DOCSLIB.ORG

Our Atlantic Woods: a PHOTO GUIDE to NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS ©Fundy Model Forest 2010 Graphic Design: Jdm Design, Moncton, NB ISBN: 978-0-9731556-4-8 R.F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Our Atlantic Woods: a PHOTO GUIDE to NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS ©Fundy Model Forest 2010 Graphic Design: Jdm Design, Moncton, NB ISBN: 978-0-9731556-4-8 R.F OurOur AtlanticAtlantic Woods:Woods: H II T S M F .. R .. F S R C T S O D U T P R O R E S T A P H O T O G U I D E T O N O N - T I M B E R F Our Atlantic Woods: ©Fundy Model Forest 2010 A PHOTO GUIDE TO NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Graphic design: jdm Design, Moncton, NB R.F. Smith ISBN: 978-0-9731556-4-8 Disclaimerr Living to be an Old AND Bold wild harvester of edible wild plants and mushrooms This guide is intended to help you identify some of the opportunities whereby your woodlot can provide a variety of goods and products, including foods and beverages. Many of the NTFPs listed in this guide have potential as foods or beverages. However, just as not all plants are edible, not all plant parts are equally edible and how you handle, store and prepare what you collect is CRITICAL. This guide is not a cookbook nor will it provide you enough information by itself to allow you to safely collect all of the species shown. You will need additional guides, references and even more importantly, training and experience. Please refer to the references in this guide and elsewhere such as the materials contained in the Around Your Woodlot Course (NTFP Module) available through INFOR Inc. in New Brunswick. IF YOU ARE NOT COMFORTABLE WITH YOUR OWN KNOWLEDGE, CONSULT SPECIALISTS FOR HELP. Funding for this photo guide was provided in part by Natural Resources Canada through the Canadian Forest Service’s Forest Communities and First Nations Forestry Programs. Acknowledgements This project was funded through the Fundy Model Forest. My appreciation also to Maritime College of Forest Technology Thanks to Barb Scott and Nairn Hay for their patience and support. instructor Julie Singleton and the first year students in the class of 2009 I also want to extend a special thanks to Chris Dickie and Janette Desharnais who gave their valuable time to field test an early version of the tool. Their for their encouragement, technical and financial support through INFOR insightful comments and suggestions were very helpful in the early stages Inc., and their contribution of photographs. of this project. Julie also provided valuable edits to the final document. I would like to extend my appreciation to Marie-Claude Gauthier, General Finally, I want to thank Ian Smith, Mactaquac Provincial Park, and Manager, Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest, for her help in contacting the owners Peggy MacDougall, Thulium Farms, for providing access to their forest of most of the photographs used in the section on mushrooms. These management plans and allowing me to explore their properties. Their photos originally appeared in Champignons comestibles du Lac-Saint-Jean, a cooperation was invaluable in developing this guide. publication of the Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest. The generosity of the Tree, shrub and herbaceous species in New Brunswick number in the following photographers in allowing us to reprint these photos is thousands. It was not possible to include every NTFP in this guide. gratefully acknowledged: The examples in the photo guide are among the species most commonly Aldei Darveau found in the Acadian Forest Region. Marie-France Gévry While it is hoped that this tool may prove useful for a variety of forest types Guillaume Roy in New Brunswick, it has been field tested within the Acadian Forest Region. Dany Simard It has been designed to help woodlot owners identify opportunities to Luc Simard manage for classes or groups of NTFPs for their own use or to develop as I would also like to thank Ed Fletcher, Strategic Sourcing Inc., and a small business. Dave Fuller, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, for ginseng and 1 fiddlehead photographs respectively. Respectfully, Ron Smith, August 2010 N T F P E Introduction P H O T O G U I D Introduction The forests of New Brunswick contain a wealth of plant and animal species. The species shown in this photo guide are not intended to represent a For woodlot owners, the values and reasons for owning woodland are as comprehensive listing of the flora of New Brunswick. While it is hoped that diverse as the plants and animals living in them. These woodlots represent this tool proves useful for