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The Conceptual Origins of the Control of the Air: British Military

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The Conceptual Origins of the Control of the Air: British Military THE CONCEPTUAL ORIGINS OF THE CONTROL OF THE AIR: BRITISH MILITARY AND NAVAL AVIATION, 1911 – 1918 By JAMES NEIL PUGH A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham September 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the conceptual origins of the control of the air in Britain between 1911 and 1918. It concludes that military and naval aviators possessed an innate understanding of the concept, informed by the wider operational and organisational context of their respective parent services. For the Royal Flying Corps, the control of the air was understood in terms of providing auxiliary support to the British Army in the field. For the Royal Naval Air Service, the concept possessed an inherently strategic slant. Pre-war theorising, developed during the First World War, has been the subject of some controversy in the literature. The overtly tactical focus of the Royal Flying Corps and its concept of the control of the air, praised in the first instance, is now widely criticised. In contrast, naval aviators, highlighted as lacking focus and direction, are now hailed as progressive innovators. By examining various facets affecting the conceptual origins of the control of the air, including doctrine, education, and relations with allies, this thesis attempts to reinvigorate the traditional interpretation of military and naval air power in Britain during this period. DEDICATION To Ann Who gives all and expects nothing in return ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis, I was privileged to be awarded a Centennial Scholarship by the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Royal Air Force Museum Scholarship. I was also awarded several travel grants by the University of Birmingham. To these organisations I wish to offer my sincere gratitude for the support provided. I am also grateful to Brian Riddle and the National Aerospace Library, Farnborough, Peter Elliott and his colleagues at the Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon, and to the staffs of The National Archives at Kew and the British Library at both St. Pancras and Colindale. Air Commodore Dr Neville Parton offered generous support, and I am extremely grateful for copies of doctrinal material he made available. In helping me find an academic home, Professor John Buckley, Professor Matthew Hughes, and Dr Larry Valero provided sage advice. At the University of Birmingham, I must thank Professor Gary Sheffield who was always available to discuss various aspects of the British Army during the period. I must express further gratitude to Professor Sheffield for providing a draft chapter of The Chief, his biography of Haig. Dr Spencer Jones, Dr Michael LoCicero, Ross Mahoney, Stuart Mitchell, Andrew Duncan, and Aimée Fox-Godden, Andrew Limm, and Matthew Powell were supportive during the writing of this thesis, and their enthusiasm for the study of military history provided continuous motivation. I am also thankful to the War Studies Group at the University, and to my own undergraduate research students. Without the supervision of Air Commodore (Ret'd) Dr Peter Gray, this thesis could not have been written. Any language I deploy in an attempt to express my gratitude will be hopelessly insufficient. His tireless support was always available, and I still do not quite grasp the extent of my good fortune in having him supervise my thesis. I would also like to thank my family and friends. I am indebted to Jane Healy and her son Conor, who provided a supportive base of operations in London. I am also grateful to Sally Jones and her parents, Tim and Wendy, for their support during the first twelve months of the thesis. Without the Jones family, and Sally in particular, this journey could not have begun. To my friends – Anton, Emma, Louis, Mélanie, and Peter – thank you for sharing your passion with me over the last eighteen months. You are all a source of unending inspiration. Many thanks to my sister Hannah, always available to provide much needed distraction. As a child, my father Roger introduced me to the wonders of aircraft and the joys of reading. It seems only fitting that I have taken these interests to their logical conclusion. To Maia, your inquiring mind and ceaseless drive for balance have influenced this thesis more than you can ever know. Without your love, help, and assistance, I fear I would still be floundering. I remain in awe of your abilities. Finally, to my mother Ann, you have provided me with every support and have asked for nothing in return. The thesis is dedicated to you, with much love. CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction p.1 