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The Gentile Believer's Obligation to the Torah of Moses Verplichtingen

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The Gentile Believer's Obligation to the Torah of Moses Verplichtingen The Gentile Believer's Obligation to Verplichtingen uit de Thora van Mozes the Torah of Moses voor de niet-Joodse Gelovige BY TOBY JANICKI DOOR TOBY JANICKI We at First Fruits of Zion are strong proponents of Wij bij First Fruits of Zion zijn sterke voorstanders van preserving a healthy distinction between Jews and het behoud van een gezond onderscheid tussen Joden en Gentiles in Messiah and differentiating between heidenen in de Messias en maken onderscheid tussen their respective relationships to the commandments hun respectieve relaties m.b.t. de geboden van de Torah. of the Torah. For Jewish believers, we have stressed Voor Joodse gelovigen, hebben we de voortdurende the continual covenantal obligation that began when verbondsverplichting benadrukt die begon toen Israël bij Israel accepted the full yoke of the Torah at Mount de berg Sinai instemde met het volledige juk van de Sinai.1 For Gentile disciples, things are a bit more Torah.1 Voor niet-Joodse discipelen zijn de zaken een complicated; while non-Jewish believers are not beetje ingewikkelder; terwijl de niet-Joodse gelovigen obligated in the same way as Jewish believers, they niet op dezelfde manier verplicht zijn als Joodse gelovi- too have certain biblical responsibilities towards a gen, hebben ook zij bepaalde Bijbelse verantwoordelijk- Torah life. heden naar een Torah leven. In his book on Galatians, D. Thomas Lancaster In zijn boek over Galaten, betoogt D. Thomas Lancas- articulates that the apostles did not bind the Torah's ter dat de apostelen niet de Torah "teken-geboden" en "sign commandments" and distinctive identity onderscheidende identiteitskenmerken aan de niet- markers upon the Gentile believers. These are Joodse gelovigen oplegden. Dit zijn geboden die commandments specifically given to Israel as marks specifiek aan Israël gegeven zijn als onderscheidend of distinction such as Shabbat, tzitzit, and merkteken, zoals Shabbat, tzitzit (kwastjes), en de circumcision, the last of which figures most besnijdenis, waarvan het laatste het meest nadrukkelijk predominately in Paul's letters. While Gentiles are in de brieven van Paulus vermeld wordt. Terwijl het not forbidden from participating in these heidenen niet verboden is om aan deze geboden van de commandments of Jewish identity, they are not joodse identiteit deel te nemen, zijn ze niet gebonden ze bound to keep them as Jews are. te houden zoals joden dat zijn. At the same time, believers sometimes assume that Tegelijkertijd nemen gelovigen soms aan dat de Torah HaShem's Torah applies only to Jews and not to van HaShem alleen voor Joden geldt en helemaal niet Gentile disciples at all. Nothing could be further voor niet-Joodse discipelen. Niets is verder van de from the truth. Despite the fact that the apostles waarheid. Ondanks het feit dat de apostelen de niet- "loosed" the Gentiles from these sign command- Joden"bevrijdden" van deze teken-geboden, zijn ze ments, for the most part they are bound to the rest of gebonden aan het grootste deel van de overige mitswot the Torah's mitzvot. It should be emphasized that (regels) van de Tora. Benadrukt moet worden dat de Gentiles in Messiah have a status in the people of heidenen in de Messias een status in het volk van God God and a responsibility to Torah that far exceeds hebben en een Torah verantwoordelijkheid die ver uit- that of the God-fearer of the ancient synagogue and stijgt boven die van de God-vrezenden bij de synagoge that of the modern-day Noachide (Son of Noah). van toen en van de hedendaagse Noachiden (zoon van Through Yeshua, believing Gentiles are been grafted Noach). Door middel van Yeshua, zijn gelovige in to the people of God and become members of the heidenen geënt in het volk van God en worden lid van commonwealth of Israel. While membership has its het burgerschap Israëls. Hoewel het lidmaatschap zijn privileges, it also has its obligations. voorrechten heeft, heeft het ook zijn verplichtingen. Acts 15: The Four Prohibitions Handelingen 15: De Vier Verboden It would be best to begin a discussion about Het beste zou zijn om een discussie te starten over de a Gentile believer's obligation to the Torah verplichting van een gelovige uit de heidenen tot de right where the apostles did, with the ruling Torah, juist waarmee de apostelen ze startten, met de of the Jerusalem Council. After much uitspraak van het Concilie van Jeruzalem. Na veel debate, the apostles declared that the Gentile discussie, verklaarden de apostelen dat de niet-Joodse disciples should not be bound to the full discipelen niet aan het volledige juk van de Thora yoke of the Torah, but instead should, at a zouden moeten worden gebonden, maar in plaats minimum, observe four essential daarvan ten minste vier essentiële verboden zouden prohibitions. moeten nakomen. Therefore my judgment is that we should Daarom is mijn oordeel dat we die van de not trouble those of the Gentiles who turn to heidenen die zich naar God keren niet te God, but should write to them to abstain moeilijk moeten