Special Libraries, October 1966

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Special Libraries, 1966 Special Libraries, 1960s

10-1-1966

Special Libraries Association

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October 1966, vol. 57, 120. 8

Communicating with Users, Management, and Indexes How

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Astrofizi ka Differentsial'nye Uravneniya Elektrotekhnika Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov Geliotekhnika Genetika Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal lnzhenernyi Zhurnal Zhidkostei i Gasov lzvestiya VUZ. Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika lzvestiya VUZ. Fizika lzvestiya VUZ. Radiofizika lzvestiya VUZ. Radiotekhnika Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii Kibernetika Magnitnaya Gidrodinamika Mekhanika Polimerov Prikladn2ya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya Prikladnaya Mekhanika Problemy Peredachi lnformatsii Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya Ukrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Fizika Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Khimiya Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii Zhurnal Vses. Khim. Ob-va im. Mendeleeva

IN COVER-TO-COVER TRANSLATION COMPLETE CONTENTS 8 CATALOG UPON REQUEST HE FARADAY PRESS, INC. 84 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, Don't miss reading these REVIEW ARTICLES The selective abstracting service offered by the journal is already widely known. The institution of the current series of Review Articles has greatly increased its popularity. These articles, like the abstracting service which they are designed to supplement, are directed as much towards the general reader as to the specialist, providing him with authoritative surveys of the growing points of medicine, each complete with an up-to-date bibliography. Some articles that have already appeared are:

DISEASES OF MUSCLE by J. N. Walton, T.D., M.D., F.R.C.P.-July & August, 1966. INFECTION IN HOSPITAL by R. A. Shooter, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.C.Path.-May, 1966. DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS by Linf ord Rees, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.P., D.P.M.-March, 1966. MALABSORPTION by A. M. Dawson, M.D., F.R.C.P.-December, 1965. PROBLEMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS by K. Citron, M.D., M.R.C.P.-July, 1965. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE by G.L. Asherson, D.M., M.R.C.P.-May & September, 1965. To be published soon TWENTY YEARS AFTER by Sir John McMichael, F.R.S., F.R.C.P.- January 1967,20th Anniversary issue THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM ENZYME DETERMINATIONS by D. N. Baron, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.C.Path. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TROPICAL MEDICINE by Charles Wilcocks, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.C.P.

Single copies of many of the issues containing these articles are still available at $2.00 a copy. Supplies are limited-copies should therefore be ordered NOW.

To save missing future articles in this series subscribe to ABSTRACTS OF WORLrD MEDIC1 NE Annual Subscription $1 8.00 Subscription orders to: BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 80 Brighton Avenue Boston, Mass. 02134 spee!cial libraries

Library-User Communications on 8 Periodical Literature 8f 559 H. W. Wilcox and . . M. Bloomfield Freud, Frug, and Feedback Norma J. Shosid The View from Management's Bridge Margaret N. Sloane Communicating with Management Elizabeth M. Walkey Communicating with Indexes Dr. John Rothman The Searchers-Links between Inquirers and Indexes Dr. Susan Artandi Communication Barriers and the Reference Question Ellis Mount What's in a Statistic? Charles K. Bauer The Trade Literature Collection of the Smithsonian Library Jack Goodwin Data Analysis of Science Monograph Order/Cataloging Forms Nathalie C. Batts Special Libraries Association Call for Nominations for the 1967 SLA Professional and Hall of Fame Awards Wanted-Authors and Editors for Association Publications Pittsburgh Chapter H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award Entry Mary L. Allison Leaves SLA for Other Editorial Duties Case Studies, Anyone ? Betsy Ann Olive Fifty in Ten: An International Story Elaine A. Kurtz and Mary Anglemyer

Spotted Library Literature Gleanings Glorieux Rayburn Government and Libraries Phyllis I. Dalton Message from Lilliput B. Little LTP Reports to SLA Gladys T. Piez Have You Heard Off the Press

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Special Libraries Committee Chairman: HOWARDB. BENTLEY,Time Inc. IRVINGM. KLEMPNER,United Nuclear Corporation ELLISMOUNT, Columbia University Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. Manuscripts submitted for publication must be typed double space on only one side of paper and mailed to the editor. 0 Reprints may be ordered immediately before or after publication. Subscriptions: U. S. $12.50; foreign, 814; single copies, $2. 0 Annual author-title-subject index published with December issue. @ 1966 by Special Libraries Associarion. INDEXED in Business Periodicals Index, Documentation Abstracts, Historical Abstracts, Hospital Literature In- dex, Library Literature, Library Science Abstracts, Management Index, and Public Affairs Informatton Service. SPECIALLIBRARIES ASSOCIATION President DR. F. E. MCKENNA Information Center, Central Research Laboratories Air Reduction Company, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey 0797 1 President-Elect MRS.ELIZABETH R. USHER Art Reference Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street, New York 10028 Advisory Council Chairman MRS.HELEN F. REDMAN LOS Alarnos Scientific Laboratory P. 0. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 Advisory Council Chairman-Elect CHARLESH. STEVENS Project Intrex, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02 139 Treasurer JEANE. FLEGAL Business Library, Union Carbide Corporation 270 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017 Past-President ALLEENTHOMPSON Atomic Power Equipment Department General Electric Company 175 Curtner Avenue, San Jose, California 95125 Directors MRS.THEODORA A. ANDREWS Pharmacy Library, Purdue University (Secretary) Lafayette, Indiana 47907 WILLIAMK. BEATTY Northwestern University Medical Library 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611 CHARLOTTEGEORGI Graduate School of Business Administration Library University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 PHOEBEF. HAYES Bibliographical Center for Research Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado 80203 RUTHNIELANDER Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company 4750 North Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60640 GORDONE. RANDALL Thomas J. Watson Research Center Library, IBM Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 Executive Director BILLM. WOODS Special Libraries Association 31 East 10th Street, New York, New York 10003 Membership Dues: Sustaining: $100; Active: $20; Active Paid for Life: $250; Associate: $20; Affiliate: $15; Student: $2; Emeritus: $5. For qualifications, privileges, and further information, write Special Libraries Association. SLA Translations Center John Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Annual Convention The 58th Annual Convention will be held at the Hotel Commodore, New York City, May 28-June 1, 1967. when information technology is involved, so is Herner and Company

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Library-User Communications On Periodical Literature

H. E. WILCOX and M. BLOOMFIELD

s A LIBRARIAN scans a new issue of the bined to approach the ideal of instant access A Acoustical Society of America Jozlrnal, to newly published scientific and technical he notices an article on xenon flash lamps. information. He recalls that Mr. Morse was in the library At Hughes Aircraft Company, the Culver the other day inquiring about this subject. City Library attempts to satisfy the appetites An office copier quickly produces a reprint of and whims of the technical staff for vita1 the article and within an hour the informa- information available in the "open litera- tion is on Mr. Morse's desk. He finds a bit ture." Selective Dissemination of Informa- of data heretofore lacking in his contract tion (SDI) has been practiced for nearly a proposal, completes his research effort, sub- decade, but it is used almost exclusively for mits it to the government ccntracting agency, current awareness of the report literature. and wins a substantial contract for his com- We believe, with Luhn, that "scientific company- munication can be accelerated and be made There are too many engineers, reports, more effective only by extending the obliga- and periodicals and too few skilled librarians tions of the provider of new information in for this sort of event to happen with any disseminating it more selectively and by frequency or regularity. Although librarians lessening the user's effort in becoming aware may be overlooking important basic informa- of it."l tion produced much earlier, the demand still Our program of services includes a manual is for most recent information-quickly and SDI for current awareness of the important efficiently. Many schemes have been devised unclassified pericdical literature. Most of to meet this demand, and gradually the ef- our scientists and engineers who need to forts of man and machine are being com- utilize library services occupy offices in the

The aathors were librarians in the Culver City Library of the Hnghes Aircraft Company in Czrlver City, California, at the time of writing. Mr. Wilcox is nozu Supervisor of Li- brary Services for United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, California. OCTOBER1966 559 same building as the library or in two build- jority of reproduction requests are still made ings nearby. This proximity serves as a basis in person. for the library's policy of subscribing to one One xerographic copier is used exclusively or two copies of each journal and supplying for reproducing library materials. The library reprints, rather than ordering multiple sub- processes well over 1,000 requests every four scriptions and routing copies of each journal. weeks and copies approximately 20,000 An attempt has been made to identify the pages per month. Although we feel we are periodicals most in demand so that the li- operating near peak capacity, the fact re- brary may purchase duplicate subscriptions. mains that the service provided is minimal. About 30 of these publications are used in Only about 30 journals from a subscription the production of our Contents of Selected list of 650 are included in the CSP, and the Periodicals (CSP), a publication that repro- routing list is about 750 names from a total duces the tables of contents of the selected technical staff numbering nearly 3,000. How journals and is routed to about 750 technical many of the staff are still unaware of the re- personnel twice a month as a section of the print service? How many important articles Library lnformation Bulletin. remain undiscovered during the weeks and To provide reprints of articles, one copy months before announcement by indexing of the CSP journals is retained by the repro- and abstracting services? How many go un- duction clerk. The same clerk operates the discovered after that? Clearly, the time lag Electronic Secretary, an automatic link be- between publication and indexing-abstract- tween the patron reading CSP and the library ing is one of the great obstacles to efficient reprint seriice.2 By dialing the correct tele- use of periodical literature. Our beginning phone number, the requester may dictate the effort has received enthusiastic endorsement bibliographical information from CSP and from the technical staff it intends to serve. his Hughes identification into the telephone. Most of the technical staff still come to the The Electronic Secretary automatically an- library to consult current publications and swers the telephone, plays a set of recorded request reprints, but a gradual increase in instructions to the patron, and records the reproduction statistics attests to the increas- patron's message. Once a day the messages ingly widespread use of the Electronic Sec- that have been received are played back so retary. that the information may be tianmibed onto Two user surveys, one of the effectiveness of reproduction request forms. Only reproduc- the Library Information Bulletin, the other of tion requests are routed through the Elec- the periodical reprint service, provided some tronic Secretary; all other requests are han- interesting information. User response to the dled by either the circulation or reference programs initiated by the library has been fa- desks. vorable. A notable lack of criticism directed Once the requests have been transcribed, at the services may mean either that they are the magazine or bound volume is found, the of such high quality as to preclude criticism article is checked, and the item is sent to the or that the technical staff hasn't time to com- reproducticn area for copying. Reprints are plain! The library dces not consider the reproduced on vellum so that additional services now offered to be the ultimate, how- copies can be made more economically by the ever. They are effective but need expansion diazo blueline process. The reprints are sent and refinement. Given the necessary storage through the company mail, along with a copy space and personnel and more sophisticated of the request as transcribed by the reproduc- man-machine combinations, we should ex- tion clerk. pect to effect considerable improvement. About 30 per cent of all requests for reproduction service come to the library via the Footnotes Electronic Secretary. If a patron prefers, he 1. LUHN, H. P. Selective Dissemination of New may order reprints with a CSP form, which Scientific Information with the Aid of Electronic is attached to each copy of the CSP section Data Processing Equipment. American Documen- in the Library Information Bulletin. Since tation, vol. 12, 1961, p. 131-8. 2. BLOOMFIELD,M. Telephone Answering Re- Hughes personnel are in the habit of coming corder and Reproduction Service. Special Libraries, to the library to do research work, the ma- vol. 55, November 1964, p. 632. People ask one another, "Am I communicating?" The question should be, "What do you think I am communicating?" The answer would be surprising. Librarians are in the communications business. Theories of nonverbal communication and role can be adapted to a library situation. Applied, they would provide a basis for improving librarian-library user communication. Awareness of feedback is the key to this improvement. Preliminary investiga- tions underway at the University of Southern California indicate the reference encounter provides an investigative approach in which this key can be utilized to enhance communication. Freud, Frug, and Feedback

