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Globale Sortentrends Beim Apfel Walter Guerra, Versuchszentrum Laimburg

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Globale Sortentrends Beim Apfel Walter Guerra, Versuchszentrum Laimburg 3/2016 Auf allen Erdteilen werden neue Apfelsorten gezüchtet. Globale Sortentrends beim Apfel Walter Guerra, Versuchszentrum Laimburg Folgen Sie dem Autor auf einer gedanklichen Weltreise und erfah- Gala, Cripps Pink, Jonagored, Honey- ren Sie dabei die neuesten Trends in der Sortenwahl in verschiede- crisp, Scifresh, Sciros, Ambrosia und nen Ländern. der Gruppe „Andere Sorten“ zuneh- men, während alle übrigen Sorten um 7% bis 50% verlieren werden (Tabelle 1, S. 6). Gala (vor allem seine Informationsquellen von den Mitgliedern der EUFRIN- hochfärbigen Mutanten), wurde und Arbeitsgruppe “Testung von Apfel-, wird immer noch in vielen Gebieten In Südtirol ist jeder Apfelbaum ge- Birnensorten und Unterlagen”. EU- der Welt gepflanzt. Cripps Pink/Pink zählt; schwerer zugänglich sind bei- FRIN steht für EUropean FRuit Insti- Lady® mit Mutanten ist mit 17.000 ha spielsweise Daten zum Sortiment in tutes Research Network. Die EUFRIN- bereits heute als einzige Clubsorte in der Türkei, Indien, Iran und Russland, Arbeitsgruppe ist eine der aktivsten den Top 10 des globalen Sortiments. die zu den zehn größten Apfel produ- innerhalb des Netzwerks von 24 Jonagored wurde letzthin in Nord- zierenden Ländern weltweit gehören. Versuchszentren und Universitätsin- und Osteuropa massiv gepflanzt. Ho- Als Quellen für diesen Übersichts- stituten und trifft sich alle zwei Jahre. neycrisp ist der neue Renner in den artikel dienten die jährlich erschei- In den Sitzungen geben die Sorten- Vereinigten Staaten. Scifresh/Jazz® nende World Apple Review, Beiträge prüfer unter anderem einen Überblick und Nicoter/Kanzi® (läuft in der Sta- vom Kongress Interpoma 2014 und über die Sortenentwicklung in ihren tistik noch unter „Andere“) nehmen Prognosfruit Meran 2015, Daten von Heimatländern. jeweils etwa 3.000 ha ein und sind WAPA, EUROstat und FAOstat, Hin- damit die zweitwichtigsten Clubsor- weise der Sortenmanager und Infor- ten, während Ambrosia und Sciros/ mationen aus meinen Studienreisen. Weltweite Sortentrends Pacific Rose® der steigenden Nach- Die detaillierten Informationen zu Laut Prognose des World Apple Re- frage an süßen Sorten auf den asia- den europäischen Trends stammen view wird weltweit die Menge an tischen Märkten folgen. Der Anteil 5 der „Anderen Sorten“ wächst und sind derzeit im Aufbau, auch Südti- dene 5.000 ha, wenn man den damit wird das globale Sortiment in roler Initiativen wie die Fujimutanten enormen züchterischen Aufwand der Zukunft vielfältiger. Zurückzuführen ist Brak/Fubrax Kiku® (es stehen bereits letzten Jahrzehnte berücksichtigt. Die- dies allerdings mehr auf Nischensor- 1.700 ha) und die Pinova-Mutante se Fläche wird sich laut Einschätzung ten im Ausmaß von einigen hundert RoHo3615/Evelina® (fast 1.000 ha) verschiedener Experten signifikant er- bis maximal wenigen tausend Hektar spielen eine Rolle. höhen. Auch die rotfleischigen Apfel- und nicht auf neue Basissorten. Rund Die schorfresistenten Sorten beset- sorten werden mittelfristig wohl prä- 30 sogenannte „managed varieties“ zen derzeit weltweit noch beschei- senter sein, derzeit stehen auf rund 100 ha Luresweet/Redlove®, vorwie- Tabelle 1: Anteil diverser Apfelsorten an der Weltproduktion ohne China gend in Europa, zudem sind erste in Prozent. kommerzielle Pflanzungen von RS1/ Rang Sorte 2015 Vorschau 2025 Red Moon® und RM1/Red Moon® 1 Golden Delicious 15,8 14,2 -12% entstanden. 