a variety of forest types in New Brunswick, it has far more than a repository of wood fibre. The suite of values and products been field tested primarily within the Acadian Forest Region. If you are aside from the traditional sawlogs and pulp are usually lumped into a group unfamiliar with NTFPs, you are encouraged to contact one of the called non-timber forest products (NTFPs). This photo guide is intended to Atlantic Model Forests (Model Forest of Newfoundland and Labrador, help you identify some of the plants growing in your woodlot and the Nova Forest Alliance, PEI Model Forest Network Partnership or Fundy Model NTFPs that can be obtained from them. Forest), your provincial Department of Natural Resources, or the Canadian Forest Service. In New Brunswick, landowners are encouraged to take the NTFP Module within INFOR’s “Around Your Woodlot” course. The course provides a detailed overview of the range of NTFP opportunities and helps landowners make informed decisions about activities involving NTFPs on their woodlots. More information on this course is found on the INFOR website: www.infor.ca. 2 Introduction Using the Guide The guide is divided into four main sections: 1) Ground flora (herbaceous plants, and ferns, mosses and lichens), 2) Small trees and shrubs, 3) Trees (hardwoods and softwoods), and 4) Mushrooms. Within each section, species are sorted in alphabetical order by their Latin name. For each species in the guide, there is a photo of the plant, the type of forest (habitat diagrams) where it is usually found, and information on its potential use as a NTFP. There are no habitat diagrams for trees as this information should be self-evident. Photos The photos in this guide are intended to help you identify some of the species found in your woodlot. In many cases a photograph alone may not be sufficient to positively identify a given plant, and a plant identification book may be necessary. Highly technical plant identification books such asThe Flora of New Brunswick by H. R. Hinds are not easily used without some formal training, but other references provided at the end of this section and some of the web sites cited in the guide contain photographs and keys that may be easier to use. When in doubt, contact a local botanist, forester or forest technologist to help you to confirm the identity of an unknown plant. 3 N T F P P H O T O Introduction G U I D E Introduction Soft- Mixed Hard- Habitat Diagrams Figure 1. wood wood wood On the right is an example Light Requirements Canopy Light Requirements of the habitat diagrams for NTFPs found in this photo The 'Light Requirements' diagram provides a quick visual guide. Squares coloured in as to the range of light conditions from full shade to full green indicate that the sun that a species is typically found growing under. Some species may be found Immature species grow well under a wide range of light conditions, in this forest type. (< 5 m) while others flourish under more specific light conditions The ‘Light Requirements’ such as partial shade or full sunlight. Bunchberry (Cornus in the upper left of the Semi- mature canadensis), for example, grows under shade in mature diagram provides the likely (5 - 10 m) range of light conditions stands but also in clearcuts under fairly high light levels. from full shade to full sun. Choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), on the other hand, only Mature (> 10 m) grows in full sunlight conditions. Of course, there are always exceptions to these general guidelines. 4 Maturity Class Introduction NFTP Opportunity Class Figure 2. An example of a Maturity Class NTFP Opportunity The left side of the habitat diagram shows three possible stages of maturity of a forest in Class table as Essential Oils Nutraceuticals Syrup/Sap/Gums which a given species could be found. For simplicity, tree height in metres was used to create found in the Foods/Beverages Landscaping/Nurseries Crafts/Wreaths/Greenery the maturity classes. guide. Medicinals/Pharmaceuticals Canopy “Hardwood (hwd)” is forest made up of 75% or more hardwood trees; “softwood (swd)” is forest made up of at least 75% softwood trees; and “mixed wood (mixed)” is everything in between. Once again, this is a general guide to the forest type where a given NTFP species is most likely found. NTFP Opportunity Classes For each species in the guide, one or more potential NTFP ideas are provided in a NTFP Opportunity Class table. An opportunity class represents the potential end-use or market for the NTFP(s) that can be obtained. 