Background 1 Understanding and Defining Doctrine 4 The Control of the Air: The Evolution of Air Power Language in the Professional and Organisational Context 7 The Evolution of Air Power Language in the Academic Context 20 Literature Review 26 Thesis Content and Structure 50 Sources 58 Chapter Two: The Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps, and the Control of the Air: Theory, Doctrine, and Policy, 1911 – 1914 p.60 Introduction 60 Pre-war Hypothesising, 1906 – 1911 61 The Creation of Tentative Policy, 1911 – 1912 73 Sykes and the Staff College Experience 75 Overview and Historiography of the Staff College 75 Sykes and Quetta 79 The Staff College Education and the Military Wing 88 Doctrine and Air Power, 1912 – 1914 91 The Doctrinal Culture of the British Army 94 The Training Manual: Conception and Birth 97 Military Wing Weapons Testing 112 The Air Committee 117 Conclusion 120 Chapter Three: The Naval Wing of the Royal Flying Corps, and the Control of the Air: Theory, Doctrine, and Policy, 1911 – 1914 p.122 Introduction 122 Early Hypothesising 124 The Technical Sub-Committee on Aerial Navigation 133 Naval Wing Air Defence Policy, 1912 – 1914 138 'The Silent Service:' Naval Wing Doctrine 154 Naval Wing Experimentation 169 Conclusion 171 Chapter Four: The Control of the Air on the Western Front: The RFC and the Aggressive Culture of the BEF p.174 Introduction 174 The RFC and the Control of the Air: Background 176 The RFC and the Influence of Structural and Cultural Pressures 180 The RFC and the BEF's Offensive Posture 186 The Arrival of Trenchard 197 Trouble at the Top: Sykes and Trenchard 201 Haig, the BEF, and Raiding: A Study in Aggression 203 Haig and his 'Magnificent' Trenchard 209 Conclusion 222 Chapter Five: The Western Front and the Control of the Air: The RFC, its Allies, and its use of Information p.223 Introduction 223 The Coalition Context: The RFC and its French Allies 226 Anglo-French Cooperation in the Pre-War Period 228 Language Skills and Personal Relations 233 The RFC and the Control of the Air before Verdun 237 Trenchard, du Peuty, and Verdun: Liaison and Cooperation 241 The RFC, the Somme, and the Lessons of Verdun 248 The RFC and Information: Collating and Disseminating 257 Trenchard and his Information Offensive 261 Moving into the Final Year of the Conflict 273 Conclusion 281 Chapter Six: The Royal Naval Air Service and the Control of the Air during the First World War p.283 Introduction 283 Armoured Adventures: The RNAS and Churchill as First Lord 286 Putting the 'Naval' in RNAS: The Admiralty and Sueter 302 The Control of the Air and the Grand Fleet during 1915 309 The Grand Fleet and Air Power during 1916 311 The Admiralty and Air Policy Bodies 316 Progress and Frustration: Naval air power in 1917 322 Conclusion: Naval Air Power in 1918 – Promise and Regrets 331 Chapter Seven: Conclusion p.335 Bibliography p.347 LIST OF TABLES Table One – BEF Raiding in France, Dec 1915 – Mar 1918 p.208 Table Two – Hours Flown / Casualties suffered by RFC / RAF. Western Front, Sep 1916 – Jun 1918 p.217 Table Three – Strength of RFC, Aug 1914 – Mar 1918 p.218 ABBREVIATIONS Admiralty Files, National Archives – ADM Air Committee – AC Air Historical Branch – AHB Air Ministry Files, National Archives – AIR Air Publication – AP Army Doctrine Publication – ADP Battle Cruiser Fleet – BCF British Expeditionary Force – BEF British Library – BL Cabinet Papers, National Archives – CAB Central Flying School – CFS Chief of the Air Staff – CAS Chief of the Imperial General Staff – CIGS Committee of Imperial Defence – CID Director General of Military Aeronautics – DGMA Director, Air Department – DAD Director of Air Services – DAS Director of Naval Intelligence – DNI Field Service Regulations – FSR General Headquarters, British Expeditionary Force – GHQ, BEF Grand Fleet Battle Orders – GFBO Indian Office Records – IOR Imperial War Museum – IWM Joint War Air Committee – JWAC Journal of the Royal United Services Institute – JRUSI Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives – LHCMA Military Wing – MW Ministry of Defence – MoD National Aerospace Library – NAL National Maritime Museum – NMM Naval Intelligence Department – NID Naval Wing – NW Naval Records Society – NRS North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – NATO Royal Air Force – RAF Royal Australian Air Force – RAAF Royal Flying Corps – RFC Royal Navy – RN Royal Naval Air Service – RNAS Royal United Services Institute – RUSI The National Archives – TNA The War in the Air series – WIA United States Air Force – USAF War Office – WO CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION This thesis explores the conceptual origins of the control of the air, setting its examination in the context of the development of British military and naval aviation between 1911 and 1918.
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