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AP ART HISTORY--Unit 5 Study Guide (Non Western Art Or Art Beyond the European Tradition) Ms

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AP ART HISTORY--Unit 5 Study Guide (Non Western Art or Art Beyond the European Tradition) Ms. Kraft BUDDHISM Important Chronology in the Study of Buddhism Gautama Sakyamuni born ca. 567 BCE Buddhism germinates in the Ganges Valley ca. 487-275 BCE Reign of King Ashoka ca. 272-232 BCE First Indian Buddha image ca. 1-200 CE First known Chinese Buddha sculpture 338 CE First known So. China Buddha image 437 CE The Four Noble Truthsi 1. Life means suffering. Life is full of suffering, full of sickness and unhappiness. Although there are passing pleasures, they vanish in time. 2. The origin of suffering is attachment. People suffer for one simple reason: they desire things. It is greed and self-centeredness that bring about suffering. Desire is never satisfied. 3. The cessation of suffering is attainable. It is possible to end suffering if one is aware of his or her own desires and puts and end to them. This awareness will open the door to lasting peace. 4. The path to the cessation of suffering. By changing one’s thinking and behavior, a new awakening can be reached by following the Eightfold Path. Holy Eightfold Pathii The principles are • Right Understanding • Right Intention • Right Speech • Right Action • Right Livelihood • Right Effort • Right Awareness • Right Concentration Following the Eightfold Path will lead to Nirvana or salvation from the cycle of rebirth. Iconography of the Buddhaiii The image of the Buddha is distinguished in various different ways. The Buddha is usually shown in a stylized pose or asana. Also important are the 32 lakshanas or special bodily features or birthmarks. Lakshanas Some of these birthmarks symbolize aspects of the Buddha's spiritual character whilst others draw attention to the concept that his beautiful and perfectly proportioned body is an outer reflection of inner spiritual power. 01. Well-placed flat-footed feet 02. Mark of the Wheel of Law on soles of feet or palms of hands 03. Soles and palms more tender and soft than in most people 04. Long toes and fingers 05. Webbed fingers and toes 06. Feet well set on the ground 07. Ankle bones that are hardly noticeable 08. Lower legs like those of an antelope 09. Body frame tall and straight 10. Arms that reach to the knees when standing 11. Genitalia withdrawn 12. Hairs on the head and arranged in soft curls that point to the right. Blue hairs grow from the pores of the Buddha’s skin. 13. Hairs of the body point upwards. 14.Skin smooth and delicate 15. Skin golden. (According to legend the Buddha was born with limbs that shone like the sun) 16. Seven special features: 2 broad heels 2 broad hands 2 broad shoulder blades Broad neck 17. Torso like a lion 18. Shoulders gently curved 19. Chest wide 20. Body circumference has proportions of a fig tree 21. Cheeks like a lion 22. 40 teeth rather than the normal 32 23. Teeth have no gaps 24. Teeth are equal in size 25. Very white teeth 26. An excellent sense of taste 27. A long tongue that can reach his ears 28. A strong and attractive voice like that of the Hindu god Brahma 29. Eyes the color of sapphire 30. Long eyelashes 31. Tuft of hair or third eye between his eyebrows (urna). This symbolizes spiritual insight. 32. A bump on the top of the head known as ushnisha, which symbolizes wisdom and spirituality and his attainment of enlightenment. Other symbols regularly found in images of the Buddha include: Elongated ears One feature that is regularly used but is not considered a Lakshana is showing the Buddha with elongated earlobes: these are to remind us that the Buddha was once a prince who wore a great deal of jewelry including heavy earrings which stretched out his earlobes. Although he gave up the wearing of any jewelry when he gave up his life of luxury, his earlobes remained elongated. Lotus flowers Lotus flowers often appear in images of the Buddha. It is a symbol of things that are pure and good. A lotus is a flower that begins its life in the mud at the bottom of a pond and then rises to the surface to flower. It therefore reminds people that in the same way, people can rise above their problems and achieve enlightenment. The Wheel of Law The Wheel of Law, or chakra, can sometimes be found marked on the soles of the Buddha's feet and the palms of his hand. It has eight spokes to remind followers that the Buddha taught of the Noble Eightfold Path, which outlined eight ways of living. The Wheel itself is a reminder of the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. The Snail Martyrs There is a later legend that when