5 D E U I O G H O T Introduction N T F P P P H O Introduction T O G U P I D T F E N Opportunity Classes The information contained here defining the NTFP classes has been adapted, Medicinals/Pharmaceuticals: For the purposes of this guide, medicinals with permission, from the INFOR Around Your Woodlot Non-Timber Forest and pharmaceuticals refer to any plant or plant part that is harvested with Products Module. the specific intent to be used in a medical application. A simplified way to view pharmaceuticals is to look at them as the active ingredient(s) in Nutraceuticals: From a strictly scientific perspective, nutraceuticals are prescribed drugs (medicines). So, for pharmaceuticals the plant or plant part chemicals that are found as natural components of foods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tar and Turpentine
    ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products from Conifers
    Page 1 of 8 NON -WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 12 Non-Wood Forest Products From Conifers FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-104212-8 (c) FAO 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONIFERS WHAT ARE CONIFERS? DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE USES CHAPTER 2 - CONIFERS IN HUMAN CULTURE FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY RELIGION POLITICAL SYMBOLS ART CHAPTER 3 - WHOLE TREES LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES Page 2 of 8 Historical aspects Benefits Species Uses Foliage effect Specimen and character trees Shelter, screening and backcloth plantings Hedges CHRISTMAS TREES Historical aspects Species Abies spp Picea spp Pinus spp Pseudotsuga menziesii Other species Production and trade BONSAI Historical aspects Bonsai as an art form Bonsai cultivation Species Current status TOPIARY CONIFERS AS HOUSE PLANTS CHAPTER 4 - FOLIAGE EVERGREEN BOUGHS Uses Species Harvesting, management and trade PINE NEEDLES Mulch Decorative baskets OTHER USES OF CONIFER FOLIAGE CHAPTER 5 - BARK AND ROOTS TRADITIONAL USES Inner bark as food Medicinal uses Natural dyes Other uses TAXOL Description and uses Harvesting methods Alternative
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives
    Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives by Robin Samantha Charlton B.A. (Hons., International Development), University of Guelph, 2005 Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Resource Management Report No. 565 in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment © Robin Samantha Charlton 2013 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2013 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Robin Samantha Charlton Degree: Master of Resource Management Title of Thesis: Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives Report No. 565 Examining Committee: Chair: Bastian Zeiger, MRM Evelyn Pinkerton Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Ajit Krishnaswamy Supervisor Adjunct Professor Date Defended/Approved: Jan 24, 2013 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract The community forest (CF) tenure in British Columbia has the potential to manage non- timber forest resources (NTFRs) in order to optimize economic, environmental and social benefit
    [Show full text]
  • Pine Tar; History and Uses
    Pine Tar; History And Uses Theodore P. Kaye Few visitors to any ship which as been rigged in a traditional manner have left the vessel without experiencing the aroma of pine tar. The aroma produces reactions that are as strong as the scent; few people are ambivalent about its distinctive smell. As professionals engaged in the restoration and maintenance of old ships, we should know not only about this product, but also some of its history. Wood tar has been used by mariners as a preservative for wood and rigging for at least the past six centuries. In the northern parts of Scandinavia, small land owners produced wood tar as a cash crop. This tar was traded for staples and made its way to larger towns and cities for further distribution. In Sweden, it was called "Peasant Tar" or was named for the district from which it came, for example, Lukea Tar or Umea Tar. At first barrels were exported directly from the regions in which they were produced with the region's name burned into the barrel. These regional tars varied in quality and in the type of barrel used to transport it to market. Wood tars from Finland and Russia were seen as inferior to even the lowest grade of Swedish tar which was Haparanda tar. In 1648, the newly formed NorrlSndska TjSrkompaniet (The Wood Tar Company of North Sweden) was granted sole export privileges for the country by the King of Sweden. As Stockholm grew in importance, pine tar trading concentrated at this port and all the barrels were marked "Stockholm Tar".
