DOCSLIB.ORG

Industrial Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Industrial Health Advance Publication INDUSTRIAL HEALTH Received: March 7, 2018 Accepted: July 25, 2018 J-STAGE Advance Published Date: August 8, 2018 1 Original article 2 Effects of Occupation on Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related Deaths in Inner Mongolia 3 4 Liqun Gao 1+，Maolin Du1+, Jiayi Li2+, Neng jun Zhao3, Ying Yang1, Chao Dong 1, Xiao 5 ling Sun4, Baofeng Chi1, Qingxia Wang1,Wenting Chen1, Chunfang Tian5,Nan Zhang1, Lehui 6 Li1, Li wei Niu1, Huiqiu Zheng1,Han Bao1,Yan Liu1,Juan Sun# 1 7 1Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China 8 2Beijing Health Vocational College, Beijing, China 9 3 People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China 10 4 Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot010022, Hohhot, China 11 5Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 12 China 13 † Liqun Gao，Maolin Du, Jiayi Li contributed equally to this paper 14 Corresponding author 15 # Juan Sun 16 Address: Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 5, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 17 Autonomous Region, China 18 Tel: +086-1564-7170-443 19 Fax: +086-0471-6653-197 20 E-mail: [email protected] 21 Running title: Occupation on Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related Deaths 22 Received: March 7, 2018 23 Accepted: July 25, 2018 24 Advance publication: August 8, 2018 25 26 Abstract: 27 This study assessed the relationship between occupation and Intracerebral 28 Hemorrhage-related deaths and compared the differences in ICH-related deaths rates between 29 the eastern and midwestern regions of Inner Mongolia. We used the case-control method. 1 30 Cases included Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related deaths that occurred from 2009 to 2012 in 31 Inner Mongolia while controls included non-circulatory system disease deaths that occurred 32 during the same period. Odds ratios (ORs) for Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related deaths were 33 calculated using logistic regression analysis, estimated according to occupation, and adjusted 34 for marital status and age. The Intracerebral Hemorrhage mortality rate in the eastern regions 35 (125.19/100000) was nearly 3 times higher than that in the midwestern regions 36 (45.31/100000). ORs for agriculture-livestock workers, service professionals and general 37 workers, professional workers and senior officials were in descending order. The age-adjusted 38 OR for Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related deaths was lowest in unmarried men senior officials 39 (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.99). The Intracerebral Hemorrhage mortality rate in the eastern 40 regions was much higher than that of the midwestern regions, since about 90% of 41 Intracerebral Hemorrhage-related deaths in the eastern regions were those of 42 agriculture-livestock workers who has the largest labor intensity of any other occupation 43 assessed. 44 45 Key words: Intracerebral hemorrhage, Mortality, Occupational health, Risk, Inner Mongolia 46 47 48 49 Introduction 50 Stroke is estimated to result in 134,000 deaths annually and is the third leading cause of 51 death (after heart disease and cancer) in the nation1). Stroke is classified primarily into 2 types, 52 ischemic (80%-85% of cases) and hemorrhage (15%-20% of cases) in Brazil and in Latin 53 America2). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–20% of strokes in Western 54 countries, however, can reach twice this proportion in Asia3, 4). In China, ICH accounts for up 55 to a third of all strokes5). ICH is the most serious and least treatable form of stroke; 56 additionally, it is associated with a mortality rate of up to 50%, and half of those who survive 57 are left with significant disabilities3). 58 Differences in the prevalence of major risk factors among the stroke subtypes, 59 demonstrating that knowledge of pathophysiology is essential for the proper management of 2 60 these patients. Given this, learning more about the epidemiologic data of the region is vital2). 61 In China, significant geographic variations in ICH mortality rates were observed, with higher 62 rates being found in the north and lower rates in the south6). Some studies have shown that 63 age, ethnicity, educational status, and marital status are associated with ICH 7-10). Compared 64 to other age groups, the older adult population is at a higher risk of ICH, as the mortality rate 65 in the ≥70 group has recently shown an alarming increase10). Although there are many studies 66 examining the relationship between cerebrovascular or stroke deaths and occupation, these 67 studies have not been conducted uniformly11-13). Some epidemiological studies investigating 68 the association between ICH-related deaths and occupation classified occupation in terms of 69 working hours14), socioeconomic status15), and work intensity16). Despite the potential for 70 certain occupations to increase the risk of stroke, the Guidelines for the Primary Prevention 71 of Stroke in America currently do not consider working conditions and labor intensity as 72 documented risk factors for cardiovascular diseases or stroke17). To our knowledge, so far, 73 there are no empirical studies examining the relationship between ICH-related deaths and 74 occupation in China. 