NORMA J. SHOSID

M I COMMUNICATING" is a catchphrase A of the 1960's. Everybody today worries about communicating-businessmen with customers, government with the public, teen- agers with parents. Librarians, too, are in the communications business. They talk, write, and create programs in an often futile at- Figure 1 tempt to communicate something to some- body. Special librarians in particular have While awaiting the revolution, there are the problem of providing information to some problems librarians can tackle-human people who may have little experience with, problems, involving nonverbal communica- or interest in, libraries. tion and roles. They can pick up cues every Usually when libarians talk about com- day from others, and they can feed cues back. municating with library users, they mean the No one need be a Freudian or a participant transmittal of written or oral information. in the group psychotherapy that masquerades The nonverbal content of the transmittal under the name sensitivity-training to recog- process is often overlooked. No doubt they nize this aspect of human relations. Yet in have been communicating, but what are they library school one rarely has a chance to talk communicating? How can some of the diffi- about people as people. culties that occur be cured ? A simplified communications model is There is the good old problem of finding shown in Figure 1. As in all good cornrnuni- out what the person to whom one is talking cation, human or machine, the feedback really wants to know. The machine, we are loops run to and from the original receiver told, will help us out. It will persuade the and original sender. Message and response library user that he wants, not what he said may be nonverbal or verbal. Ruesch and Kees he wanted, but something else entirely. This see nonverbal communication as taking three will, indeed, be a great advance. The user forms: sign, action (body movement), and may feel much freer to kick a machine than object (material objects displayed). Addi- to kick a librarian-especially if the machine tional factors mentioned by Hall are distance has been programmed to yell "ouch!" (between communicants) and time (on-time, 'Miss Shosid is Head of the Graduate School of Business Administration Library at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. She was assisted in the research and literature searching for this paper by Deborah S. Kellett who is now a Graduate Fellow in the Department of Social Rela- tions at Harvard University. A condensed version of the article was presented at the "Communicating with Patrons" panel at the Special Libraries Association's s 7th Convention in Minneapolis, May 3 1, 1966. - OCTOBER1966 561 C D E Figure 2 lateness). Verbal communication may in- communication. Kuhn considers that each clude both the actual language used and non- social act or encounter has three parts: 1) language modifiers such as intonation and anticipation-advance role concep&ons, 2j accent. Some in the communications field, action-organized and directed according to however, place the latter in the nonverbal role, and 3) consensual termination. category. They key word is role. As defined by Goff- Researchers have attempted to map non- man, it is "the typical response of individ- verbal communication. Birdwhistell, through uals in a particular position." He contrasts kinesics, has discovered, among other move- this to role performance, the actual behavior ments, 23 significant eyebrow positions and of a person in his official duties. He com- a way to note each one. Harrison uses picts pares the role-playing concept with everyday and pictomorphs as a form of description; games. Within a game, participants have examples appear in Figure 2. Imagine the specific roles, and they must act these roles faces sketched below looking at you across a within the rules of the game. Similarly, social desk. You have just given them some infor- interaction has rules and roles. mation. What they say is, "That's great"; When and why does the game break down ? but if you are looking, each face conveys a It may be that there is a lack of communica- different message. tion because the participants are playing two An important aspect of nonverbal com- different games. The librarian may be deal- munication is defined by Stone as appearance, ing blackjack, while the library user shoots which sets the stage. It establishes identifica- dice. Just what are the respective roles dur- tion of the participants in an encounter. In- ing, for example, the refirence interview? cluded in appearance are gestures, grooming, Are they the same for the user and librarian? clothing, and location. Where it is said may Finally, what is the role of the librarian ? be as meaningful as what is said. Very few people have asked this question, If nonverbal communication can include in- despite all the talk of image. Researchers go tonation and choice of words, as some say it around asking librarians what they think of does, even more affective cues are obtained. librarians, which, according to Thornton, is Yet librarians are often unaware of, and are not much. They ask the public what it thinks rarely taught, the effect a particular phrase of librarians, and, it turns out, they are nice may have. The feedback is there, but the re- things to have around. Librarians presumably sult may look more like D than A of Fig- bring to their work some self-image that ure 2. Librarians must become sensitive to modifies their behavior. The question re- this ccntinuous nonverbal communication and stated would be, "Is the self-role congruent harness it into their total communications with the role seen by the relevant other, in strategy. this case, the library user ?" Firming role concepts would not only help Roles and Role Playing the librarian; it might also help that mystical All communication, verbal and nonverbal, creature about whom they talk so much, the takes place in a larger framework. The li- librarv user. Some of the librarians' com- brarian and the library user have dozens, if munication troubles arise from the fact that not hundreds, of preconceived expectations many of the people with whom they are before they start talking. A library encounter dealing do not know what to expect from falls into the category of social interaction them. People are not sure how to behave in and follows the pattern of all interpersonal differing library situations. 562 Establishing role clusters would give li- friendly. The reverse reactions occur if one brarians an opportunity to put the discussion starts on the friendly side. The important of professionalism into a concrete context. point is that not only can these reactions be ~ivka definite role concept, one can, by observed but that they frequently have little utilizing role distance, break role without or no relation to the information content. destroying it. During one phase of the experiment, a Goffman calls the face-to-face encounter Southern accent was used by a female librar- an ideal field for nonverbal (sign) convey- ian in some encounters and not used in others. ance of role information. During this en- The nonverbal reactions indicated an interest- counter there is the opportunityfor "con- ing sex difference in response to the accent. It trol," an explanation that the role message turns out that what may be needed are Scarlet being sent is not true or accurate, e.g., a O'Hara's to deal with male library users. verbal or nonverbal "Well, yes, I am check- Quite often it was observed that a user ing out books, but I am really a librarian and approached the reference desk hesitantly, as do other things." if not sure what to expect. If the librarian sufficiently utilizes nonverbal cues, the user Investigation of Reference Encounter may begin his next reference encounter with In an attempt to see if the reference en- surer rcle expectations. This is not recom- counter provides a form of face-to-face social mending a big hello and smile approach. interaction in which nonverbal content could Until the computer eliminates librarians be investigated, a series of exploratory ex- entirely, they will have to cope with the prob- periments have been conducted at the Uni- lems of interpersonal relations, including versity of Southern California. In prelimi- nonverbal communication. What seem to be nary work, a questionnaire was administered meaningless movements acquire significance to students and reference librarians as a check when viewed as communication. One way to on results obtained by other investigators. see this would be to visit the nearest dis- Results showed that while librarians consider cotheque. Watch the dancers. They are tell- librarianship a rewarding and intellectually ing something-about the world, or our- demanding field, graduate students do not. selves, or themselves. One may not like what Furthermore, librarians tend to have a favor- the dancers say, but try listening to the mes- able view of their own personality, while sage. You may find yourself doing the frug. undergraduates are more negative. The principal experiment has been an References observation of encounters at the reference BIRDWHISTELL,Ray L. Background to Kinesics. desk between librarians and library users. At- ETC-A Review of General Semantics, vol. 13, tempts were made to see: I) if nonverbal 1955, p. 10-18. communication in such a situation could be GOFFMAN,Erving. Encounters. Indianapolis: observed and 2) if any patterns emerged Bobbs-Merrill, 1961. during the meetings. Although results to HALL,Edward T. The Silent Language. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1959. date are primarily of methodological sig- HARRISON,Randall. Nonverbal Communication. In nificance, it has been found that: I) there is Dimensions in Communication, ed. by James H. observable nonverbal communication going Campbell and Hal W. Hepler. Belmont, Calif.: on and 2) the librarians are not always aware Wadsworth. 1965, p. 158-74. KUHN,Manford. The Interview and the Profes- of what the user is trying to communicate sional Relationship. In Human Behavior and So- and vice versa. cial Processes, ed. by Arnold M. Rose. Boston: Graphing the matching halves of each en- Houghton Mifflin, 1962, p. 193-206. counter produces a pattern resembling a styl- RUESCH,Jurgen, and KEES,Weldon. Nonverbal ized dance. Observed cues included facial Communication. Berkeley: Univ. of Cal'f. 1956. STONE,Gregory P. Appearance and Self. In Hu- expressions, gestures, posture, and so forth. man Behavior and Social Processes, ed. by Arnold Roughly, the effect of a "less friendly" li- M. Rose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962, p. brarian or user on his opposite would be: 1) 86-117. if the opposite were neutral, to pull him over THORNTON,Juanne. A Scale to Measure Librar- ians' Attitudes toward Librarianship. Journal of to unfriendly and 2) if the opposite were Education for Librarianship, vol. 4, no. 1, summer friendly, to pull him to neutral or even un- 1963, p. 15-26. Emphasizes the importance of seeing the library and its contributions from management's view and understanding the problems management has in justi- fying a company library. The View from Management's Bridge MARGARET N. SLOANE

BELIEVE that the measure of librarians' tion from satisfied users (which are routed I success in communicating with manage- to management), notices concerning unusual ment is in direct proportion to the clarity library activities, annual reports, and many with which they see the view from manage- more specific things. I know of one librarian ment's bridge and to their ability to main- in a large research corporation who had the tain that sustained view in the face of all courage to prepare a user questionnaire and obstacles. It is true that management should route it to the entire research staff. It is an see the librarians' problems and should un- excellent questionnaire, and the librarian re- derstand the value of their information pro- ports that the information gleaned from the grams, but in the last analysis-regardless of 300 some replies received has been invalu- all the fine philosophies advanced about able in improving her communication with management's obligations to their libraries- management, as well as improving services the burden of proof rests with the librarians in areas where the existence of problems had and only the librarians. never been suspected. In Sci-Tech News, Spring 1964, there ap- In addition to these specific elements that peared a "Questionnaire on Management- afford communication, I should like to list Library Relations." The very first question some facts and considerations that contribute was, "Would you consider your library ad- to obscuring the view from management's ministrator to be 'company oriented'?" This bridge-problems of which librarians must is the view I am recommending-a company- be aware. oriented view that places the library adrnin- First, management is obliged to justify istrator smack in the middle of corporate monies expended for such services as a li- problems, a position from which that view brary provides. But how can management is clear and unobstructed. justify in qualitative terms the value of an What are the basic problems of communi- information program of a library ? cating with management? What elements What is the worth of a library? This is enter into and form the problems? What the biggest problem in communication. HOW specific things can librarians do to ensure can librarians communicate the qualitative good communication? These questions must value of the level of their service? How can be uppermost in librarians' minds at all times. they show this graphically? Certainly they The Library Committee has been presented can show statistics-materials ordered, re- as an excellent channel of communication. ceived, cataloged, circulated-but these are Other ways of communicating are library quantitative, not qualitative. Volume does bulletins, accession lists, letters of apprecia- not necessarily equate directly to the quality nor to the level of service. Here are a few typical questions asked by Mu. Sloclne, who is Man- ager of the Technicdl In- non-library-oriented management. They point formationcelZter of TRW painfully to the need for communicating. Systems, ~edondo'Beach, -How do you know what books to buy? Californi4 presented this -What do you need a book cataloger for, paper on the "ComXWni- you buy LC cards ? cating with Management" -What are these engineers and scientists panel at the r7th Special Libraries ~~~~~i~~i~~colz- doing in the library ? Goofing off? Why J. Edmund Watson aren't they in their offices manipulating their Los Angeles/Whittirr vention in ~i~~~~~p~li~, May 31, 1966. slide rules and plotting guidance equations? -What value does the company get out of a Librarians must continually consider-what complete run of Chem abstract^? management sees-what they themselves -Why on earth do you need a reference li- must see-and how they should interpret brarian or a literature research specialist? this view. Librarians must continually search Can't the engineers find this information for clues as to how to help management see themselves ? their view. They must understand that they Of all the support functions in any organ- and management are both looking in the ization, the librarians and their libraries are same direction, and each must continually at the top of the list of unknown quantities. work toward seeing the other's view as well Yet I say librarians are the only ones who as his own. can improve communication. Management Let's do everything we can to ensure that can't. Communication is difficult because the the view management sees of librarians is message is difficult to generate. dynamic!

