that were and was replaced by a much more modern medical regime. addressed in these projects stood a long examination on the The same kind of transition occurred at the end of 1970 s international table based on free and critical discussions within the old regime of Earth sciences in Japan. The among researchers, and met a severe and narrow-gated revolution that was brought about was equivalent to the selection by voting. The responsibilities of project shock of 'Black US Battle Ships in Showa (latest stage of participants included not only scientific activities onboard 20 -th Century)'. the drilling vessel but also active participation in project This cultural shock was transferred to a certain level research before and after a particular voyage (Leg). within the Japanese intellectual society and then shook the While many of participating researchers from Japan administrative management of Japanese science and felt a shock in this new way of doing things, they picked up technology. It resulted in a buildup of the fundamental science speed to accommodate Western culture and science. They plans of the Science and Technology Agency of Japan (present were taught lessons also from colleagues and visited a large Monbukagakusho: MEXT).
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