75 Our previous study showed that circulatory system diseases are considered as the main 76 cause of death in Inner Mongolia18), however, we did not know about how ICH severity 77 relates to the circulatory system. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between 78 occupation and ICH. The distance difference between the eastern and midwestern regions is 79 2400 km, which leads to a different geographical environment between eastern and 80 midwestern regions in Inner Mongolia. The latitude difference between the eastern and 81 midwestern regions is 29°, which leads to a different climate19). The above two reasons lead 82 to great differences in industrial characteristics. Since the differ greatly in terms of lifestyle, 83 temperature, and historical and geographical environments, we discuss the above-mentioned 84 relationship with regard to these regions. This study provides data for future research on ICH, 85 and the results may help guide future interventions. 86 Subjects and Methods 87 Data Source 88 The data were obtained from the Death Registry System (DRS), which is maintained by 89 the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China and executed by the Inner Mongolia 3 90 Autonomous Region Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The DRS uses a multistage 91 cluster probability sampling strategy stratified by region, local gross domestic product, 92 proportion of rural dwellers, and the total population of local areas20). The monitoring points 93 of the DRS in Inner Mongolia included Kailu County and Bairin Youqi (eastern); and Sonid 94 Youqi, the Muslim District, and the Linhe District (midwestern). All hospitals with adequate 95 diagnostic qualifications are responsible for recording all ICH-related deaths in the DRS. 96 These hospitals were divided into four levels: provincial, municipal, county, and township. 97 Clinical diagnosis can be provided in all four level hospitals. These diagnostic methods 98 include pathological, clinical, and surgical diagnoses, as well as postmortem evaluations. 99 Clinical diagnosis includes imaging diagnosis, pathological-anatomical diagnosis, the 100 diagnosis related to the need for surgery, and pathophysiological diagnosis20). In all cases, 101 ICH was diagnosed using cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging scans, 102 and complementary examinations. 103 We used data on the total population, total number of deaths, and number of ICH-related 104 deaths from 2009 to 2012. Cases included ICH-related deaths that occurred from 2009 to 105 2012. The original data on the number of deaths were coded (ICH codes I61.0–I61.9) 106 according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The controls 107 included deaths that were randomly selected from all non-circulatory system disease deaths 108 and were matched with the ICH-related death cases according to the time of death, area of 109 death, gender, and age (±2 years) in a 1:1 ratio. 110 All data were checked for eligibility and validity prior to analysis. The data collected in the 111 DRS included information on gender, age (<50 and ≥50), regions (rural and urban), ethnicity 112 (Mongolian, Han, and other), marital status (married and unmarried—unmarried included 113 those who were widowed or divorced), educational status (low [literature, and primary and 114 middle school] and high [college and university]), and occupational status (occupations were 115 categorized into the following 6 groups according to the PRC Occupational Classification: 116 senior officials, professional workers, general workers, service professionals, 117 agricultural-livestock workers, and others)21) . The classification of work intensity is based on 118 the recommendations of the Chinese Nutrition Society: it is divided into light work-intensity 119 (75% of the time to sit or stand, 25% of the time is a standing activity), including: senior 4 120 officials, moderate work-intensity(25% of the time to sit or stand, 75% time to engage in 121 special professional activities of medium intensity), including: service professionals, 122 professional workers, severe work-intensity(40% of the time to sit or stand, 60% of the time 123 to engage in special professional activities of heavy intensity), including: 124 agriculture-livestock workers, general workers22). “Others” refers to individuals who do not 125 fit into the other five occupations, such as those with an unclear occupation record or who 126 lack such a record, those without fixed work, and those who have never worked. 127 ICH is defined as (adapted from the Classification of Cerebrovascular Disease III-1989) a 128 spontaneous, nontraumatic, abrupt onset of severe headache, altered level of consciousness, 129 or focal neurological deficit that is associated with a focal collection of blood within the brain 130 parenchyma seen on neuroimaging or at autopsy and is not attributable to hemorrhagic 131 conversion of a cerebral infarction23). The procedure to identify the cause of death especially 132 when a person died at home was based on "the place of death" in registration records in DRS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • Mortality of Urinary Tract Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2008-2012
    DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.6.2831 Mortality of Urinary Tract Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2008-2012 RESEARCH ARTICLE Mortality of Urinary Tract Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2008- 2012 Ke-Peng Xin, Mao-Lin Du, Zhi-Jun Li, Yun Li, Wuyuntana Li, Xiong Su, Juan Sun* Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate and burden of urinary tract cancers among residents of Inner Mongolia. We analyzed mortality data reported by the Death Registry System from 2008 to 2012. The rate of mortality due to urinary tract cancer was 2.04 per 100,000 person-years for the total population, 2.91 for men, and 1.11 for women. Therefore, the mortality rate for men was 2.62-fold the mortality rate for women, constituting a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Over the period 2008 through 2012, the total potential years of life lost was 1388.1 person-years for men and 777.1 person-years for women, and the average years of life lost were 7.71 years per male decedent and 12.0 years per female decedent. Mortality due to urinary tract cancers is substantially greater among the elderly population. Further, the mortality rate associated with urinary tract cancers is greater for elderly men than it is for elderly women. Therefore, in Inner Mongolia, urinary tract cancers appear to pose a greater mortality risk for men than they do for women. Keywords: Urinary - mortality - potential years of life lost (PYLL) - Inner Mongolia - China Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (6), 2831-2834 Introduction western of China, the local gross domestic product (GDP) and proportion of rural dwellers, the total population of Of all deaths due to urinary tract cancers, the majority local areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.12 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia Hengzheng
    2.12 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia Hengzheng Industrial Group Co., Ltd., affiliated to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Prison Administration Bureau, has 26 prison enterprises Legal representative of the prison company: Xu Hongguang, Chairman of Inner Mongolia Hengzheng Industrial Group Co., Ltd. His official positions in the prison system: Communist Party Committee Member and Deputy Director of the Ministry of Justice of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Director of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Prison Administration Bureau.1 Business areas: Metal processing; machinery manufacturing; production of building materials; real estate; wood processing; garment manufacturing; agricultural production, agricultural and livestock product processing and related consulting services2 The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Prison Administration Bureau is the functional organization of Inner Mongolia government in charge of prison-related work in the province. There are 22 units within the province’s prison system. The province’s direct-subordinate prison system has 960,000 mu of land and 22 prison enterprises, which are mainly engaged in machinery manufacturing, production of building materials and coals, garment processing and food production.3 Address: 3 Xinhua West Street, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region No. Company Name of the Legal Person Legal Registered Business Scope Company Notes on the Prison Name Prison, to which and representative/Title Capital Address the Company Shareholder(s) Belongs 1 Inner Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Xu Hongguang 44.17 Metal processing; Machinery 3 Xinhua West Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Prison Mongolia Autonomous Hengzheng Chairman of Inner million manufacturing; Production of Street, Hohhot, Administration Bureau is the functional Hengzheng Region Prison Industrial Mongolia Hengzheng yuan building materials; Real estate; Inner Mongolia organization of Inner Mongolia government Industrial Administration Group Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Brucellosis Occurrences in Inner Mongolia, China: a Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Ecological Niche Modeling Approach Peng Jia1* and Andrew Joyner2
    Jia and Joyner BMC Infectious Diseases (2015) 15:36 DOI 10.1186/s12879-015-0763-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Human brucellosis occurrences in inner mongolia, China: a spatio-temporal distribution and ecological niche modeling approach Peng Jia1* and Andrew Joyner2 Abstract Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease and remains a major burden in both human and domesticated animal populations worldwide. Few geographic studies of human Brucellosis have been conducted, especially in China. Inner Mongolia of China is considered an appropriate area for the study of human Brucellosis due to its provision of a suitable environment for animals most responsible for human Brucellosis outbreaks. Methods: The aggregated numbers of human Brucellosis cases from 1951 to 2005 at the municipality level, and the yearly numbers and incidence rates of human Brucellosis cases from 2006 to 2010 at the county level were collected. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were integrated to study the distribution of human Brucellosis cases over 1951–2010. Results: Results indicate that areas of central and eastern Inner Mongolia provide a long-term suitable environment where human Brucellosis outbreaks have occurred and can be expected to persist. Other areas of northeast China and central Mongolia also contain similar environments. Conclusions: This study is the first to combine advanced spatial statistical analysis with environmental modeling techniques when examining human Brucellosis outbreaks and will help to inform decision-making in the field of public health. Keywords: Brucellosis, Geographic information systems, Remote sensing technology, Ecological niche modeling, Spatial analysis, Inner Mongolia, China, Mongolia Background through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products Brucellosis, a common zoonotic disease also referred to [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints Under Uncertainty and Its Application