Effective communication with management is essential for special library ad- ministrators who share with other service department heads the responsibility to relate departmental goals to corporate aims and to see that their function is understood by the parent organization. Business mergers and changes in corporate structure may have effects both traumatic and beneficial on industrial libraries. Supervisory orientation, a library charter, a library committee, and an adequate schedule of publications with specific aims can reduce the impact of corporate change, improve management communication, and lead to greater understanding of the library function. Communicating with Management ELIZABETH M. WALKEY

OST SPECIAL libraries exist within or- bered with management misunderstanding. M ganizations having non-library objec- After all, who can deny the significance of tives. This "business-within-a-business" as- the profit and loss statement? pect can result in misconceptions of th: Libraries and librarians are known to most library function by the parent organization people in atmospheres outside the frenetic and makes it incumbent upon the librarian to environment of business. If special libraries relate the operation of his smaller organiza- still are considered by some corporate man- tion to over-all corporate goals. To some ex- agements as impractical luxuries on the busi- tent, a similar situation is faced by any cen- ness scene, the librarian, rather than man- tral service group operating within a larger agement, may be at fault. The profession framework-computer services, photolabs, realizes that special libraries are "primarily model shops, engineering or stationary stock- devoted to a special subject (or a subject rooms, and so on. Perhaps accounting and network) and offer special services to special financial services are less likely to be encum- clientele," but should one expect a new vice- president-with library contacts limited to ;Miss Walkey is Manager school and public libraries-to understand of Library Services at the the value of industrial libraries without ori- Bell (S Howell Research entation, indoctrination, and businesslike re- Center in Pasadena, Cali- porting of what the library has done, and fornia. This is a short- can do, for scientific, engineering, marketing, ened version of the paper she pwsented at the "Cir- management, and support personnel in his cles of Communications" organization ? se~siohat the 57th Special Libraries Asso- It is time to dispel the shibboleth that "a ciation Convention in Mimeapolis, May 31, special library's best public relations is a job 1966. well done." This is not to dispute the value of good professional performance. Too often standings and misconceptions between man- the well done job is known and valued only agement, library, and outside auditors, the by the man at the operating level for whom it library suffered a financial setback and per- was performed and who has little, if any, sonnel loss. Meanwhile, stimulated by many control over the corporate pocketbook. With- new technical interests resulting from inte- out effective management communication, no grating diverse product lines, operating level library in industry can exist. The library's and middle management were making more rabon d'etre needs to be understood and fi- demands than ever on the library. Something nancially supported by management, as cor- had to give ! porate goals must be understood by the li- The librarian began by giving attention to brarian. A library's resources and services orienting and indoctrinating her new super- need to be creatively used by its clientele visor in special library methods and philos- and effectively directed by a librarian. These ophy. At the same time she was exposed to intricately related factors- are what put a li- her supervisor's graduate school of business brary in business-and keep it there. techniques (many of which would be useful In an age of frequent business mergers, in graduate library schools), and a period of re-alignment of management, industrial cost mutual brain-picking ensued, from which reduction. and re-examination and re-evalua- both parties probably emerged the better. The tion of all corporate activities and serv- supervisor and librarian melded into a strong ices, the wise special librarian accelerates team. In addition, the supervisor came to de- his normal continuing analysis of library op- pend upon the library as evidenced by the erations. Whether by the event-activity net- fact that he developed into an extremely work of a PERT diagram or simplified flow active library user. The librarian found she charting, special librarians should constantly could depend upon the supervisor, when study the efficiency and effectiveness of all continually advised of library progress, to aspects of their procedures, technical process- back her up fully, if necessary, to top man- ing, and services. These analytic techniques agement. Moreover, in this continuing edu- are useful in management communication cational process, the librarian came into and lead to cost improvement and better li- considerably more direct contact with man- brary service as well. agement. she attended staff meetings of sen- The uncertainties of mergers affect many ior scientists, frequently was invited to pre- libraries in industry today. The writer's own proposal conferences that alerted her to new A - library has experienced, and profited by, a interests. often was asked for assistance and chain of circumstances induced by merger. advice by management, and was requested Also, within recent years and inside a one- by management to evaluate outside proposals block radius, three other company libraries, in her areas of technical comDetence. now not to mention many outside the immediate more widely known within the company. neighborhood, have survived corporate Thus, she became a de fact0 member of the mergers. technical management staff. In view of this trend, let us examine some The supervisory orientation included: se- of the management communication prob- lected reading on techniques and administra- lems that may materialize following integra- tion of special libraries (including published tion with another type of business. In the comparative special library surveys), attend- inevitable re-alignment of responsibilities and ance at several SLA and AD1 local Chapter functions, a fresh, vigorous cost-reduction meetingsu as well as an out-of-town SLA program usually is instituted. This may mean symposium on analysis of library systems, an internal or outside audit of library and and visits to cther local s~eciallibraries that other operations, with possible cuts in budget, were selected by the supervisor from the staff, and the like. local SLA Chapter directory as being repre- Historically, what is now Bell & Howell sentative of libraries in similar corporate Research Center library had been surveyed re- structures. peatedly, with a record of many satisfied users. Library charters, especially, were investi- At the time of merger, however, due to gated. It was discovered that in actual prac- changing management, compound misunder- tice, many large and well-developed libraries Library Division Representatives (& Divi s ion Managers)

Mgr. Library A" Services were operating only by tacit agreement, with new employees when they visited the library no expressed charter. The joint effort by the first time. In the manual the librarian set supervisor and librarian indicated that, in forth an eight-point charter, which she first this particular case, a library committee prob- submitted for approval to the Library Com- ably would encourage two-way commu- mittee and top management. It intimately nication between the library and corporate relates library aims to corporate goals and management, and they selected a committee explains library facilities, resources, services, composed of top technical representatives and how to use them in greater detail than is from each local division using the library. attempted by most libraries. The fine detail Some committee members already were en- was considered necessary in the over-all ad- thusiastic library users, others were not (in ministration of change. a few months, all were). The group was The manual also explains the advisory approved by the Corporate Management function of the Library Committee and de- Committee, and the way was paved for better picts graphically the library's own "circle of communication. communication" (see illustration) and its At the same time, the librarian initiated a general communications program, which in- biweekly one-page bulletin for management. cludes the following publications : library This newsletter of business news, graphic accession bulletin, newsletter to Library library statistics, and related news was in- Committee, library memos (irregularly issued tended to orient readers to special libraries in bulletins on changes in library policy and general, and this one in particular. Through procedures, library news, etc.) annual sub- the bulletin management became more aware scription list, research reports on develop- of the library's existence and its capabilities. ments in the information-handling field, In still ancther approach, a single library monthly progress reports, and annual report memo was directed to secretaries. The brief to management. bulletin was attached to a reprint of an ar- Although the Library Committee meets only ticle written by a secretary and published in two to four times a year, members are in a national magazine, on how secretaries could frequent contact with the library through increase their worth to employers by learning publications and consultation with the li- how to use the company library. The article, brarian. The Committee is consulted formally which indicated considerable research, was only in the matters of budget, re-locating well conceived and equally well received. library, and other major issues so that mem- Many executive secretaries now use the li- bers are not annoyed by too frequent meet- brary. The writer was asked to speak at a ings on "nit picking" topics of temporal in- meeting of company secretaries on how they terest. The Committee effectively fills its role can become more valuable to their bosses by as stimulator-expediter of communication and using this specific library. communication feedback between manage- A revised, more-comprehensive-than-usual ment, users, and library staff. Library acquisi- l~braryusers' handbook was prepared by the tions, policy, procedures, and techniques are librarian, reviewed by the Library Cornrnit- the responsibility of the librarian who enjoys tee, issued to all current users, and given to the full confidence of the Library Committee OCTOBER1966 and top management that she can administer her department as well as any other technical SPOTTED manager in the company. An added benefit from the supervisory in- Lor Angeles is in the grips of another doctrination was the illustration of the value revolt-the city library vs. the computer. of active participation in professional library The July 11, 1966 issue of Electronics car- association activities. The supervisor saw ried the story of an IBM 360 Cobol-pro- firsthand some of the benefits inherent in grammed computer that failed to do its job association activity: easier interlibrary loans, of automating a11 technical library services. knowledge of local area subject expertise, Experts, who were called in, found that when part of the program was run, the 360 and direct consultation between librarians was adequate, but it could not take the en- whenever necessary on countless details of tire program. Not only is the amount of library operation such as vendor satisfaction, magnetic core storage for Cobol insuficient, library budgeting, planning and control, and Cobol isn't fast enough. . The com- exchange of experience in library-computer puter has also made a maverick of the applications. A minimum level of profes- South Puget Sound Regional Library, u'hich sional participation soon was expected from wants to withdraw from further participn- the librarian. tion in a five-county library automation Lest it be thought the writer is naively denzonstration. The culprit is the compute^. nnd SPSRL's head librarian maintains thirt optimistic in the views expressed, let it be almost all aspects of the State Library's cen- said that this library still has occasional prob- tralized ordering, cataloging, classifying, lems-in management communications and nnd processing of books, which were auto- otherwise. But the challenge of creative prob- mated, fell to a standard lower than before lem solving is part of what attracts this li- the demonstration. The following ir brarian to the profession. Other enticements a true story, but there is only a human are the opportunities to be of service-to being's word for it. When an air force exercise and expand technical skills and employee requested a print-out bibliography knowledpto be where the action is-to of abstracts on "Properties of Massive Ob- grow in self-knowledge and in human un- jects," the computer's answer was, "The bigger they are, the harder they fall." The derstanding and awareness of how co-work- employee usas hurriedly reassured that this ers, customers, and management feel and zi:as Abstract TAB 6S-14 and not evidence think. Is this kind of career involvement of the computer's sen.re of humor. Con?- unique to special libraries ? Is it not common . puter software has been given critieal second to most enlightened, responsive, dynamic thoughts by a Department of Defense sur- business executives-including those who vey. Indications were that there is no redl happen to be special librarians ? need for new scientific and technical information systems. Other survey results indi- Cost-Research Differential cate that resedrch performance standards can be raised using the current systems. ". . . It does not always pay to make an es- users really prefer their information orally, haustive search of existing knowledge, espe- getting the human touch through telephone cially when the object is to get results or across the desk, and information gather- quickly. . . . It often takes less time to do it ing operations vary very little for all per- all over again than to find out how someone sonnel levels. . A hedlthy sign of ata- else did it earlier. This is, in fact, common vism in today's growing automated world practice in industrial research, ordinarily is people-ddvertising, not product-adwertis- ing. Halliburton Company salutes its li- conducted for internal application. Unfor- brarian, Mrs. Otis Dillon, and Delores tunately, the result is that often very original Maximena, General llfotors reference librar- findings lie buried in company files for years, ian, is also featured in advertising text and simply because no one wants to bother with photo in Harper's nnd the Saturday Review. the documentation required to meet the A book frozen for liO years in Antarc- punctilios of formal publication." tica showed that it fared as well as an un- From a letter to the editor by frozen similar edition. A library of the fu- Macon Fry in Science, vol. 152, ture will probnbly offer mittens to browsers: no. 3730, June 24, 1966, p. 1694. .rigns zc,ill caution: thnw before opening. 568 SPECIALLIBRARIES The functions of indexes as communications links between information sources and users are defined. Principal problems of making and using indexes are outlined in four categories: index scope, depth of indexing, index structure, and terminology. Some general suggestions are made for improving both the making and the use of indexes. Communicating with Indexes DR. JOHN ROTHMAN

