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Jonathan Zenneck 1871 Jonathan Zenneck 1871- 1959 Eine technisch-wissenschaftliche Biographie Von der Fakultät 8 Geschichts-, Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phfl.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Georg Schmucker aus München Hauptberlchter: Prof. Dr. Armin Hermann Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Walter Kaiser RWTH Aachen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29. Mai 2000 Historisches Institut Abteilung für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Technik der Universität Stuttgart Stuttgart 1999 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung: Themen- und Aufgabenstellung 9 1. Einleitung 14 1.1 Vorwort 14 1.2 Überblick über bekannte Veröffentlichungen und Abhandlungen 17 1.3 Materialsammlung 20 1.4 Anmerkungen zur Einleitung 24 2. Vom Elternhaus zur Wissenschaft 26 2.1 Familiengeschichte 26 2.2 Kinderjahre und Schulzeit (1871 - 1884) 31 2.3 Seminare in Maulbronn und Blaubeuren (1885-1889) 38 2.4 Student im „Evangelischen Stift" in Tübingen (1889-1894) 41 2.4.1 Lehramtskandidat und Student an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität 42 2.4.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten im Zoologischen Institut 46 2.4.3 Ferien in der französischen Schweiz 51 2.4.4 Examen 51 2.4.5 Im „Evangelischen Stift" 52 2.4.6 Die Studentenverbindung „Roigel" 55 2.5 Studienreise nach London über Paris 1894 59 2.5.1 Zwischenstation Paris 59 2.5.2 Aufenthalt in London, wissenschaftliche Arbeiten am Natural History Museum 60 2 2.6 Noch einmal ein zoologisches Forschungsthema 63 2.7 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 2 66 3. Dienst bei der Marine-Infanterie 72 3.1 Vom Einjährigen-Freiwilligen über Reserveübungen 72 zum Hauptmann d. R. (1894 bis 1913) 3,2 Im Felde (1914) 76 3.3 Physikalische Überlegungen im Felde 77 3.4 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 3 79 4. Physiker, Ingenieur und Hochschullehrer 80 4.1 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten bei und mit Prof. Ferdinand Braun 1895 -1905 80 4.1.1 Das Physikalische Institut an der Universität Strasburg 1895 80 4.1.2 Zweiter Assistent bei Professor Braun 1895 - 1899 82 - Die Entwicklung der elektrischen Energieversorgung bis zur Jahrhundertwende 84 - Entdeckungen und Erfindungen in der Physik in den Jahren 1895 und 1896 87 4.1.2.1 Erste physikalische Forschungsarbeiten von Jonathan Zenneck 90 4.1.2.2 Die Braunsche Röhre 93 4.1.3 Lehrer arn protestantischen Gymnasium 105 4.1.4 Die drahtlose Telegraphie vor und um die Jahrhundertwende (1887 -1903) 107 4.1.4.1 Die Erfindung von Guglielrno Marconi 110 4.1.4.2 Der Weg zum Braunschen Sender 113 4.1.4.3 Funkversuche bei Cuxhaven (1899 - 1900) 119 4.1.4.4 Von der „Telebraun" zu Telefunken 137 3 4.1.5 Assistent und Privatdozent am Physikalischen Institut der Universität Straßburg (1901 bis 1905) 141 4.1.5.1 Habilitation an der Universität Straßburg; erste Vorlesungen 141 4.1.5.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten am Institut und weitere Veröffentlichungen 143 4.15.3 Die erste Begegnung mit Arnold Sommerfeld und der Artikel „Gravitation" in der Enzyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften 148 4.1.5.4 Über das damalige Leben in Straßburg 151 4.1.6 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.1 155 4.2 Hochschullehrer an den Technischen Hochschulen in Danzig und Braunschweig (1905 bis 1909) 168 4.2.1 Dozent an der Technischen Hochschule in Danzig (1905 bis 1906) 168 4.2.1.1 Die TH Danzig und das Physikalische Institut 168 4.2.1.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten am Physikalischen Institut 172 4.2.1.3 Eindrücke aus dem damaligen Danzig und seiner Umgebung 175 4.2.1.4 Besuch bei Professor Braun in Straßburg 176 4.2.2 Ordentlicher Professor an der Technischen Hochschule Braunschweig (1906 bis 1909) 178 4.2.2.1 DieTH Braunschweig und das Physikalische Institut 178 4.2.2.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten und Veröffentlichungen 181 4.2.2.3 Begegnungen und Erlebnisse in Braunschweig 191 4.2.2.4 Verlobung und Familie 193 4.2.2.5 Unterbrechung der Hochschullaufbahn, Obertritt zur Badischen Anilin-und Sodafabrik 194 4.2.3 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.2 195 4.3 Physiker bei der Badischen Anilin-und Sodafabrik A.G. (1909- 1911) 202 4.3.1 Das Problem der ausreichenden Versorgung der Kulturböden mit Stickstoff 202 4.3.2 Die Oxidation des Luftstickstoffes 203 4.3.2.1 Das Prinzip der künstlichen Darstellung von Salpeter 204 4.3.2.2 Die drei europäischen Verfahren 207 4 4.3.3 Das erste physikalische Laboratorium bei der BASF und dessen Aufgaben 213 4.3.3.1 Untersuchungen an den Lichtbogenöfen und den dazugehörenden Anlagen 214 4.3.3.2 Laboratoriumstätigkeit in Ludwigshafen 228 4.3.3.3 Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge 232 4.3.4 Industrielle Anlagen und deren Nutzung 235 4.3.5 Eindrücke, Begegnungen, Erfahrungen 238 