    [Show full text]
  • Current Issues in Non-Timber Forest Products Research
    New Cover 6/24/98 9:56 PM Page 1 Current Issues in Non-Timber Forest Products Research Edited by M. Ruiz Pérez and J.E.M. Arnold CIFOR CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 1 CURRENT ISSUES IN NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 3 CURRENT ISSUES IN NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH Proceedings of the Workshop ÒResearch on NTFPÓ Hot Springs, Zimbabwe 28 August - 2 September 1995 Editors: M. Ruiz PŽrez and J.E.M. Arnold with the assistance of Yvonne Byron CIFOR CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 4 © 1996 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in Indonesia Reprinted July 1997 ISBN: 979-8764-06-4 Cover: Children selling baobab fruits near Hot Springs, Zimbabwe (photo: Manuel Ruiz PŽrez) Center for International Forestry Research Bogor, Indonesia Mailing address: PO Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 5 Contents Foreword vii Contributors ix Chapter 1: Framing the Issues Relating to Non-Timber Forest Products Research 1 J.E. Michael Arnold and Manuel Ruiz PŽrez Chapter 2: Observations on the Sustainable Exploitation of Non-Timber Tropical Forest Products An EcologistÕs Perspective Charles M. Peters 19 Chapter 3: Not Seeing the Animals for the Trees The Many Values of Wild Animals in Forest Ecosystems 41 Kent H. Redford Chapter 4: Modernisation and Technological Dualism in the Extractive Economy in Amazonia 59 Alfredo K.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Bark Beetles Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
    BARK BEETLES Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Bark beetles, family Scolytidae, are California now has 20 invasive spe- common pests of conifers (such as cies of bark beetles, of which 10 spe- pines) and some attack broadleaf trees. cies have been discovered since 2002. Over 600 species occur in the United The biology of these new invaders is States and Canada with approximately poorly understood. For more informa- 200 in California alone. The most com- tion on these new species, including mon species infesting pines in urban illustrations to help you identify them, (actual size) landscapes and at the wildland-urban see the USDA Forest Service pamphlet, interface in California are the engraver Invasive Bark Beetles, in References. beetles, the red turpentine beetle, and the western pine beetle (See Table 1 Other common wood-boring pests in Figure 1. Adult western pine beetle. for scientific names). In high elevation landscape trees and shrubs include landscapes, such as the Tahoe Basin clearwing moths, roundheaded area or the San Bernardino Mountains, borers, and flatheaded borers. Cer- the Jeffrey pine beetle and mountain tain wood borers survive the milling Identifying Bark Beetles by their Damage pine beetle are also frequent pests process and may emerge from wood and Signs. The species of tree attacked of pines. Two recently invasive spe- in structures or furniture including and the location of damage on the tree cies, the Mediterranean pine engraver some roundheaded and flatheaded help in identifying the bark beetle spe- and the redhaired pine bark beetle, borers and woodwasps. Others colo- cies present (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • It's Time India Turned Forests Into Assets
    It's time India turned forests into assets Globally, forest governance is undergoing reforms to benefit from community forestry Communities in India can earn up to Rs 4,000 crore from non-timber forest produce like silk cocoon (Photo: Prashant Ravi) MEXICO AND India are worlds apart, both in terms of geography and forest governance. While Mexico has earned socially, economically and environmentally by promoting community forestry, India continues to follow the colonial forest regime that has alienated communities from their land and resources. At present, the Indian government recognises community rights over their forests under the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006, and empowers the gram sabha (village council) to protect and manage them. But the law remains poorly implemented as forest departments continue to resist ceding control over forests. The Forest Survey of India’s (FSI’s) report in 1999 shows that 31 million ha of forests lay within revenue villages. “This should be the minimum area over which