N A WAY an index is like a translator at a their special interests and even their prej- I press conference who hears the answers udices and idiosyncrasies. This is a very tall but cannot hear the questions or see the ques- order indeed, but it is still not all. tioners and is not even sure of what language Indexes must be completed quickly, for the questioners are speaking. instant availability-but they must also be By formal definition, an index is a guide thorough and painstakingly accurate. Indexes to items in a collection or to information have to be consistent-but they also have to stated or concepts implied in these items. An be flexible. Indexes should be comprehensive index must represent these items in such a -but they should not be over-abundant. way that a user searching for a particular (This means they should contain everything one can identify and locate it through this you want, but omit whatever only they want.) representation. An index has to represent And, of course, they should be cheap-cheap these items in such a way that a user seeking to produce and cheap to use. a sequence of items will be led from one The problems of index-making that cause index entry to all the others that represent problems in index-using fall into four major parts of the sequence. An index has to rep- categories (there are many lesser ones) : resent these items in such a way that a user 1. The first is selectivity or scope of coverage who is vague and uncertain about what he in the index, i.e., should everything in the wants will be led to all the material in the collection be indexed? There are very few collection that will be of interest to him and collections that would demand an unquali- will be helped to skip all the material that fied "yes" answer. (People are often shocked he would find irrelevant. This is a tall order, but it is not all. when they discover that not everything pub- An index has to do this job in such a way lished in The New Yo& Times is covered in that it will serve not only contemporary users The Times Index. But how could it be? but also the users of next year, the next gen- If absolutely everything were to be indexed eration, the next century. To do this job, the -including the financial tables, which alone index-maker has to guess who the users will would add some 20,000 entries a week-the be, what they are likely to seek, and how semimonthly issues couldn't be lifted off the they are likely to carry out their search. He shelf. has to anticipate their vocabulary, to assess 2. The second is depth, the extent to which their expertise in the subject matter and their items selected for indexing are analyzed for expertise in literature searches, and to gauge representation through index entries. This is a matter of determining- the number of tans- Dr. Rofhman, who is Edi- to be assigned to each item and their levels tor of the "New York of specificity. Suppose the item is a story Timer Index," led the about a jewel robbery. We use as index tags "Communicating with In- "robbery" and its synonyms, "jewelry," and dexes" panel with this the victim's name. Should we also use the paper at the 57th Con- vention of Special Li- names of the police investigators, the in- braries Association in surance company, a dozen tags denoting Minneapolis, May 3 1, specific gems, and specific items of jewelry New York Times 1966. Studio such as rings, necklaces, bracelets ? 3. The third is the structure of the index, ize themselves with its structure, read the in- the pattern in which entries are arranged. Is structions, check the thesaurus (if there is an article on schools in Canada indexed un- one), and look at the scope notes and cross der Canada-Schools or under Schools- references. They must realize that indexes are Canada ? Coordinate indexes have gone a long not simple lists, like telephone books, that way toward solving this problem, but in provide ready answers at the flip of a page. most printed indexes such a choice must be Indexing is an altogether pragmatic busi- made. ness. An index is as gocd as its users think 4. The fourth is terminology, i.e., how to it is. Its quality is determined by the number handle synonyms and near-synonyms, tech- of inquiries it answers satisfactorily-nothing nical versus popular terms, brand names else. I am skeptical of projects that seek to versus generic names, current terms versus assess the quality of an index by comparing their now obsolete predecessors. Today a the method by which it was prepared with country in central Africa is known as Zam- other methods or by measuring its success in bia, and that is the term used in today's in- terms of absolutes, such as relevance ratios dex; but how does one inform the user mak- and recall ratios. I would like to see more ing a retrospective search that two years ago user surveys, such as questionnaires at in- the same index carried information on the quiry desks that ask each user what he was same country under "Northern Rhodesia"- looking for, whether he found it and how or under "Rhodesia, Northern" ? quickly and how easily, and whether he has These. I think. are the main areas where any suggestions for improvement. pitfalls in communicating with indexes oc- I am also skeptical of projects to auto- cur. Improvement in our information systems mate indexing. Machines are for mechanical demands something from all concerned. functions; they do not think. They can be People who direct publishing houses and used to produce indexes more efficiently, media and information services must recog- more accurately, more quickly, perhaps more nize that indexing is a complex and compfi- cheaply, and they can be used to search in- cated job that requires highly skilled per- formation systems. But indexing itself is an sonnel who must be given adequate training intellectual process that requires reflection, to learn their jobs and adequate time to do judgment, and discrimination, and I cannot their jobs well. envision that this will ever be done satis- Authors should strive for a vocabulary factorily by machine. Sometimes, when I that is lucid and consistent and free of am- read the professional journals, I wcnder biguities and personal quirks. whether some of us haven't become too much Indexers should be thoroughly familiar concerned with theory at the expense of with the subject matter they handle. They practice, and whether the machine hasn't in should know not only their own special in- some instances become a goal to be achieved dexing jobs but should learn more about the rather than a tool to be used. principles and techniques of indexing and Indexes are a service industry, like the retrieval generally. They should adapt and telephone company, and, like the telephone devise more safeguards against error-vocab- company, they must furnish a quick and clear ulary controls, standard subject heading lists, connection and smooth communication be- cross-reference files. and the like. They should tween callers and the objects of their calls. learn more about t'heir users-who ;hey are, what they look for, and how adept they are I'z~ensked the commission to appraise the at searching. Then they should supply more vole d~rdadequacy of oztr libvaries, now and help to users---clear instructions for use of in the fut~~re,as sonrces fov scholarly re- the index. more scope notes and cross refer- search, as centers for the dirtribzction of ences, and more explicit entries. knowledge, and US links in our nation7.r Users should make sure, first of all, that ez~olz~ingcoinnzmications netzoorks. they are approaching the correct source of informationand that their inquiry is precise. PRESIDENTLYNDON B. JOHNSONannouncinr: the creation of an Advisory Commission to Study They should not plunge headlong into the Ways of Improving the National Libraries, Sep- middle of an index but should first familiar- tember 2. 1966. The procedure of searching is examined primarily as a communication problem with the special librarian as the intermediary between the inquirer and the retrieval system. It is suggested that regardless of what type of file is searched-a printed index, a file of catalog cards, a deck of punched cards, or reels of magnetic tape-thorough understanding of system parameters will make this communication more effective. System characteristics that influence the formulation and implementation of search strategies are discussed. The Searchers- Links between Inquirers and Indexes DR. SUSAN ARTANDI

IBLIOGRAPHIC searching is a service of among individual searchers are well known, B major importance that is performed in and skills needed for searching are frequently special libraries and information centers. In discussed. Part of the skill of a good searcher hundreds of libraries a great variety of sub- is knowing the nature of the file and figuring jects are searched in dozens of different tools. out strategies under which he can apply the In all cases the vital components are the organization of the file as it was created to same: a collection of documents, a user's in- the problem he is working on-that is, to quiry, and a searcher. The interaction of all formulate the necessary approaches to pull three may well determine the success of a out of the file what he needs. research project, a lecture, a paper, or any- In types of searches where it is more or thing else for which information is needed less known what is being sought, the search- and sought. The searcher is the vital link be- er's role is that of an intermediary between tween the question and the system. the inquirer and the retrieval system. He must try to satisfy the user, who is very likely Preliminary Considerations to present his inquiry in terms of his own The searcher's role and the objective of his particular point of view. Another user will work is to identify those documents in the ask for the same information in a different collection that are relevant to an information way. Even the information needs of the same request. He must match the contents of the user may vary from one occasion to another. documents to the requested information. His It is very likely that the question will not be success will depend to some extent on u stated clearly immediately and that discus- pl;;ovi conditions, since the nature of the file sion and clarification will be necessary.1 he will work with was determined when the Clarification here implies more than clarifica- collection was organized. In other words, the tion of subject matter. Such things as the possible search strategies that he can use will level at which the information is sought and be limited to some extent by features built- its point of view must be considered, e.g., into the system through design and imple- whether it is preferable to retrieve the maxi- mentation. Nevertheless, differences in skills mum number of relevant documents in the collection at the cost of retrieving at the same time some irrelevant ones, or whether it is desirable to reduce the number of irrelevant documents retrieved and to take the calculated risk of not retrieving certain relevant ones. The former situation may be preferable in a patent search, for example; the latter when only a few representative docu- the fi7th Special Libruvies Association Con- ments are sought. Putting this in the termi- zmeationin iMimeapolir, May 3 1, I96G. nology of the Cranfield Project,Z the searcher must decide whether his search should result Once index tags have been substituted for in high recall ratio or high precision ratio.* documents and have been accepted to stand Once the subject is clarified and the answers for the documents in a file, communication to these and to similar questions have been with the system is achieved through these found, a search instruction can be formu- index tags. Their nature, their number, and lated, i.e., the question can be translated into their relationship to each other will deter- the formal language of the system. mine the characteristics of this communication in that its pattern will vary according to System Characteristics that Influence the manner in which index language features Formulation of Search Strategies are used to help achieve the objectives of the The objective of searching is to find in a search. Some factors that influence commu- collection a limited number of documents, nication with a system are the specificity and or a class of documents, that are relevant to the size of the index language, the network a question. To be able to do this one must of relationships that exist between terms, ex- have some indication, some kind of clue, to haustivity of indexing, and the arrangement the content of all the documents in the col- and the physical characteristics of the file. lection. These clues or indications of docu- Specificity relates to the generic level of ment contents are created at the time of in- the index terms used. Cleverdon defines spec- dexing. Theoretically one should be able to ificity as the degree to which the exact species find what he wants by examining the entire rather than the containing genus is recog- collection, but this would become impractical nized.The degree of specificity of the index once the collection has grown beyond a small language will determine, for example, number of items. Instead the amount of ma- whether a question concerning ethyl alcohol terial to be examined is reduced by organiz- will be searched under ETHYL ALCOHOL or ing the collection through the "recognition under ALCOHOLS. The network of relation- of useful similarities between documents and ships between terms may include a number the establishment of useful groups based on of different relationships that can exist these similarities."3 among terms ; terms may be synonymous, Indexing is based on the assumption that they may be near-synonyms, they may be it is possible to describe adequately the con- hierarchically related, or a coordinate rela- tents of documents by assigning subject tags tion may exist between them. to them. It is also assumed that searching a Feedback from a system provides some file of these tags plus document references indication of what there is in the collection can serve as a satisfactory substitute for scan- on a subject. Depending on what is found ning the entire collection and that the tags during a search, the scope of a search can be will indicate the existence and location or broadened or narrowed to produce the de- the absence of items relevant to an informa- sired results. Feedback may indicate that an tion request. This process of tagging items entirely different approach ought to be tried, to indicate what they are about is called attacking the problem from a different point "marking and parking" by Fairthorne.4 of view. The particular way in which "marking The scope of a search can be broadened by and parking" is achieved will vary according expanding the original search instruction to the particular indexing system used. The through the addition of terms that are in total number of approved subject tags used some kind of hierarchical relationship with in "marking" constitutes the index language the original search term. A generic hierar- of the system.? chical relation could be explored, for example, if the term ALCOHOL were added to By recall ratio is meant the ratio of relevant doc- * the search term ETHYL ALCOHOL. A non- uments actually retrieved to the known relevant documents in the collection. Precision (relevance) generic hierarchical relation could be used, ratio means the ratio of relevant documents re- for example, when in a search on the SYN- trieved to the total number retrieved. THESIS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL,the term ETHYL + Classification numbers and other codes used in ALCOHOL was accepted as another search term. indexing are the same as natural language terms. They all serve the same purpose-to indicate what The scope of a search can also be broad- a document is about. ened by treating synonyms, near-synoyms, or formed through a subject heading list, a word forms as eauivalents.1 Cleverdon calls these recall devices because their use results thesaurus, or a classification schedule about in the increase of the recall ratio.6 In re- those terms that are to be used and may be trieval systems with controlled vocabularies, instructed on how acceptable index terms the control of synonyms and word forms is can be created. In a KWIC index a searcher displayed in the index language. The former must work with index terms that are iden- are controlled by the designation of one tical with the words appearing in the natu- particular synonym to be used as the ac- ral language titles of documents. To do an cepted index term and by the use of see ref- exhaustive search he will have to look under erences to refer back from other synonyms to 311 possible synonyms and word forms that he the accepted one. Word forms are also usu- can think of. Since there is no hierarchical ally combined to be represented by a single structure or cross-reference system in the file, preferred form. The most common example it will be the searcher's job to remember the of the latter is the control of the plural and hierarchically or otherwise related terms to the singular forms of the same term, such as find material that appears in the index under HYDROCARBON and HYDROCARBONS. Near- those terms through the accident of language synonyms and related subjects may be indi- usage. He will be able to use coordination by cated in a file through see also references, or scanning the context around a key word to they may be left to the searcher to figure out ascertain that it appears in combination with and explore. another word or words in the title. He may The scope of the search can be narrowed consider or disregard links and roles in the and its precision increased through coordina- same way. To explore all these possibilities, tion, that is, through the combination of the searcher receives almost no guidance terms a narrower class is created, as, for ex- from the system, and he must depend on his ample, when SCHOOL and LIBRARIES are com- own initiative and his familiarity with the bined to make SCHOOL LIBRARIES. A search terminology of the field searched. can be narrowed by exploiting hierarchical If the required information were con- relationships in reverse to the methods de- cerned with the EXTRUSION OF POLYETHYL- scribed above and through the consideration ENE FILMS,then the following may be con- of roles, links, and weights.$ Ignoring these sidered in searching a KWIC index: will result in a broadening of the search. Synonyms-polyethylene, plythene, ethylene polymer Implementing Search Strategies with Word forms-film, films; ethylene polymer, Uncontrolled and Controlled ethylene polymers Vocabulary Systems Words with common roots-extrusion, ex- In the foregoing, some system character- truded, extrude, extruding istics that influence the formulation and im- Non-generic hierarchical relationship (with plementation of search strategies were dis- extrusion)-manufacture, fabrication, etc. cussed. The examples that follow are intended Generic hierarchical relation (with polyethyl- to show how these characteristics can apply ene) -polyolefines, thermoplastics, plas- in practice. tics, synthetic polymers, polymers A KWIC (Key-Word-In-Context) index Coordination-by specifying, for example, usually has no vocabulary control. The only that both polyethylene (or its appropriate definite information commonly available about substitute term) and extrusion (or its ap- the index language is a list of those terms that propriate substitute term) should appear are not acceptable to the system. This is the in the title opposite of what a searcher usually knows Links-by requiring not only the above but about a system, since customarily he is in- also that extrusion should refer to polyethylene in the title (and not to some 2 Roles indicate the function of a particular term other material that may also appear in the in an indexing description. Links indicate a connection between two or more terms in an indexing title) description. Weights refer to the relative importance of the term in the total subject description Chemical Abstracts subject indexing uses a of the document. flexible controlled vocabulary. Such things as synonyms, word forms, and common roots ences in usage. These systems were selected are controlled with emphasis on the main only as examples for the purpose of demon- headings rather than the modifying phrases. strating the problems and possible approaches. CA indexing is highly specific; only very gen- What are the implications of all this to the eral articles are indexed under generic terms. special librarian ? He can and should look at Synonyms-Because of synonym control, it himself as an intermediary between the user is not necessary to search under all pos- and the system. The ultimate objective of all sible synonyms. Only the particular one his activities is to bring needed information used is located, and all material will be to the users of his library quickly, efficiently, listed under it. See references are provided and accurately. His effectiveness will be from not-used synonyms to the used one. greatly enhanced through his ability to un- Word forms, common roots, etc.-These are derstand the user's information needs and also controlled, and one form is usually through his capability of expressing those designated to be used as the index term. needs in the language of the system to be There may or may not be see references searched. Since the limits of searching are from not-used forms to used forms, and determined to a considerable extent through familiarity with the system and the termi- inherent systems features, knowledge of nology of the field helps in the location of these features will enable a searcher to match the right term to search under. more successfullv the information contents of Hierarchical relationships-These are not dis- his collection with users' information requests. played in the file; material is indexed un- Footnotes der the specific term. Moving to the hier- 1. VICKERY,B. C. On Retrieval System Theory, archically higher term will not result in a 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1965, p. 117. complete expansion of the class because 2. CLEVERDON,C. W. Report on the Testing and only general articles will be found under Analysis of an Investigation into the Comparative Eficiency of Indexizg Systems. Cranfield: 1962. the generic term. To expand the class com- 3. --- , et al. Factors Determining the Per- pletely, a searcher would have to search formance of Indexing Sjstem.r, vol. I: Design. under all the specific headings that, taken Cranfield, 1966, p. 40. together, will add up to the broader class. 4. FAIRTHORNE,R. A. Essentials for Document Retrieval. Special Librarie.r, rol. 46, October 1955, For example, if one should want to broaden p. 340-53. a search on polyethylene to include all poly- 5. CLEVERDON,et al. up. cit., p. 48. mers, it would not be sufficient to search un- 6. Ibid.. p. 43. der POLYMERS but would be necessary to search under the names of all possible poly- Intercultural Programme in Special mers. Narrowing of a search is achieved in Libraries CA through modifying phrases. "9. It is recognized that for research, special It is obvious that compared to a system and government libraries, subject matter in with no vocabulary control, the system with line with the purpose of the research (nu- a controlled vocabulary provides a great deal clear warfare, life insurance, forestry, in- of guidance to a searcher both before and dustrial hygiene, economics and banking, during searching. Clearly defined index char- meteorology, art, music, agriculture, etc.) acteristics will help in the formulation of the is of prime importance no matter what lan- search program, and feedback from the sys- guage is used in the work of reference. In tem wiIl assist in the useful modification of short, language does not enter into the selec- this prcgram. Searching will hold fewer un- tion of these contributions to knowledge. If knowns in the sense that the control of index the special library considers the contribution terms and the display of relationships among sufficiently important, translation services are them will allow a searcher to have a better provided. It is unlikely that these collections feel of what he actually covered or did not of special knowledge need an intercultural cover in his search. It should be pointed out, programme." however, that this kind of increased control brom "Brief of the CLA-ACB to the Royal over the search is only one of many factors Commission on Bilingualism and Bicultural- influencing over-all retrieval efficiency. In ism," Canadian Library, vol. 21, no. 6, May other systems there would be slight differ- 1965, p. 427. Cites the common problem of inquirers not asking the reference questions they actually should pose to obtain the information they really need. Shows that all types of libraries and information centers are involved. Analyzes a wide range of causes for this phenomenon, including intellectual and psychological barriers to clear communication between inquirers and the reference staff. Describes the role of the reference staff in detecting irrelevant questions as well as some steps to take to help eliminate ambiguous and misleading questions. Communication Barriers and the Reference Question ELLIS MOUNT