2 Red Delicious 15,2 14,2 -7% Mit der Serie Arctic® Apple Varieties 3 Gala 12,5 13,0 4% wurden 2015 in Nordamerika erst- 4 Fuji 6,7 6,6 -2% mals transgene Äpfel für den Anbau 5 Idared 4,0 3,7 -8% im Freiland zugelassen. Fraglich ist, 6 Jonagold 3,0 2,7 -14% ob damit weltweit der Startschuss für 7 Granny Smith 2,8 2,3 -18% einen Sortimentswandel in Richtung 8 Braeburn 2,0 1,7 -20% gentechnisch veränderter Apfelsorten 9 Cripps Pink 2,0 2,1 6% gefallen ist, ähnlich wie bei einigen 10 Jonathan 1,6 1,3 -19% Ackerkulturen. 11 Jonagored 1,5 1,5 0% 12 Elstar 1,2 1,0 -21% 13 McIntosh 1,1 0,9 -23% Europäisches Sortiment 14 Honeycrisp 0,8 1,3 43% 15 Rome Beauty 0,7 0,5 -33% 16 Gloster 0,6 0,5 -15% Die wichtigsten europäischen Apfel- sorten mit einem Anteil über 5% sind 17 Cortland 0,4 0,4 -16% Golden Delicious, Gala, Idared, Jona- 18 Empire 0,4 0,4 -20% gold/Jonagored und Red Delicious. 19 Ohrin 0,4 0,4 -8% Kontinuierlich gestiegen ist im vergan- 20 Tsugaru 0,4 0,4 -8% genen Jahrzehnt in Europa die Produk- 21 Melrose 0,3 0,3 -23% tion von Fuji, Cripps Pink, Pinova und 22 Spartan 0,3 0,3 -18% anderen neuen Sorten (Tabelle 2). 23 Reinette 0,3 0,3 -12% Die Informationen der europäischen ® 24 Scifresh/Jazz 0,3 0,4 11% Trends stammen vom letzten Treffen 25 Boskoop 0,3 0,2 -29% der EUFRIN-Gruppe in Litauen im 26 Cox‘s Orange 0,2 0,2 -38% März 2015. Dorota Kruczyńska von 27 York 0,2 0,2 -15% InHort Skierniewice gab einen Über- 28 Bramley 0,2 0,2 -28% blick über Polen, Sandrine Codarin 29 Lobo 0,2 0,2 -13% vom Ctifl Lanxade über Frankreich, 30 Sciros/Pacific Rose® 0,2 0,2 15% Jörg Hilbers vom Obstbauzentrum 31 Caudle 0,1 0,1 -40% Jork sprach über die Entwicklungen in 32 Cripps Red 0,1 0,1 -22% Norddeutschland und Ignasi Iglesias, 33 Stayman 0,1 0,1 -33% der verantwortliche Pomologe bei 34 Mutsu 0,1 0,1 -13% IRTA Lleida, über Spanien. Abgerun- 35 Hokuto 0,1 0,1 -14% det wurde der Überblick durch Gondy 36 Ambrosia 0,1 0,1 14% Heijerman-Peppelman vom WUR Wa- 37 Senshu 0,1 0,1 0% geningen in Holland, Jef Vercammen 38 Northern Spy 0,1 0,1 -18% von pcfruit Belgien, Thomas Rühmer 39 R.I Greening 0,0 0,0 -33% vom österreichischen LVZ Haidegg, 40 Newton 0,0 0,0 -50% Darius Kviklys vom Institut für Garten- Andere 23,5 28,0 16% bau in Babtei Litauen und Sarah Per- Quelle: World Apple Review, 2014 ren vom eidgenössischen Agroscope. 6 3/2016 Polen mehrere andere neue Sorten, wovon derzeit noch weniger als 100 ha aus- Wir beginnen mit Polen, dem größten gepflanzt worden sind, deren Flächen Apfel produzierenden Land Europas, aber in Zukunft steigen könnten: Fu- es stellt ungefähr ein Drittel der EU- jion, Inored/Story®, MC38/Crimson Apfelproduktion. Auf 71% der polni- Snow®, Coop 39/Crimson Crisp®, schen Obstbau-Flächen stehen Ap- PremA96/Rockit®, Lumaga/Galant®, felbäume (190.000 ha). Die sechs Scilate/Envy® und CIV323/Isaaq®. Apfelsorten Idared (20%), Jonagold (14%), Shampion (11%), Ligol (7%), Gloster und Golden Delicious (beide Frankreich 4%) haben zusammen einen Anteil Im letzten Jahrzehnt ist die französi- von 60% an der polnischen