maken, maar hen moeten from the things polluted by idols, and from schrijven om zich te onthouden van de dingen 1 sexual immorality, and from what has die door afgoden zijn bezoedeld en van seksuele been strangled, and from blood. For from zedeloosheid, en van wat gewurgd werd, en van ancient generations Moses has had in bloed. Want sinds eeuwenoude generaties heeft every city those who proclaim him, for he Mozes in elke stad hen die hem verkondigen, is read every Sabbath in the synagogues. want hij wordt elke sabbat in de synagogen (Acts 15:19-21) gelezen. (Handelingen 15:19-21) They were instructed to abstain from: things Ze kregen de opdracht zich te onthouden van: dingen contaminated by idols, sexual immorality, from die door afgoden verontreinigd zijn, seksuele what has been strangled, and from blood. At first zedeloosheid, van wat gewurgd werd, en van bloed. Op glance it appears that the Gentiles have very few het eerste gezicht lijkt het erop dat de heidenen met zeer commandments to deal with, but upon closer weinig geboden te maken hebben, maar bij nader examination each of these four prohibitions onderzoek wordt elk van deze vier verboden, in zekere becomes, in a sense, an overarching category which zin, een overkoepelende categorie die veel sub- contains many sub-category commandments. This categorie geboden bevat. Dit kan een van de redenen may be one of the reasons the Apostle James adds zijn waarom de apostel Jacobus de zinsnede erbij voegt the phrase about Moses being read in the over Mozes die elke sabbat in de synagoge wordt Synagogue every Sabbath. The new Gentile gelezen. De nieuwe gelovige uit de heidenen zou naar believer would need to attend the local synagogue de plaatselijke synagoge moeten gaan om te leren hoe to learn how each of these four prohibitions plays elk van deze vier verboden in het dagelijks leven out practically in everyday life. Let's take a closer praktisch uitpakken. Laten we eens nader naar deze vier look at these four essential prohibitions. essentiële verboden kijken. Things Contaminated by Idols Dingen door Afgoden Verontreinigd Although there is no explicit mitzvah in the Torah Hoewel er in de Torah geen expliciete mitswa (regel) to refrain from food sacrificed to idols, rabbinically van zich te onthouden van aan afgoden geofferd voedsel this is derived from Deuteronomy 7:26: is, is deze regel door rabbijnen van Deut. 7:26 afgeleid: And you shall not bring an abominable En gij zult een gruwelijke ding niet in uw huis thing into your house and become brengen en aan de vernietiging prijsgegeven devoted to destruction like it. You shall worden zoals dat ding. U zult het volkomen utterly detest and abhor it, for it is verfoeien en verafschuwen, want het is gewijd devoted to destruction. aan vernietiging. The Torah stipulates that the Israelite was not to De Torah schrijft voor dat de Israëliet geen enkel voor- derive any benefit whatsoever from idols, objects of deel mocht betrekken van afgoden, voorwerpen van avodah zarah ("foreign worship"), or from anything avoda zara ("vreemde aanbidding"), of van alles wat that has been offered up to an idol. This becomes aan een afgod werd aangeboden. Dit vindt zijn toepas- especially applicable to food which, in the pagan sing vooral op levensmiddelen die in de heidense wereld world, was often sacrificed to idols, and thus this vaak aan afgoden werden geofferd, en dus werd dit een became a major issue in the time of the apostles. In belangrijke kwestie in de tijd van de apostelen. In een another pertinent passage, the Torah forbids Jews to andere relevante passage, verbiedt de Thora joden "te "whore after their gods," "sacrifice to their gods," or hoereren achter hun goden," "te offeren aan hun goden," "eat of his sacrifice," that is, food sacrificed to of "van zijn offer te eten," dat is aan afgoden geofferd idols.2 The apostles extended this prohibition to voedsel (bij een afgodsmaaltijd).2 De apostelen breidden Gentile believers. The prohibition is, therefore, dit verbod uit tot gelovigen uit de heidenen. Het verbod binding on them as well. is dus ook voor hen bindend. (vgl. 1 Kor. 8:4-10) Eating food contaminated by idols is such an Het eten van door de afgoden besmet voedsel is zo'n important prohibition that it is brought up again in belangrijk verbod dat het in het boek Openbaring weer the book of Revelation.3 It is also spoken against in ter sprake komt.3 Er wordt ook tegenin gesproken in de early church literature such as the Didache and literatuur uit de begintijd van de kerk zoals de Didache Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, and en Justin Martyr's Dialoog met Trypho de Jood, en door by no less influential characters in the early church niet minder invloedrijke figuren uit de vroege kerk than Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus, Tertullian, zoals Clemens van Alexandrië, Irenaeus, Tertullianus, and the fifth-century church father Augustine.4 en de vijfdereeuwse kerkvader Augustinus.4 While Acts 15 only deals with food sacrificed to Terwijl Handelingen 15 alleen over aan afgoden geof- idols, the apostles surely meant this to also include ferd voedsel gaat, hadden de apostelen daarbij zeker all forms of idolatry.
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