o YOU HAVE any recent literature on the ple, because there appear to be many reasons D design of radar circuits?" "Where can for the invisible barriers to clear communica- I find some German literature on banking?" tion that often complicate giving of good "Is there a list of universities giving degrees reference service. The literature offers much in musicology ?" advice for the reference staff on how to de- To the layman or the uninitiated, these tect and proceed from irrelevant questicns to probably sound like straightforward inquiries, obtain patrons' real q~estions.~.~Wood3 but an experienced reference staff member is wrote that "the hardest part of answering a apt to think, "I wonder if I can find out reference question is frequently not so much what the patron REALLY wants." It has been finding the answer as finding out the ques- known for a long time that more often than tion." Wyer4 quotes E. V. Wilcox, who in not, the question that is asked at the refer- 1922 wrote, "The chief art of the reference ence desk bears little resemblance to the librarian is the knack of divining what the question that should have been posed by a inquirer really wants." Now nearly half a patron. For example, perhaps the first ques- century later, this is still quite true; it is tion should have been, "Do you have any definitely not a new phenomenon. Conceiv- information on the radar circuits used in the ably this same state of affairs might well latest United States lunar spacecraft?" The have caused the reference staff of the ancient second question perhaps should have been library of Alexandria to grumble as they put stated so as to indicate an interest in the post- away the rolls of papyrus at the end of a busy war revisions of the German banking laws. day serving the royalty of their time. The third may have been meant to lead to an Anyone who has worked for a long time index of the doctoral dissertations written in to answer a given question, only to have the Eastern universities in the past few years on patron shake his head and say that it wasn't the history of music. These are all fictional really what he wanted, will realize that this inquiries, but they are examples of what com- is not an insignificant problem. In many monly happens in reference work. cases librarians are able to provide the serv- What causes patrons to ask irrelevant, in- ice required by their patrons only by very complete questions? The answer is not sim- quick work, and having to parry with them to find out the real question does not help their efficiency. Both patrons and the reference staff are affected by the problem. Why don't patrons ask really pertinent questions from the start of their inquiry? The causes appear to stem mostly from the interactions of two people, the inquirer and the reference staff member. Since this is a common combination in an attempt to gain information, the problem probably exists in all types of reference situations, whether it doubt feel less foolish about askrng a very involves a small local branch of a public li- detailed question that could only be an- brary or a scholarly research laboratory hav- swered by a good collection. In such cases, ing a large information center, complete with every bit of advertising that can be done computer. Although we are heading for, or about one's holdings, such as accession lists. are now already in, an era in which some special notices and letters, talks to patrons, inquirers will direct their questions directly and the like, will help. This is more difficult to a computer, with nonhuman intervention, in institutions with a wide range of clients this type of interrogation may not necessarily than in libraries with a compact, homoge- solve the problem. Even the written report neous patronage. Even if one's collections are of the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- not outstanding, no chance should be over- ogy's Project Intrex,5 which seems to stress looked to inform patrons of what can be the machine and software aspects of library offered. planning more extensively than the char- 2. An inqzrirer lacks &nowledge of the refer- acteristics and reactions of users, does at ence tools available. least mention this problem. In considering the design of the computer-based catalog in A patron may be well aware of the quality the library of the future, it raises the ques- of the collection but yet be totally ignorant tion, "Can a man-machine dialogue be proof how many tools are available to find spe- grammed that will force the user to specify cific answers from books, periodicals, re- enough of the characteristics he remembers ports, and so forth. He feels obliged to ask to permit a succe~sful search?' (Author's broad, unspecific questions so as not to look italics.) This is one more indication that foolish asking for something that he thinks using the latest type of computer will not a librarian could never find. Little does such guarantee freedom from complications in an inquirer know of the array of periodical posing the proper reference question. While indexes, added entries, document indexes, there is no recorded case of a computer hav- computer programs for retrieval of indexed ing a personal dislike for any inquirer, on reports, and other sources. They are by no the other hand there is at present little evi- means perfect, but they can be extremely dence to indicate that computers can be pro- helpful when properly used. Again, the grammed to give tactful, warm encourage- solution lies in more advertising. ment to inquirers who are not asking the 3. An inpirev lacks knowledge of the vo- of right questions. The problem may thus take cabulary .used by. a -particular set tools. on other aspects in advanced man-machine In many cases a patron would like nothing interactions. more than to be cooperative and specific in Perhaps some day there will be more his inquiry, but he doesn't know the par- factual data available on the causes and ticular terminology used in the indexes, ab- cures of this communication problem. The stract tools, or computer-type retrieval sys- following analysis makes no pretense of be- tems. By having readily available for all ing exhaustive, nor are the suggestions for patrons a list of the official library terminol- improvement to be considered as panaceas, ogy, whether it be called a thesaurus, an au- but a review of the problem with an aim thority file of subject headings, a list of in- towards solving it is better than merely be- dexing terms, or what have you, librarians wailing the continued existence of this par- could do much to make it easier for inquiries ticular communication barrier. to be given in terms recognized by their systems. It might help eliminate synonyms, 1. An inquirer lacks knowledge of the depth slang, or foreign equivalents that would and quality of the collecfion. otherwise need "decoding" during the in- Some inquirers feel that their questions quiry process. At least one major source of are too complex or too obscure to be an- government reports (the Defense Docu- swered by library collections as they know mentation Center) has for years encouraged them. But if a patron knew that a library had those sending in written requests to couch thousands of books on electronics and dozens their inquiries in terms of the Thesaurus of of periodicals on the subject, he would no ASTZA Descriptors. 4. Az inquirer does not willingly reveal his Some patrons may not even ask their ques- reason for needing the information. tions if staff members make it look as if they There are probably many reasons why don't want to help them. Careful attention to some inquirers won't volunteer their reasons manners and techniques are in order, plus for their inquiries. Knowing why informa- the usual advertising of the library's desire tion is needed actually makes all the differ- to be helpful. ence in the world in conducting a search, both 7. An inqnirer feels that he camot reveal as to speed, priority, depth of effort, type of the true question becazlse it is of a semitioe literature selected, thoroughness, and so on. nature. Patrons have been known to hide the fact An inquirer may not be sure how much that an emergency is involved or that a vital he can trust the reference staff to treat his patent search is underway. Whenever pos- question confidentially. If the staff is known sible, the reference staff should tactfully in- to be gossipy and well-versed in spreading quire about the "why" behind the request rumors or disclosing confidences, then an and explain why this information is needed. inquirer might well refuse to ask his real 5. An inquirer hasn't decided what he really question. This probably is more common in waflts. cases of non-military security than with military information, because in the latter case This is more common than might be an inquirer will not approach someone with- thought. Sometimes it occurs when people out being sure he has suitable military clear- are on new assignments and they lack the ance, and government security regulations necessary knowledge of what they specifically have to do and are reluctant to admit it to help him feel his questions should be safe. But in non-military matters, when manage- their supervisors. A similar case is that of a ment does trust its reference staff members, person on a rush project who may know the they may be called in to help do reference generalities of the problem but just hasn't work on some projects that are highly deli- formalized in his own thinking what is really cate, such as labor relations, financial prob- needed, so he blurts out a question that may lems, or reorganization. be far removed from the true topic to be searched. Such cases call for tact on the part 8. An inquirer dislikes reference staf mem- of the staff to bring the person gently down ber~(or vice versa) and consequently avoids to earth. By pointing out that the reference giving a true picture of his needs. work cannot begin until the goal is clearly It is almost impossible to have good com- set, he may make the inquirer realize that in munication between two parties who suffer the future more thought on the problem from mutual dislike. The reference staff must may be desirable before starting a search. put personal feelings aside and try to be This does not overlook the fact that just one impartially helpful to all patrons. If one item located early in a search may change the side tries to be friendly, the odds on com- course of the final auestion in dam that no municating satisfactorily are better. Some- one can possibly foresee, but it does mean times it may seem wise to have a brief chat it's necessary to pick a good first topic for with unfriendly patrons and make an appeal the initial search. to their better nature. 6. An inquiver is not at ease in asking his 9. An inquirer lacks confidence in the abil- question. ity of the reference staff. Many irrelevant questions may be asked In this case, a patron feels it would be for no other reason than that the requester wasting time to give a detailed question to feels ill at ease with the staff, whether it be the staff. This may be difficult to detect in due to shyness or a feeling that the staff is some cases. There is no quick and easy solu- too busy to bother with him. Reference li- tion, but having a solid record of achieve- brarians should take a good look at them- ment with other patrons is helpful. There is selves and see if they always present an air no harm in casually mentioning past successes of helpfulness and friendliness, or do they to doubting Thomases. Proving to a patron appear cold and disinterested to patrons. that one is skilled will reduce the chances that he will be vague the next time he asks a niques of arriving at successful service. question. If, on the other hand, the refer- 2. ASPNES,Grieg. Information Services of Special ence staff is not skilled, all possible steps Libraries. In: The Organization and Management should be taken to improve the level of of Special Libravies. New York: Special Libraries Association (in preparation). service, whether by individual study in the Deals with the problem in terms of the special areas covered by the collection or further librarian. practice in the use of existing tools. The 3. WOOD,Raymond F. What Exactly Do You staff must be sure a patron's lack of knowl- Wish to Know? California Librarian, vol. 13, no. edge of its ability isn't a factor in creating or 4, June 1952, p. 213, 245. Cites several amusing cases of vague inquiries maintaining barriers of this sort. and indicates what questions should have been It would be presumptuous to conclude that asked. all the possible causes for poor communica- 4. WYER,James I. Reference Work: a Textbook tion between an inquirer and the reference for Stadents of Library Work and Librarians. Chi- staff have been described here, but perhaps cago: American Library Association, 1930. 315 p. Lists 27 qualities for the reference staff member, some idea of the range of causes has been including imagination ("read meaning into obscure indicated-psychological, intellectual, phys- requests and draw from the reader what he ical, and so on. It is hoped that a reference wants"). Also has one chapter on handling refer- worker in any sort of a library or information ence questions. center will approach his next inquiry with 5. MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. more respect for the pitfalls possible in the lntrex: Report of a Planning Conference on Infor- mation Transfer experiment^. Cambridge: MIT encounter and with a resolve to utilize all Press. 1965. 276 p. his skills and ability to eliminate or at least The cited sentence appears on p. 75 in the midst reduce the causes for inquirers and reference of a description of the design of a computerized workers being barred from clear, concise catalog. communication with each other. EDITOR'SNOTE: The papers presented at the "Cir- Footnotes cles of Communication" panels were limited to 2,000 words and were not intended to be compre- 1. HUTCHINS,Margaret. Introduction to Reference hensive discussions of the topics being considered. TVork. Chicago: American Library Association, Some of the papers have also been cmdensed in 1944. 214 p. their published presentation here, but it is felt Chapter 3, on the reference interview, has much that the "meat" of the material has been pre- on ascertaining the reader's needs and other tech- served.