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Agricultural water management model based on grey water footprints under uncertainty and its application Song, Ge; Dai, Chao; Tan, Qian; Zhang, Shan 2019 Song, G., Dai, C., Tan, Q., & Zhang, S. (2019). Agricultural water management model based on grey water footprints under uncertainty and its application. Sustainability, 11(20), 5567‑. doi:10.3390/su11205567 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/142706 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205567 © 2019 The Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Downloaded on 29 Sep 2021 09:32:05 SGT sustainability Article Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints under Uncertainty and its Application Ge Song 1,2, Chao Dai 3, Qian Tan 1,4,* and Shan Zhang 1 1 College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (S.Z.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065 China 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; [email protected] 4 Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 10 October 2019 Abstract: The grey water footprint theory was introduced into a fractional programming model to alleviate non-point source pollution and increase water-use efficiency through the adjustment of crop planting structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
    Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Management Plan For
    E2498 vol. 4 Environmental Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized for Bayannaoer Water Reclamation and Environment Improvement Project Public Disclosure Authorized Hetao Water Affair Group, Ltd. Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia Public Disclosure Authorized Oct. 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized 1. General Information 1.1 Project profile Located in the west of Inner Mongolia autonomous region, a border area province in North China, Bayannaoer City is amongst 105°12 109°53 E and 40°13 42°28 N, connecting with Baotu City and Wulanchabu City at the east, abutting on Alxa League at the west, close to the Yellow River at the south opposite to Yike Zhao League, bordering the People's Republic of Mongolia at the north with a 2 boundary line of 368.89km, covering an area of 65788 km , with the length of 378 km form east to west and the width of 238 km from south to north, governing the administrative divisions of Linhe District, Wulateqianqi County, Urad Middle Banner, Wulatehouqi County, Hangjin Back Banner, Wuyuan County and Dengkou County, with Hetao Irrigation Area as the core. In 2003, approved by the State Council, this City was upgraded from League into a prefecture-level City in the west of Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In accordance with the economic development strategy of the autonomous region and Bayannaoer City, in order to make full use of the abundant mineral resources within the city as well as that from Mongolia, it is planned to build up Qingshan Industrial Zone, Jinquan Industrial Zone, Shahai Industrial Zone, Linhe Chemical Industrial Zone and Urad Industry Base and therefore, Bayannaoer City will be the key heavy chemical industry base in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
    [Show full text]
  • Breast Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2009-2011
    Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 4, 63-68 Published Online May 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojepi http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2014.42011 Breast Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2009-2011 Qin Li1, Maolin Du2, Kepeng Xin2, Rong Liu2, Yun Li2, Wuyuntana Li2, Xiong Su2, Juan Sun2* 1Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hohhot, China 2Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China Email: *[email protected] Received 3 February 2014; revised 3 March 2014; accepted 10 March 2014 Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate and the burden of breast cancers among residents of Inner Mongolia. We analyzed mortality data reported by the Death Registry System from 2009 to 2011. The age-specific mortality of breast cancer was close to female cancer in 25 to 35 years group. Regional distribution of breast cancer was not significant difference (p = 0.36). The women who were employed, married and living in rural areas were more likely to die of breast cancer. Over the period 2009 through 2011, the elimination of deaths from breast cancer resulted in increased life expectancy of 0.15 years. Mortality due to breast cancers is substantially greater among the younger women. Further, the mortality rate associated with breast cancers is greater for employed and married women than those unemployed and single women. Therefore, in Inner Mongolia, breast cancers appear to pose a greater mortality risk for young, employed and married women.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Republic of China: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