Produk- sche Apfelanbaufläche um 25% auf Maribelle/Lola®, gekreuzt in den Niederlanden. tion. Gala steht bei 3%, das Interes- rund 40.000 ha geschrumpft. Der se daran steigt jedoch stark. Wie die Südwesten und Südosten Frankreichs Baumschulproduktion in Tabelle 3, tragen jeweils mit einem Drittel zur S. 8, zeigt, sind die polnischen Apfel- französischen Apfelproduktion bei, bauern daran interessiert, verbesserte während der Anteil des Loiretales auf Klone der traditionellen Sorten Idared, 20% zurückgegangen ist. Generell Jonagold, Shampion, Gala und Red wird versucht, Golden Delicious in Delicious zu pflanzen. den höheren Lagen zu konzentrieren und in den anderen die Produktion mit Clubsorten oder regionalen Sor- Italien ten zu diversifizieren. In den vergan- In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat genen Jahren änderte sich das Sor- sich die italienische Apfelproduktion timent: Während Golden Delicious von der Poebene (Veneto, Lombar- (30%), Granny Smith (8%), Fuji Nicoter/Kanzi®, Belgien. dei, Emilia Romagna) in die alpinen (4%) und Red Delicious (4%) stabil Regionen des Trentino, Südtirols und blieben, waren Braeburn und Kanada des Piemont verlagert. Der Anbau von Renette rückläufig. Stattdessen wer- Fuji, Gala und Cripps Pink in wärmeren den nun Gala, Cripps Pink und ihre Zonen ist aber immer noch profitabel, Mutanten sowie monogen schorfre- wenn man besser färbende Klone sistente Sorten gepflanzt. In den ver- pflanzt. Die italienische Apfelanbau- fläche ist unter 60.000 ha gefallen, Tabelle 2: EU-Apfelproduktion gleichzeitig ist die Produktivität erheb- nach Sorten 2014. lich gestiegen. Golden Delicious wird Sorten Mio. t % teilweise durch andere (neue) Sorten Golden Delicious 2.677 21 ersetzt, aber die Menge ist aufgrund der gestiegenen Produktivität stabil. Gala 1.328 11 Es gibt ein beachtliches Interesse für Jonagold Gruppe 1.233 10 neue Clubsorten. In Italien stehen auf Idared 1.192 9 Inored/Story®, Frankreich. 1.480 ha Cripps Pink oder ihre Mu- Red Delicious 675 5 tanten. Mehr als die Hälfte der welt- Shampion 494 4 weit 700 ha CIVG198/Modì®- und der Elstar 431 3 geschätzten 600 ha Ambrosia-Anla- Granny Smith 383 3 gen (Daten von Ende 2014) befinden Fuji 321 3 sich in Italien. Die Südtiroler Obst- Braeburn 321 3 bauern haben 130 ha Scifresh/Jazz® Cripps Pink 249 2 und 370 ha Nicoter/Kanzi® gepflanzt. Gloster 201 2 Die Trentiner und die nach den Richt- Jonathan 193 2 linien des ökologischen Landbaus Kanada Renette 126 1 wirtschaftenden Südtiroler Obstbau- Pinova 90 1 ern bauen auf 260 ha RoHo3615/ Andere Sorten 2.672 21 ® Evelina an. Schließlich gibt es noch Quellen: WAPA, FAOSTAT, EUROSTAT Coop 43/Juliet®, USA. 7 gangenen vier Jahren war Gala die und Nicoter/Kanzi®. Die biologisch ähnlich wie in Frankreich, im letzten meist gepflanzte Sorte, gefolgt von wirtschaftenden deutschen Obstbau- Jahrzehnt stark geschrumpft, stattdes- Golden Delicious, Rosy Glow, Fuji und ern haben rund 100 ha SQ159/Naty- sen werden Pfirsichanlagen massiv Granny Smith. ra® gepflanzt. Weil die Apfelbauern in ausgeweitet. Das wichtigste Apfelan- Von den schorfresistenten Sorten Deutschland den Clubsorten generell baugebiet ist noch immer Katalonien wurden für Neupflanzungen gewählt: skeptisch gegenüber stehen, ist ihr gefolgt von Aragon.
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