Call for Nominations for the 1967 SLA Professional and Hall of Fame Awards The Board of Directors, Chapter Presidents, member or a former member of the Associa- Division and Committee Chairmen, and Spe- tion near the close or following completion cial Representatives have been asked by the of an active professional career for an ex- SLA Professional Award and Hall of Fame tended and sustained period of distinguished Committee to present nominees for these service to the Association in all spheres of its awards. Nominations must be submitted by activities (Chapter, Division, and Association [annavy 3, 1967, to William S. Budington, levels). However, prolonged distinguished Chairman, The John Crerar Library, 35 West service within a Chapter, which has con- 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. By def- tributed to the Association as a whole, may inition, "The SLA Professional Award is receive special consideration." The basic pur- given to an individual or group, who may or pose of the SLA Hall of Fame is to recog- may not hold membership in the Association, nize those individuals who have made out- in reccgnition of major achievement in, or standing contributions to the growth and significant contribution to, the field of li- development of Special Libraries Association brarianship or information science, which over a period of years. Recognition may be advances the stated objectives of the Special awarded posthumously, and nominees should Libraries Association. The timing of the be selected as appropriate to a specific award Award shall follow as soon as practicabIe the as documented. Forms for submitting nom- recognized fruition of the contribution. . . . inations for both awards may be requested SLA Hall of Fame election is granted to a from Association Headquarters. Results of a questionnaire survey of the 56 individuals who attended a 1966 spring seminar sponsored by the American Management Association on "De- veloping and Managing the Company Library." The statistics on position, state of the library, and purpose of attending the seminar may be viewed optimistically or pessimistically, but they definitely have relevance to the membership and activities of Special Libraries Association.

What's in a Statistic? CHARLES K. BAUER

EceNTLY Eugene B. Jackson, Director of ficers have "made the grade," and are now R Informaticn Retrieval and Library Serv- considered a part of higher management. ices, IBM Corporation, and the author had Further, it could be concluded that manage- the opportunity to chair a three-day seminar ment now realizes the important role librar- in New York sponsored by the American ians are playing and has included library and Management Association on the subject "De- information science in its support to the edu- veloping and Managing the Company Li- cation of management in the state-of-the-art brary." This seminar was for AMA members of the sciences. and required a registration fee of $150 per On the other hand, looking at the statistics person. It was intended for managers to from a pessimistic point of view, it would whom librarians and libraries report, though be found that of the 38 attendees who gave they themselves were not necessarily librar- their titles as "librarians," 21 are not listed lans. Fifty-six companies were convinced that in the 1964 edition of the SLA Directory of this seminar would be important to their op- Membevr. Of 12 attendees who gave their eration and were willing to spend the money titles as "information officers," eight are not to send representatives. Twenty more com- in the directory; 29 of 50 possible librarians panies (equally as willing) had to be refused and information officers are not in SLA. due to lack of accommodations. What does all of this mean and why does To cbtain a statistical picture of the inter- such a situation exist? It could be that some ests represented, Mr. Jackson and the author of the attendees carry the title without the distributed a questionnaire to each of the proper educational justification. It could be attendees. In reviewing the replies, we made conceived that the membership requirements several interesting-sometimes startling-dis- of SLA are not as realistic as members hoped coveries, particularly in three areas: position, them to be. Or it could be that these indi- state of the library, and the purpose of at- viduals are not aware of Special Libraries tending the seminar. Association or its activities and that someone Although the seminar was intended for has fallen down on the selling job. higher management personnel, 38 out of 56 Thirty-three out of 43 libraries represented registrants were listed as librarians, 12 were plan major expansions in the near future. information officers, and only six were higher Optimistically, it could be believed that management personnel. This could lead to management has, at long last, given proper any of several assumptions (depending, of recognition to libraries and librarians and to course, upon how one interprets a statistic). their contribution to the success of thcir com- To look at it from an optimistic point of panies. Pessimistically, how would the 29 view, it might be thought that librarians have non-SLA librarians or information officers finally received the recognition they have tackle the job without being aware of the been striving for. In this light it could be state-of-the-art (assuming, of course, that said that out of 56 registrants, 50 profes- they would be responsible for planning and sionally-trained librarians or information of- organizing the expansion program) ? Mr. Barley ir Manager of the Scientific 'md Techuical Itzformatjou Department of the Lockheed-Geolfgia Company in Marietta, Georgia. OCTOBER1966 579 The questionnaire disclosed that 24 per- that these experienced SLA people are capa- sons attended the seminar to acquire knowl- ble of teaching others who have come to a edge in the state-of-the-art of company li- professional seminar for guidance. The au- brary management, 12 attended because of thor has always been of the opinion that if their interest in the state-of-the-art of auto- one exposes himself to the various activities mation, and the remainder were present for of SLA, he will have the opportunity to ac- various other reasons. Only this important quire the latest state-of-the-art in the pro- conclusion can be drawn-35 out of 56 at- fession. It can be assumed, therefore, that tendees at a seminar sponsored by a non- membership in the Association is advanta- professional organization were there to up- geous to those interested in moving forward date their thinking in matters concerning in the profession-both in knowledge and library and information science and automa- in status. tion. The large percentage of professional Applying this philosophy to the statistics, interest should indicate that SLA must con- does it mean that 29 non-members who at- tinue to contribute to the state-of-the-art in tended the seminar have, somehow, "missed our profession. the boat" in not having availed themselves Bringing this into closer focus, it should of the professional guidance offered through be mentioned that all of those who lectured SLA membership? . . . Or is the Associa- on professional topics are hard-working, action at fault for not having recruited them in tive SLA members. It is rewarding to know the first place ?

Wanted-Authors and Editors for Association Publications The SLA Board of Directors recently all proposals and suggests the follow- adopted a policy of paying individual ing types of projects for possible pub- authors or editors whose works are lication : published and sold by the Association Guides to sources of information on and who work completely on their a special subject, i.e., Guide to own, e.g., without Chapter or Division metallurgical Inf omation : SLA sponsorship or assistance, ten per cent Bibliography No. 5 royalties of the annual gross income Statistical indexes, i.e., Soz~rces of produced by their titles. In the future a lmura?zce Statistics formal contract will be made between Bibliographies of theses or bibliog- such individuals and the Association. raphies Chapters and Divisions are also en- Glossary of library technology for couraged to undertake publication proj- use by management ects for the Association. In addition to Proceedings of conferences and earning royalties of 30 per cent of net workshops profits for the sponsoring group, these Guide to information retrieval sys- projects make a genuine contribution tems for libraries, with chapters to the professional and reference lit- on manual and automated systems erature and give Chapter and Division Evaluative, philosophical, historical, members an opportunity to "put their or theoretical works knowledg- to work" in a published Chapters, Divisions, or individuals \.olume. wishing information on how to submit The Association currently has an active a proposal for possible publication publications program, but to keep it should write the Publications Director strcng and flourishing, a backlog of at Association Headquarters requesting works-in-progress is needed. The Non- a project proposal form and an au- serial Publications Committee welcomes thor's manual. Trade literature has been collected at the Smithsonian Institution for many years, chiefly to document museum objects but also as source material for historical studies. The acquisition in 1959 of several large collections of catalogs resulted in the creation and adoption of a new, rapid, and economical cataloging scheme. The organizational scheme and methods of acquisition (by purchase, exchange, and gift) are described. The Trade Literature Collection of the Smithsonian Library JACK GOODWIN

HE SMITHSONIANLibrary collects trade treated as vertical file material. Those ac- Tand auction catalogs for a variety of rea- quired by various sections of the Museum sons, but chiefly for their value in docu- were generally arranged in vertical files or menting objects in the collections of the U.S. simply placed on shelves in various offices National Museum, and especially in thc with no record of any kind being made of Museum of History and Technology. Often the holdings. These practices were unsatisfac- catalogs are the only source of information tory on several counts. Relatively few such concerning various museum objects. They are publications have ever been cataloged by the also a valuable body of primary source mate- Library of Congress, necessitating in most rial for the study of economic, technical, and cases complete original cataloging by the social history. As Dr. Robin Higham noted Smithsonian Library. The great number of in a recent letter to the editor of Library catalogs relegated to vertical files were lost to Joz~rnal (March 1, 1966, p. 1094), "His- the use of everyone except the person main- torians are moving increasingly now into such taining the particular subject file. Unneces- areas as science and technology, urban affairs, sary duplication was occurring in some areas. and other spheres of human activity which The purchase of a special collection of have long been neglected by their elders." nineteenth century catalogs in the summer of Trade literature, so often ignored by general 1959, together with the donation of several academic libraries wherein the historian had large collections during the same period and previously found his material, is a very im- the ever-increasing number of catalogs ac- portant source for this "new" history as well cumulated in widely dispersed vertical files, as for the relatively new disciplines of indus- made it imperative that a new method of trial archaeology and historical archaeology organizing and processing the catalogs be (sometimes referred to as tin-can archaeol- adopted. A rapid and economical process that ogy). Many of the catalogs are well printed would still provide for retrieval by subject and illustrated and are exhibited from time and author was needed. to time, usually in connection with objects The scheme that was subsequently evolved depicted therein. and adopted for organizing the catalogs has Prior to 1960, trade catalogs were handled met these objectives. The name of the issuing in various ways depending upon where and firm or agency as it appears on the publica- how they were acquired. Those acquired by tion is used as the author entry. No attempt the library were occasionally given full cata- is made to trace changes in corporate names. loging and classification but more often were A brief title, as given on the publication it- Mr. Goodwin has been Librarian of the Museum of History n~zd Technology Library (a bralzch of the Snzithsonialz Libmy), Wash- ington, D. C., since its estdblishment in 1958. He has held Chapter and Association ofices in SLA dnd is active in several historical societies. His "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology" is published annually in the spriag issue of Technology and Cuture. self, is used for the body of the card. When pecially helpful when consulting the shelflist there is no title page or readily apparent title, for holdings on a particular subject. an appropriate descriptive title, such as cata- An alternative method of organizing trade log, brochure, or leaflet, is supplied, written literature collections is described in Meixell's into the publication, and bracketed on the The Trade Catalog Collection.2 This plan catalog card. Decisions must be made about was followed at Columbia Universitv for what to use for a title in the case of firms many years, but that collection has now been manufacturing a variety of products but issu- presented to the Smithsonian Library and ing consecutively numberedcatalogs, each of will eventually be recataloged in accordance which covers a different product (a fairly with the procedures described here. common pattern). It is easier, of course, to The collection has been built, and is cur- record these catalogs consecutively, but most rently being added to, by purchase, exchange, often they are classified according to the sub- and gift. Occasionally whole collections, es- ject covered in the particular issue and are pecially subject collections, are purchased, but cataloged as a separate. This is of great help purchases are more often specific individual to the users of the collection. catalogs (usually nineteenth century) from Pagination and size of the catalogs are not dealers specializing in such materials. The recorded. The phrase, "Lib. Has:", is typed Columbia University collection mentioned two spaces below the title, followed by the above has been the single largest donation date and/or number of the catalog in hand. thus far, although the Baker Business Li- Additional holdings are pencilled in when brary at Harvard and the University of Cali- received. Catalogs received on a more or less fornia Librarv at Davis have also tiansferred regular basis are recorded in the serial record, large collections to us. Many catalogs are re- as are house organs, annual reports, most ceived from manufacturing firms and private auction catalogs, and other recurrent publica- collectors, often as part of a gift of objects, tions. In such cases the catalog user is di- machinery, and so on. One such very useful rected from the card catalog to the serial gift was Sears, Roebuck & Company's dona- records. tion of a microfilm copy of a compIete set of The catalogs are classified according to the its catalogs from 1888 to date. Catalogs from Dewey Decimal system. The letter "C" is the eighteenth century and the early nine- prefixed to the classification number. At pres- teenth century are very important for mu- ent the "C" is ignored for shelving purposes, seum work and are the most difficult to ac- and the catalogs are intershelved with the quire. Such catalogs are often borrowed from regular collection, thus bringing together in ~rivatecollectors and other libraries and fac- one area all types of material relating to the simile copies made for our collection. same subject. The "C" prefix, however, will The curatorial staff of the Museum of His- make it possible to shelve the trade literature tory and Technology are good "scouts" for as a separate collection, without any addi- trade literature and have been responsible for tional processing, should it ever become de- obtaining many important items, ranging sirable to do so. from a few trade cards in some cases to thou- Book numbers are assigned according to sands of catalogs in others. the simple scheme given on page 16 of Bar- The subject range of the collection is prac- den's Book N1imbers.1 Two identical cards tically universal in scope. Although the bulk are made for each title, one to be filed in the of the collection is American, catalogs from author-title catalog and one for the shelflist. Europe and Asia are added when obtainable. Preprinted subject cards are prepared and Duplicates are generally disposed of through filed in the subject catalog for each subject exchange. for which we have catalogs. Library of Con- The auction catalogs include, besides such gress subject headings are used, except for well known firms as Parke-Bernet, Sotheby's, products for which there is no established and Christie's, long runs from many other heading, with cross references being made as auction houses both in the United States and necessary. Europe. The holdings in numismatics and All cards for the collection are light blue. philately are perhaps the strongest. This makes for ready identification and is es- Catalogs of more than 50 pages, unless issued in bound form, are given regular li- accurate listing. The present collection of brary binding in buckram after cataloging. approximately 240,000 pieces is perhaps the Recurrent publications of a serial nature, most comprehensive, if not preeminent, in- when we have consecutive runs, are collected stitutional collection. Although not yet fully into volumes before binding. Catalogs of less cataloged, the collection is available for use than 50 pages are generally put into pam- to our own staff, to visiting scholars, and, phlet binders. Broadsides and trade cards are through interlibrary loan, to interested re- preserved in document protectors. searchers anywhere. No discussion of trade literature can omit mention of Lawrence Romaine's very useful Footnotes 1. BARDEN,Bertha Rickenbrode. Book Numbers: Guide.3 Romaine states in his preface, "In- a Manual for Students. Chicago: American Library stitutional collections are not properly cata- Association, 1937. loged and consequently not available at the 2. MEIXELL,Granville. The Trade Catalog Col- moment for research." This was largely true lection: a Manual with Source Lists. New York: of the Smithsonian at the time the Guide was Special Libraries Association, 1934. 3. ROMAINE, Lawrence B. A Guide to American being compiled, but if a revision is ever is- Trade Catalogs, 1744-2900. New York: Bowker, sued, we should be able to supply a complete. 1960.