community forest rights need to be recognised,” says forest rights activist Madhu Sarin, who was part of the drafting process of FRA. But the government has so far recognised rights over only 2.5 million ha (see ‘Rights wronged’). Worse, this hardly includes community forests. This makes India a laggard; other countries have made far greater progress in forest governance reforms. In Papua New Guinea, about 95 per cent of forests are under community control while in Mexico, China, Bolivia and Brazil, about 70, 55, 35 and 13 per cent forests, respectively, are owned by communities. A study by Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), a global network of non-profits, shows that forestland designated for and owned by communities has increased from 11.3 to 15.5 per cent worldwide between 2002 and 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Forest Service James R. Karels, State Forester
    Florida Forest Service James R. Karels, State Forester The forest needs of Florida’s citizens are much greater than many realize, often impacting our lives in ways that we may not always see. It is estimated that the average person utilizes 40 products a day that are derived from the forest. This not only includes the obvious products such as lumber and paper, but items such as toothpaste, ice cream, film, cellophane, tape, adhesives, and enhancements for many of the foods we eat and drink. There are well over 5,000 different products that come from forests. Of course, there are many other benefits we derive from forests, such as clean air, clean water, recreation and an enhanced environment. Currently the forest industry is the leading agricultural industry in Florida and second only to tourism in total impact on the state’s economy. The timber industry also provides numerous jobs, outdoor recreation opportunities for millions of visitors each year. Forestry is about balancing the ecological, social and economic needs of our state. Educating our citizens about proper forest management practices will help ensure that forests will be healthy and that the forest industry remains a viable commodity for future generations. The purpose of this book is to reach out to our youth to teach them good forestry practices. Jim Karels State Forester, Florida Forest Service Table of Contents For the Teacher, Sunshine State Standards . ii Part One: Introduction . 1 Introduction . 3 History of Florida’s Forests . 4 Forest Communities . 7 Succession . 8 The Tree . 8 Dendrology . 10 Part Two: Forest Management .
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Stores History, Dr
    Highlighting Naval Stores History, Dr. Jan Davidson Wilmington postcard, 1909, Gift of Laura Howell Norden Schorr Naval Stores were the lifeblood of colonial and antebellum North Carolina, and they were an important part of the economy into the late 19th century. The Cape Fear region was the center of the industry. Naval Stores production helped shape the region’s population, by encouraging the dependence on enslaved people’s labor, and by creating a need for a town with merchants to market naval stores. They were a good business in a region where trees and water dominated the landscape, labor was scarce, and the land was poor. In the 18th century, North Carolina produced 70 percent of the tar, more than 50% of the turpentine, and 20% of the pitch that was exported from North America. According to one 19th century account, “Nearly the whole trade of the town [Wilmington] is derived from the produce of the pine forests. The Wharves display immense quantities of pitch and resin barrels, and stills for the manufacture of turpentine are numerous.”1This made Wilmington a rather dangerous place to live. According to one scholar, “In Wilmington, twenty distillery fires occurred from 1842 to 1853, and many fires destroyed wharves and other places where turpentine was stored. Turpentine fires sometimes incinerated an entire community. Anyone who ran a still was living a dangerous life and posed a threat to the community.”2 1 Robert Russell North America: Its Agriculture and Climate, (Edinburgh: Robert and Black, 1857), p. 158 2 Lawrence S. Earley, Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of An American Forest, (University of North Carolina Press, 2004) pp, 105-106 1 What Are Naval Stores? There are four main products that fall under the heading “naval stores:” tar, pitch, spirits of turpentine, and rosin.