    Resettlement Planning Document Short Resettlement Plan Document Stage: Draft Project Number: 39019 March 2006 People’s Republic of China: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Improvement Project Prepared by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Improvement Project Management Office. The short resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. SHORT RESETTLEMENTAsia Development Bank PLAN Financed Project INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA By Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environment Improvement Project Management Office March 2006 Affidavit of Short Resettlement Plan The Development and Reform Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (DRCIMAR) has got approval from relevant departments for the construction of Environment Improvement Project in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(EIPIMAR). EIPIMAR is planned to start in Feb 2006 and end in Nov 2009. With the help of the ministry of finance, DRCIMAR get finance from ADB for the project. The project implementation shall meet the demands of social and security policies of ADB. The Resettlement plan is a key requirement of ADB and is the base of land acquisition. Resettlement Plan for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environment Improvement Project is complied based on laws and regulations of PRC and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and includes measures of project implementation and monitoring, aiming at minimizing adverse impacts of resettlement. This affidavit is to certify that DRCIMAR is in complete agreement with Resettlement Plan for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environment Improvement Project (Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environment Improvement Project (Phase II)
    Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 40634-01 July 2010 Proposed Loan People's Republic of China: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environment Improvement Project (Phase II) CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 21 June 2010) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1464 $1.00 = CNY6.826 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CHP – combined heat and power CNG – compressed natural gas CO2 – carbon dioxide EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product GIMAR – Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region IMAR – Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region km – kilometer LIBOR – London interbank offered rate m2 – square meter MW – megawatt NOx – nitrogen oxides PAM – project administration manual PMO – project management office PRC – People’s Republic of China SCADA – supervisory control and data acquisition SO2 – sulfur dioxide TSP – total suspended particulates NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars Vice-President C. Lawrence Greenwood, Jr., Operations 2 Director General K. Gerhaeusser, East Asia Department (EARD) Director A. Bhargava, Energy Division, EARD Team leader S. Yamamura, Energy Specialist, EARD Team members I. Ahsan, Counsel, Office of General Counsel X. Liu, Project Officer (Energy), PRC Resident Mission, EARD T. Oi, Energy Specialist, EARD K. M. Ozoa, Administrative Assistant, EARD M. Pajarillo, Sr. Financial Analysis Specialist, EARD R. Sabur, Environment Specialist, EARD In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints Under Uncertainty and Its Application
    sustainability Article Agricultural Water Management Model Based on Grey Water Footprints under Uncertainty and its Application Ge Song 1,2, Chao Dai 3, Qian Tan 1,4,* and Shan Zhang 1 1 College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (S.Z.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065 China 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; [email protected] 4 Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 10 October 2019 Abstract: The grey water footprint theory was introduced into a fractional programming model to alleviate non-point source pollution and increase water-use efficiency through the adjustment of crop planting structure. The interval programming method was also incorporated within the developed framework to handle parametric uncertainties. The objective function of the model was the ratio of economic benefits to grey water footprints from crop production, and the constraints contained water availability constraints, food security constraints, planting area constraints, grey water footprint constraints and non-negative constraints. The model was applied to the Hetao Irrigation District of China. It was found that, based on the data in the year of 2016, the optimal planting plans generated from the developed model would reduce 34,400 m3 of grey water footprints for every 100 million Yuan gained from crops. Under the optimal planting structure, the total grey water footprints would be reduced by 21.9 million m3, the total economic benefits from crops would be increased by 1.138 billion Yuan, and the irrigation water would be saved by 44 million m3.