the Buddha was sitting under the Bodhi tree he was so deep in meditation that he was unaware that it was extremely hot. A group of snails saw him and realizing the importance of his thoughts, crawled up to cover and protect his head with their bodies. The snails died from exposure to the hot sun and became honored as martyrs who had died to protect the Buddha. In some images of the Buddha, his hair curls do indeed resemble snails to remind people of this story. The White Elephant The White Elephant symbolizes the birth of Prince Siddhartha. The Prince’s mother, Queen Maya, dreamt that a bright elephant of light descended upon her—a sign that her son would be great among men. The Bodhi Tree The Bodhi Tree in Bodh-Gaya is sacred to Buddhists for it was here Prince Siddhartha attained nirvana. It is a symbol of enlightenment. Principle Styles of Buddhist Images Note how the Gandhara Buddha shows the influence of the Greek style from when Alexander the Great had conquered that area (modern-day Pakistan). The Gandhara Buddha wears a toga and has wavy hair, unlike the clingy wet drapery and smooth hair of the Mathura Buddha. The Mathura Buddha follows the indigenous style of the Indus Valley civilizations. Mudras or Hand Gesturesiv These well-defined gestures have a fixed meaning throughout all styles and periods of Buddha images. HINDUISM Origins Hinduism, unlike most major religions, does not have a central figure upon whom it is founded. Its roots stem back five thousand years to the people of the Indus Valley, now part of Pakistan. When Aryan tribes of Persia invaded the Indus Valley around 1700 BCE, the groups’ beliefs merged and Hinduism began to form. The oldest and most popular of the Hindu written thought system is the Rig Veda, a collection of hymns that may date back as early as 5000 BCE. It tells of 33 gods, all whom are born of one creator, Brahma. Complementing Brahma are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer. The three—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—comprise the Hindu Trinity. Hindu Beliefs Dharma, or law, stands for the ultimate moral balance. Karma stands for the belief that a person experiences the affects of his or her actions— that every act or though has consequences. Samara, or reincarnation, represents the cycle of life, death and rebirth in which a person carries his or her own Karma. Moksha, like Heaven for Christians, is a state of changeless bliss. It is the ultimate reward—to be released from samsara and achieve union with God. Ch. 6: India & SE Asia before 1200 Important terms to define: 1. Bodhi Tree 2. Bodhisattva 3. Buddha 4. Chakra 5. Dharma 6. Eightfold Path 7. Four Noble Truths 8. Karma 9. Lakshana 10. Mandorla 11. Moksha 12. Mudra 13. Nimbus 14. Nirvana 15. Sakyamuni 16. Samsara 17. Shiva 18. Siddhartha Gautama 19. Stupa 20. Urna 21. Ushnisha 22. Vishnu 23. Hinduism began in the Indus Valley. What are the two most important excavated sites in the Indus Valley and what object found there might have been a Shiva prototype? 24. Who was Ashoka and what was the significance of the pillars he erected throughout his kingdom? 25. How did Siddhartha Gautama become the Buddha? Tell his history. 26. What is usually contained in a stupa? 27. Describe the architectural characteristics of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, India. Be sure to include the definitions and/or meaning of the following terms: the anda (or stupa dome), chatras, yasti, torana, harmika, jatakas, chakras, yakshis. 28. Describe the characteristics of the torana. 29. What is a chaitya hall? Give an example of one. 30. What culture provided artistic models for the images of the Seated Buddha and the frieze from Gandhara (Figs 6-9 & 6-10)? 31. List 3 stylistic characteristics of the Mathura Buddha (Fig 6-11). 32. Look carefully at the Buddha from the Gupta period shown in Fig 6-12 and describe how it combined the styles of Gandara and Mathura. 33. What was the goal of Hinduism? 34. According to your textbook authors, who are the three most important Hindu deities? 35. What is Shiva’s role? 36. What is Vishnu’s role? Name some of Vishnu’s avatars. 37. What was the primary function of a Hindu temple? 38. What was the significance of bathing, feeding and clothing an image like the Shiva Nataraja shown in Fig 6-24? 39. Describe the Stupa at Borobudur in terms of location, size, objects founds there and the intended meaning of the monument. 40. To whom (which gods) was Angkor Wat dedicated? Why did the king build Angkor Wat (what function did it have for the king posthumously)? 41. What could be found at Angkor Thom and what religious function did it have? Ch.
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