Are the data now provided at Columbia University Library when science monographs are ordered amenable to encoding on cards or paper tape for machine manipulation and use for cataloging as well as ordering? Analysis of a sample of data provided January-October 1965 said no, largely due to the uneven quality of the source data. Data Analysis of Science Monograph Order/Cataloging Forms NATHALIE C. BATTS

s IT feasible to encode data-on punched even quality of the sources of data. Orders I cards or paper tape-when an order is are centrally processed, but selection is done received in the Acquisitions Department and by the individual libraries and orders orig- use these data for cataloging the item as well inate from a wide variety of sources. The as for its acquisition? The goal is copy that miscellaneous nature of these sources is the would initiate the acquisitions cycle without major reason for the uneven quality of the unusual bibliographic searching when an or- data provided. der is originated. A 10-month study initiated This is a report of our experience and may at Columbia University using the order/cata- be of interest to those facing similar prob- loging data supplied by its nine Science Divi- lems of finding the most efficient way of sion libraries showed that not enough ac- handling material. It is a study of part of a ceptable data are available at the time of large university research library system, situ- acquisition to make encoding economically ated in the metropolis of New York, with feasible with the present state of electronic easy access to a large number of American data processing- technology-. because of the un- publishers' books and those thev import. The iWs. Batts is a cataloger in the Serials Section of the Cataloging Divi- sion of the Colambia University Libraries. This paper is condensed from a study prepared for a seminar at Columbia's School of Library Service, and thanhs ure extended to Paul J. Fasana, Dr. Theodore C. Hines, and Ellis Mount (all of Columbia Univenrity) for their helpfa1

arsistance, criticism, and encouragement. Henry Verby subject fields covered are broad and active as Table 1: Author are Columbia University's selection and col- LC CU TOTAL lection policies. Acceptable 113 26 139 Forms Studied Not Acceptable 472 66 538 An experimental 5 x 9 inch order/catalog- Unacceptable form 58 14 72 ing form was devised to record data for later Incomplete 203 26 229 machine encoding. It can be folded down to Lack dates 166 12 178 5 x 3 inches for interfiling with card data in Completely existing files. The form is used by the nine unacceptable 45 14 59 science libraries when ordering monographs and is completed under the direction of pro- The lack of author's first name(s) and/or fessional librarians (though the nine libraries dates accounted for roughly 80% of the un- used about two dozen typists during the pe- acceptable tallies. Of the 59 main entries that riod of the study). For this study a sample were completely unacceptable, 13 (1 LC ; 12 of the forms used during January-October CU), or roughly 20%, were symposia. 1965 were analyzed in terms of the basic bibliographic data- for acquisitions and catalog- Table 2 : Title ing-author, title, edition, place, publisher, LC CU TOTAL date, paging, and series. Data supplied on Acceptable 339 47 386 the forms and those found in the catalog were compared. The sample selected included Not Acceptable 129 37 166 all entries whose initial filing letter was A Unacceptable form 29 11 40 through F and S (to include symposia). This IncompIete 95 23 118 gave a total of 532 forms, about one-quarter Completely to one-fifth of the total number used during unacceptable 5 3 8 the period. Data were used as they appeared in the catalog regardless of inconsistencies, This table shows the highest number of e.g., form used for publisher on LC cards acceptable entries, 386, of any of the items varied in different years. studied. Results of Study Table 3 : Edition The amount of Library of Congress copy LC CU TOTAL studied outnumbered that of original catalog- Acceptable 49 5 54 ing by more than four to one. Of the 352 Not Acceptable 15 5 20 items studied, 441 had LC cards and 91 rep- Completely resented original cataloging. This reflects the unacceptable 4 4 8 current practice at Columbia of using biblio- Not given 11 1 12 -graphic assistants to process books having ~ibiaryof Congress copy or an LC number." Columbia's acquisition practice is to re- Cards for these materials are processed more quest "latest edition" when none is specified rapidly than those for original cataloging, so on an order. The 74 items tallied here are the a larger amount of LC copy is represented in only ones in which edition other than the this sample of the first ten months of the original was concerned. system's operation. Some items were not acceptable for more than one reason and there- Table 4: Place fore were tallied under several headings. Thus totals for some of the tables are -greater LC CU TOTAL than the number of forms studied. Acceptable 258 27 285 * This system of NO (non-original) cataloging Not acceptable 199 57 256 is described in a study prepared by Paul J. Unacceptable form 100 29 129 Fasana and James Fall titled Processing costs for Incomplete 34 8 42 ~rienremorographs in the Columbia University Completely Libraries, November 1965. This study will appear in a forthcoming issue of Library Resources and unacceptable 26 8 34 Technical Services. Not given 39 12 5 1 While the total of acceptable items is Table 7 : Paging greater than those unacceptable, this seems LC CU TOTAL to be a relatively simple item to record. How- ever, examination of some of the sources Acceptable 83 17 100 used shows that place of publication fre- Not Acceptable 335 59 394 quently is not listed. Unacceptable form 14 4 18 Incomplete 117 13 130 Table 5 : Publisher Completely LC CU TOTAL unacceptable 66 16 82 Not given 138 26 164 Acceptable 195 21 216 Not Acceptable 264 63 327 The main problem was incomplete infor- Unacceptable form 103 21 124 mation-usually meaning that preliminary Incomplete 117 19 136 paging was not given. This information fre- Completely quently is available only from the book, e.g., unacceptable 42 21 63 Library Journal gives paging, but not pre- Not given 2 2 4 liminary paging. Therefore, this information could not be encoded until the book is cata- Part of the problem was caused by the loged. cataloging practice of listing dual publishers Table 8: Series when both appear on the title page. Another factor was the different form used in LC copy LC CU TOTAL for the same publisher in various years. Acceptable 5 1 9 60 Not Acceptable 126 20 146 Table 6 : Publication Date Unacceptable form 9 2 11 LC CU TOTAL Completely Acceptable 123 33 156 unacceptable 6 5 11 Not given 111 13 124 Not Acceptable 339 55 394 Unacceptable form 39 10 49 Of the 532 titles, 206 (180 LC; 26 CU) Lack brackets 220 23 243 had some series note on the finished cards. Completely The main problem noticed in this tally was unacceptable 53 17 70 that the series note often was not given on Not given 27 5 3 2 the forms. Because of its importance in helping to avoid inadvertent duplication, any se- The outstanding unacceptable feature was ries should be noted as soon as possible. the lack of square brackets around dates on the forms and the frequent use of this device Table 9 : Summary of Acceptable Forms in finished copy, especially on LC cards. This (Total Sample: 532 forms) may seem like a minor item, but it has been NUMBER considered essential for an acceptable quality ACCEPTABLE of cataloging at Columbia. Author 139 The preceding items-author, title, edi- Title 79 tion, place, publisher, and publication date- Edition 75 usually are considered necessary, along with Place 53 price, in ordering a book. Paging and series Publisher 27 information are needed for the proper cata- Publication Date 6 loging of monographs. At Columbia, series Paging 0 information is essential at the earliest possible Series 0 time because of the large number of standing orders for various series. In the Acquisitions This reverse order check showed that the Department searching series is as important first acceptable forms appeared after series as searching author or title. and paging were eliminated. Through imprint, 6 forms were acceptable, and 12 more included American Book Service's Quarterly lacked only square brackets around publica- Checklist, Book Publishing Record, Library tion date. From there back to author, the Jonrnal, Library Service Association's Les number slowly increased. It is obvious that livres du nzois, and Pnblisher/s Weekly. The not enough accurate and complete data are 51 items taken from standard bibliograph- available at the time of acquisition to make ical listings were found in Books in Print, encoding economically feasible. Too much Cumulative Book Index, the Columbia Uni- sophisticated programming would be neces- versity card catalog, on a Library of Congress sary to take care of the items partially ac- card, or on Library of Congress proof&ps. ceptable or incomplete and too much reen- Specialized listing sources used for 40 titles coding would be needed for unacceptable were Professional Books, Sci-Tech Book items-and at the present state of the art News, and Technical Book Reuiew Index. both of these techniques are expensive. A Forty-eight items were ordered from 21 certain amount of human error also was a subject journals ranging from Mechanical factor in these results. Therefore routines Engineering and American P~ychologist to must be planned so that the effect of human Civil Engineering and Electronics and Power. errors on the system will be reduced as much The list prepared for this tally offered an- as possible. other way of checking the results set forth in Almost one quarter of the unacceptable this paper. A further study is in progress data were caused by the lack of authors' dates using reproductions of pages from these 21 (178 items) and lack of square brackets journals and checking these data against around publication dates (243 items). It those in the catalog. Similar patterns of un- would be interesting to redo the study to acceptable data are expected, and also citation determine how many forms would be accept- patterns characteristic of each journal should able if these two requirements were dropped. be apparent. This latter information would be useful if a technique similar to cataloging- Sources of Data in-source could be worked out. Since the quality of the data given is gov- The statistics of the study indicate that a erned by the sources from which they are higher percentage of the data might be ac- gathered, their consideration of sources is of ceptable for a smaller library using a simpler interest. Source information was given on cataloging requirement. For instance, in a 290 of the forms studied. The wide variety library where a high percentage of acquisi- of special fields covered by the nine libraries tions consisted of American trade books or- is reflected in the sources used. Not surpris- dered by the librarian directly, Book Ptlb- ingly, much of the information was obtained lishing Record might provide sufficient data. from the publishers themselves. This Columbia study does indicate, however, that a careful check should be made before assuming that acquisition data would be Table 10: Sources of Bibliographical Data either sufficient or accurate as cataloging in- NUMBEROF formation. SOURCE TITLES Publishers 70 To meet demands and thus protect its General listing services 5 8 eynanimity, an acy~isition~department Standard biblicgraphical listings 5 1 is inclined to extend its record-keep- Subject journals, etc. 48 ing activity to the level where it can Specialized listing services 40 answer any question, even an absurd Other libraries' lists 20 one. Althongh each additional record Miscellaneous 3 cnn be justified on a baris of individual, Not given 242 specific need, the resz~ltingconglomer- ate often cries for u systems stndy. The sources of the 70 items from publish- G. E. Randall and R. P. Bristol in ers varied from catalogs and book news to PIL or a Computer-Controlled Proc- essing Record, Special Libraries, Feb. announcements, flyers, and information pro- 1964. vided by telephone. General listing sources Library Literature Gleanings