    [Show full text]
  • Working-Up Tar, Pitch, Asphalt, Bitumen; Pyroligneous Acid (Compositions
    C10C Working-up tar, pitch, asphalt, bitumen; Pyroligneous acid (compositions of bituminous materials C08L95/00; carbon filaments by decomposition of organic filaments D01F9/14 ) Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Working-up, e.g.processing, of tar, pitch, asphalt or bitumen, including use of techniques such as distillation, heat-treatment, water removal or extraction with selective solvents. Working up implies improvement of the material. Production of pyroligneous acid. Relationship between large subject matter areas This application related subclass covers techniques specially adapted to working up of tar, pitch, asphalt or bitumen, or the production of pyroligneous acid, even though some of the techniques per se are covered by subclasses such as C10B, C10G. For example, coking bitumen, tar or the like is covered by C10B 55/00 B01D covers distillation in general, e.g. distillation column will be classified in B01D and a process for working-up tar,by distillation, will be classified in C10C. References relevant to classification in this subclass This subclass/group does not cover: Working up pyroligneous acid for (C07C 51/42,C07C 53/08) production of acetic acid Carbonisation of wood C10B 53/02 Obtaining hydrocarbon oils C10G Deasphalting hydrocarbon oils C10G 21/00 Dewatering of hydrocarbon oils C10G 33/00 Informative references Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search: 1 Smoke flavours A23L 1/232 Shaped ceramic products containing C04B 35/532 a carbonisable binder Coumarone resins C08F 244/00 Compositions of bituminous materials C08L 95/00 Coating compositions based on C09D 195/00 bituminous materials, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • University Of' Hawai"/ Library
    UNIVERSITY OF' HAWAI"/ LIBRARY SPLINTERS OF SANDALWOOD. ISLANDS OF 'ILIAID: RETHINKING DEFORESTATION IN HAWAI'I, 181l~1843 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY DECEMBER 2002 By Christopher A. Cottrell Thesis Committee: David Chappell, Chairperson Jerry Bentley Marcus Daniel Mark Merlin III Table ofContents Introduction ,. '" '" 7 Chapter 1: Hawai'i and Early Sandalwood Networks in the South Seas, 1805-1819 20 Chapter 2: Bargaining, Debt and American Gunboats in Hawai'i, 1819--184J 50 Chapter 3: Ecology, Exchange and Extraction, 1811-1843 '" 67 Chapter 4: Splinters ofSandalwood, Depictions ofDeforestation , 133 Conclusion 158 Bibliography , '" '" '" ., 165 IV List of Tables Table 1., Gutzlaffs Picul Count.. 80 Table 2., O'ahu Piculs in Reynolds' journal... '" '" '" 109 Table 3., Kaua'i and Mixed WaimeaPiculs in Reynold'sjournal 110 Table 4., Hawai'i Piculs in Reynold's journal.. , '" , '" 111 Table 5., Maui Piculs in Reynold'sjoumal.. , 111 Table 6., TaxIDebt Piculsin Reynold's journal.. '" 111 v List ofMaqs Map 1., I'i's Trail Map ,. '" 91 Map 2., Stemmerman's Map '" '" .. ,,, ." '" 125 Map 3., State Map 1900 126 Map 4., St. John's Map '" , 127 6 Sandalwood. you say. and in your thought it rhymes With Tyre and Solomon; to me it rhymes With place& bare upon Pacific mountains Wrth spaces empty in the minds ofmen! Sandalwood! The Kings ofHawaii call out their men; The men go up the mountains in files; Hands that knew only stone axe now wield the iron axe; The Kings would change their canoes for ships: Men come down from the mountains carrying sandalwood upon their backs; More men and more are leviett They go up in the mountains in files; they leave their taro patches so that famine comes down on the land.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Stores: the Industry
    286 NAVAL STORES: THE INDUSTRY JAY WARD Naval stores arc the derivatives of an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt the crude gum—oleoresin—that comes thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch from living pine trees, pine stumps, it wdthin and without with pitch." and dead lightwood. Some arc byprod- When Columbus discovered Amer- ucts from sulfate pulp mills. The term ica, the center of production in Europe is limited generally to turpentine and extended from Scandinavia through rosin, but it can be said to cover pine the Baltic countries. From them came tar, pine oil, and rosin oils. In the trade, quantities of tar and pitch for use by the product from living pine trees is the fleets of wooden sailing vessels of known as gum naval stores; the prod- all the European nations. King Phillip uct from stumps, lightwood, and pulp of Spain drew from this source for mills is called wood naval stores. In his Spanish Armada. Queen Elizabeth Colonial days, gum was cooked down drew from it for her British fleet. One to a thick tar and used to preserve the of the basic commodities sought by the ropes and calk the seams of the ships— Europeans in the New World w^as a and from that we got the name "naval source of naval stores for their ships. stores" for the products used now in a Turpentining is one of the oldest hundred ways unconnected with ships. and most picturesque of American in- The gum naval stores industry, at its dustries. The production of tar, pitch, peak in 1908-9, produced 750,000 bar- rosin, and turpentine started when rels (50 gallons each) of gum spirits of the first settlers landed on the Atlan- turpentine and 1,998,400 drums of gum tic coast.
    [Show full text]