4.3.5.1 Das Leben in Ludwigshafen 238 4.3.5.2 Eindrücke und Begegnungen in Norwegen 240 4.3.6 Abschied von der Badischen Anilin- und Sodafabrik A.G. 242 4.3.7 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.3 248 4.4 Hochschullehrer und Institutsleiter an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig (1911 bis 1913) 256 4.4.1 Notwendige Informationen zum Forschungsstand und den Entwicklungsrichtungen in der Physik zu dieser Zeit 256 4.4.2 Das Physikalische Institut der Technischen Hochschule Danzig 1911 259 4.4.3 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten und Veröffentlichungen 260 4.4.4 Das gesellschaftliche Leben der Hochschulangehörigen in Danzig-Langfuhr 264 4.4.5 Die Berufung an die Technische Hochschule München 265 4.4.6 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.4 268 4.5 Hochschullehrer und Direktor des Physikalischen Instituts an der Technischen Hochschule München (1913 bis 1914) 271 4.5.1 Die Entwicklung der Technischen Hochschule München bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg 271 4.5.2 Das Physikalische Institut 1913 als Grundlage der Berufungsverhandlungen 273 4.5.3 Vorlesungen 278 4.5.4 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten 279 4.5.5 Gesellschaftliche Gepflogenheiten der Hochschulangehörigen 281 4.5.6 Mobilmachung 1914 282 4.5.7 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.5 284 5 4.6 Gutachter und Zeuge in den Patentprozessen in den Vereinigten - Staaten - Ausbau der Funkstation Sayville Internierung (1914 bis 1919) 288 4.6.1 Die Telegraphieverbindungen Deutschland - Nordamerika bis 1914 288 4.6.2 Die Patentsituation in der drahtlosen Telegraphie bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1914 294 4.6.3 Die Marconi-Wireless-Telegraph Company strengt Patentprozeß 298 gegen Atlantic Communication Company, New York, an. 4.6.4 Die Abordnung von Prof. Zenneck nach Amerika 301 4.6.5 Der Prozeß der Marconi-Wireless-Telegraph Company of the United States gegen die Atlantic Communication Company, sein Verlauf und sein Umfeld 304 4.6.6 Die Prozesse der National-Electric-Signallng-Company Fessenden gegen die Atlantic-Communication Company, der Verlauf und das Umfeld 312 4.6.7 Einigungsbestrebungen 324 4.6.8 Kosten der Patentstreitigkeiten 326 4.6.9 Erweiterung und Betrieb der Funkstation Sayville (1914 bis 1917) 327 4.6.10 Leben und Eindrücke in Sayville, Boonton und New York 339 4.6.10.1 Allgemeine Erfahrungen 339 4.6.10.2 Das Institute of Radio Engineers, New York 341 4.6.11 Internierung 344 4.6.12 Entlassung und Heimkehr 1919 346 4.6.13 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.6 349 4.7 Hochschullehrer und Direktor des Instituts für Experimentalphysik an der Technischen Hochschule München (1919 bis 1939) 364 4.7.1 Das politische Umfeld der Hochschule zu Beginn der zwanziger Jahre 364 4.7.2 Hochschule und Hochschullehrer 367 4.7.2.1 Hochschulangelegenheiten 367 4.7.2.2 Der Neubau des Physikalischen Instituts und des großen Physikhörsaales der Technischen Hochschule München 379 4.7.2.3 Vorlesungen 383 6 4.7.2.4 Die politische Einstellung der Studenten an der Technischen Hochschule 385 4.7.3 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.7 388 4.8 Forschungsarbeiten und wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen aus dem Physikalischen Institut ab 1919 395 4.8.1 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten und Veröffentlichungen auf dem Gebiet der drahtlosen Telegraphie und Telephonie 396 4.8.1.1 Lehrbuch der drahtlosen Telegraphie 396 4.8.1.2 Forschungsarbeiten im Physikalischen Institut 397 4.8.2 lonosphärenforschung 402 4.8.2.1 Der Weg zur lonosphärenforschung 402 4.8.2.2 Die Forschungsarbeiten auf der lonosphärenstation am Herzogstand 407 4.8.3 Untersuchungen und Beratungen zur Raumakustik 419 4.8.4 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 4.8 425 5. Wissenschaftlich-organisatorische Tätigkeit in Akademien, wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften und im Deutschen Museum 436 5.1 Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 436 5.2 Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung 438 5.3 Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 441 5.4 Mitarbeit in weiteren Organisationen und Verbänden 452 5.4.1 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDl) und Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE) 452 5.4.2 Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (U.R.S.l.) 453 5.4.3 Sonstige Gesellschaften oder Verbände 456 5.5 Das Ehrenamt im Deutschen Museum 457 5.6 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 5 464 7 6: Die Persönlichkeit und der Mensch Jonathan Zenneck 506 6.1 Der Mensch Jonathan Zenneck 506 6.2 Anmerkungen zum Kapitel 6 514 7. Auszeichnungen, Ernennungen und Ehrungen 516 8; Zusammenfassung 522 9; Schluftbemerkungen 532 10. Anhang 534 10.1 Veröffentlichungen von Jonathan Zenneck 535 10.2 Literaturverzeichnis 545 Lebenslauf 552 8.
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