    [Show full text]
  • 中國內地指定醫院列表 出版日期: 2019 年 7 月 1 日 Designated Hospital List in Mainland China Published Date: 1 Jul 2019
    中國內地指定醫院列表 出版日期: 2019 年 7 月 1 日 Designated Hospital List in Mainland China Published Date: 1 Jul 2019 省 / 自治區 / 直轄市 醫院 地址 電話號碼 Provinces / 城市/City Autonomous Hospital Address Tel. No. Regions / Municipalities 中國人民解放軍第二炮兵總醫院 (第 262 醫院） 北京 北京 西城區新街口外大街 16 號 The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese 10-66343055 Beijing Beijing 16 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Xicheng District People’s Liberation Army 中國人民解放軍總醫院 (第 301 醫院） 北京 北京 海澱區復興路 28 號 The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation 10-82266699 Beijing Beijing 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Army 北京 北京 中國人民解放軍第 302 醫院 豐台區西四環中路 100 號 10-66933129 Beijing Beijing 302 Military Hospital of China 100 West No.4 Ring Road Middle, Fengtai District 中國人民解放軍總醫院第一附屬醫院 (中國人民解 北京 北京 海定區阜成路 51 號 放軍 304 醫院） 10-66867304 Beijing Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District PLA No.304 Hospital 北京 北京 中國人民解放軍第 305 醫院 西城區文津街甲 13 號 10-66004120 Beijing Beijing PLA No.305 Hospital 13 Wenjin Street, Xicheng District 北京 北京 中國人民解放軍第 306 醫院 朝陽區安翔北里 9 號 10-66356729 Beijing Beijing The 306th Hospital of PLA 9 Anxiang North Road, Chaoyang District 中國人民解放軍第 307 醫院 北京 北京 豐台區東大街 8 號 The 307th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation 10-66947114 Beijing Beijing 8 East Street, Fengtai District Army 中國人民解放軍第 309 醫院 北京 北京 海澱區黑山扈路甲 17 號 The 309th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation 10-66775961 Beijing Beijing 17 Heishanhu Road, Haidian District Army 中國人民解放軍第 466 醫院 (空軍航空醫學研究所 北京 北京 海澱區北窪路北口 附屬醫院） 10-81988888 Beijing Beijing Beiwa Road North, Haidian District PLA No.466 Hospital 北京 北京 中國人民解放軍海軍總醫院 (海軍總醫院） 海澱區阜成路 6 號 10-66958114 Beijing Beijing PLA Naval General Hospital 6 Fucheng Road, Haidian District 北京 北京 中國人民解放軍空軍總醫院 (空軍總醫院） 海澱區阜成路 30 號 10-68410099 Beijing Beijing Air Force General Hospital, PLA 30 Fucheng Road, Haidian District 中華人民共和國北京市昌平區生命園路 1 號 北京 北京 北京大學國際醫院 Yard No.1, Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, 10-69006666 Beijing Beijing Peking University International Hospital China, 東城區南門倉 5 號(西院) 5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District (West Campus) 北京 北京 北京軍區總醫院 10-66721629 Beijing Beijing PLA.
    [Show full text]