SL~BPROCEEDINGS for January 1966 has The author, Francois Kertesz, discussed the A several articles of interest, especially special problems, the librarian's responsibil- D. Mason's "Problems of Getting-and ity to "become acquainted with the contract Keeping-Staff," discussing principles and system of the government and to understand practice of good personnel administration. all the legal implications," and the librarian Curtis G. Benjamin's "Copyright and as part of the management team. Government" in Library Journal, February R. J. McNeil described the Shell Photo- 15, 1966, considered problems and questions graphic Library in Aslib Proceedings, May regarding the copyrightability of material 1966. Shell International Petroleum Com- written by government employees or pre- pany Ltd.'s Photographic Library changed pared with government sponsorship. from a special and out-dated classification "State Library Agencies in the United system for photographs to a keyword method States" by Phyllis Dalton appeared in Libl;; of coordinate indexing. The results are de- v. 15, no. 3, 1965. "The state library agen- scribed as flexible and simple, and accuracy cies in each state in the United States are in or reliability of retrieval was not sacrificed. .I changing role in all aspects of library serv- Libra~yTrends for January 1966 was de- ~ces," she reported. She also discussed the voted entirely to the topic "Library Service duties, responsibilities, and potentials and to Industry." included a bibliography. "The Future of Libraries in the Machine Elizabeth E. Hamer gives a concise sum- Age" was B. C. Vickery's topic in Library mary of "ARL's 67th Meeting" in Antiquar.. Association Record, July 1966. He discussed /an Bookmzn, February 28, 1966. the flow of activity of library operations and D. D. Haslam, Deputy Secretary of the how and where these could effectively be Library Association, reported in the Library automated. Mr. Vickery points out the need Asrociafion Record for June 1966 on a sur- for librarians at all levels to acquire the sys- vey commissioned by the Council in 1964 on tems approach-"We must turn ourselves staffing of industrial libraries. In the same into systems designers." issae is an article by R. Hindson called "The D. J. Foskett in "Information Problems in Dissemination of Published Information to the Social Sciences, with Special Reference to Executives, Scientists and Technologists." Mechanization" (Aslib Proceedings, Decem- Annals of Library Science and Documenta- ber 1965) states that "information science is tion for September 1965 contains an article in itself a social science." There is a bibli- hy G. W. Hill, "Application of Computers ography. to Library Work." Its abstract reads: "Dis- Wilson Library Bulletin has offered a wide cusses the possibilities of using modern com- variety of informative pieces, including the puting equipment in library and documenta- January 1966 issue, which is devoted to the tion work in Australia. It is pointed out that "WLB Review of Books"-discursive essays, machine retrieval depends to a large extent with bibliographies included. The March on an efficient indexing system. In this con- issue contains an "Oral History Symposium." text the findings of the Cranfield Project are A "Report on Latin American Libraries" by discussed. Some of the machine produced Marietta Daniels Shepard appears in the Feb- indexes are also discussed and their possible ruary issue. She brings out the need for pro- improvements by human interaction are also fessional education of librarians, a scholarly proposed." journal for librarianship, money and selec- "Obstacles Facing the Government Con- tion aids, and national planning throughout tractor's Librarian," a paper presented at the the area. Aerospace Section's program at the SLA GLORIEUXRAYBURN, Librarian Convention, June 10, 1965, was published School of Library Service Library in the spring 1966 issue of Sci-Tech News. Columbia University, New York City

EDITOR'SNOTE: This is the first of a new bimonthly series that will report articles of interest to special librarians that have appeared recently in other periodicals. OCTOBER1966 587 Pittsburgh Chapter H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award

HE Pittsburgh Chapter organ~zedits ef- FEBRUARY1966. An advertising agency at Tforts in the spring of 1965. The Chair- work. Mass commzmication and the special man, Committee members, and Chapter librarian. President sketched out the objectives and MARCH1966. The H. W. Wilson Company goals that could reasonably be attained within Award Committee Program-library re- a year and would involve activities that fit the sources in Western Pennsylvania. The Li- over-all Chapter program. brarian communicating the infonnatiotz A graphic representation of the theme aeedr of a regio?~. was designed. This depicts the pieces of a APRIL 1966. The Pittsburgh Union List of puzzle, first disjointed, and then bridged by Periodicals-a Computer Approach. The the slogan "The Special Librarian-Vital Special Librarian communicates through a Communications Key," and assembles into the new technology. Association's logo surrounded by symbolic hlA~1966. Annual business meeting. The representations of the media of communica- Chapter cotnmunicates with itself. tion. Throughout the year this graphic rep- MARCH-MAY1966. Car Card Campaign. resentation was used in the Chapter Direc- Conznznnicati~zg the profession of special tory, all Chapter Bulletins, and meeting librarianship. announcements. The art work was repro- MAY1966. Microforms . . . Progress, Prob- duced and used on the publications of indi- lems, Possibilities, a one-day conference vidual libraries within the Pittsburgh area. with nationally recognized authorities for The Chairman of the Committee also par- the library professional, business commu- ticipated with the Program Committee in nity, systems specialists, etc. Communicat- formulating the 1966 Chapter activities. It ing new information systems technology. was decided to reinforce the theme in the JANUARY-MAY1966. Display of the H. W. selection of 1966 meeting topics. Each meet- Wilson theme on a poster at a variety of ing's program was mtended to accent the professional meetings held in Pittsburgh theme in a variety of ways. Examples of this and at a recruiting booth in a downtown are as follows : department store. SEPTEMBER1965. A detailed discussion of Attendance at Chapter meetings reached a libraries in emerging nations and behind high point when over 90 persons attended the Iron Curtain with speakers who had the March meeting, which was specifically recent first-hand experiences with both areas. The librarian as a conznzz~zicatorof arranged by the H. W. Wilson Award Com- western library science. mittee. OCTOBER1965. A joint meeting with the The project, including the display for the American Association of College and Ref- Annual Convention, has been carried out erence Libraries, with discussion ranging without cost to the Chapter. Expenses such from automation to fine arts. Commr'ltzicat- as the display and speakers have been con- ing with our colleagues. tributed by local industrial organizations. NOVEMBER1965. The new look in graduate This does not include the activities of the business education-implications for the Recruiting Committee on the car card cam- special librarian and communication with paign or the Education Committee cn the tonzorrods bz~sinessleaders. microform program. DECEMBER1965. Conzmz~nicating the sen- son's cheer. JANUARY1966. An exploration in depth of EDITOR'S NOTE:The Pittsburgh Chaptev was the winnet of the 1966 H. 1V. Wilson Company Chap- computerized information retrieval-the ter Au,avd. A desrviptio7z of the car cavd used ilc new media of communication. the bus advevtisirzg carnpaip is on page 597. 588 Government and Libraries Special Libraries and State-Wide Plans for library systems in Rhode Island to enable Library Service them to plan for total library service in each State-wide planning for total library serv- area. Public, academic, school, and special ice is currently in varying degrees of study, libraries will be included in the planning. of implementation and development of sur- The North Carolina State Library cooper- \.ey reports, and of revision of the reports. A ates with special libraries in the Research Tri- review of the states demonstrates that plans angle. The State Library has communication are ever changing within the state as needs by TWX and messenger with the special li- change and are varying from state to state braries in the Triangle. In Alabama the State by reflecting the characteristics of each state. Library Agency has-conferred with libraries Special libraries are prominent in many of throughout the State with the single objective the present state-wide plans and almost with- of determining a wise use of the special cut exception are included in future planning. and/or total resources, how to locate special The Connecticut plan now under discussion collections and a way to coordinate reference is of special interest as it contains several service. f~ctorsrelating to special library resources The New Mexico State Library Agency is and services : planning to have a statewide telephone network whereby the reference resources will be 1. The State Library is to publish a directory made available to all other types of libraries. of the subject strengths of the libraries of the The materials will not necessarily be made state. available, but the information will be supplied. 2. The State Library will serve as a location In Texas special libraries play an impor- referral center upon request from local li- tant part in state-wide planning. In each libraries. brary district one public library is designated 3. Automated location control will be im- as a major resource center. These public li- plemented by the establishment of a State braries will draw on the special libraries to Library Research Center as determined by meet patron needs. The special libraries will, the United Aircraft Corporate Systems Cen- in turn, call on the public library. At the ter Study. technical information level within the state- 4. A teletypewriter network will be tied in wide plan, special libraries are linked with rvith TWX at the State Library and five large public and university libraries.' major public and five college and university The State Technical Services Act of 1965 libraries. will provide impetus to the coordination of The New Jersey plan for library develop- library resources, including special library re- mentl provides for a research network sup- sources, in California. George Bonn, Uni- plemented by reference referral service at the versity of Hawaii, is beginning the study of State Library. Through this referral service library resources available to business and the State Library will establish formal and industry in California. The study and its po- informal relationships with special libraries tential implementation are made possible in an effort to increase bibliographic control through an STSA grant. md public access to research resources wher- The Tennessee state plan includes support ever they exist in New Jersey. Teletype and of technical information centers in the metro- other direct-line communication are contem- politan libraries in Memphis, Nashville, plated, and a subject index to New Jersey ~noxville,and ~hattanooga.These centers resources is being developed. The State Li- use the resources of special libraries such as brary is assisted in this effort by a New Jer- the Tennessee Valley Authority Technical sey Library Resources Committee on which Library at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear special libraries and special "consumer" in- Study as needed." terests are represented. The development of the 3 R's Program In fiscal 1967 planning grants will be in New York state has included industrial awarded to each of four regional interrelated libraries, museums, and other public and OCTOBER1966 private informational organizations. Two sur- Committee. Georgia is discussing the possi- veys are to be completed in 1966-67 and bility of a descriptive directory of special will finish laying the ground work for the libraries that would indicate lending and ref- 3 R's. These are: erence of special libraries. Two studies recently completed in Wis- 1. The identification of the major resource consin include the resources of special li- centers of the state by subject strengths. braries : A Statewide Reference Network f OY 2. A study of the economy of interlibrary Wisconsin Libraries (by Guy Garrison. Ur- loan. It is anticipated that special libraries bana: Library Research Center, Graduate will participate in these activities. These sur- School of Library Science, University of Illi- veys will include all types of libraries in nois, 1964. 111 p. Prepared for the Wiscon- keeping with the integrated character of the sin Free Library Commission) and Directo~p program. of Library Resources in Wisconsin (by Marie Other studies are presently being made, Ann Long. Madison: Library Research Cen- such as that in Missouri by Dr. Robert ter, College and University Section, Wiscon- Downs, that include special library resources. sin Library Association, 1964. 137 p.) . Library resources, including those of special The Bibliographical Center for Research libraries, are made available through union is a focal point for a cooperative pooling of lists as in West Virginia. All library re- resources in Colorado. The special business sources are cooperat&ely available & in and industrial libraries special subject area Minnesota and Vermont, to mention a few will be shared in the Seven Rivers area be- of the states in which this cooperation occurs. tween Davenport and Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Kentucky is assisting special libraries with Oregon's state-wide development plan will catalcging and processing. A card for their include all types of libraries. It is anticipated holdings is retained in the State Library. Fu- that the State Technical Services Act of 1965 ture plans include contractual arrangements also will provide further coordination of to stimulate more use of special library serv- state-wide resources including special li- ices, data processing, a book catalog, tele- braries. The Nevada Council on Libraries has type services, and a state-wide survey of what contracted for a state-wide survey that will exists in all types of libraries. include special libraries. In Michigan major special research librar- Ohio is beginning a state-wide survey this ians meet regularly with the directors of uni- fall with a state-wide plan to be developed versity and public research libraries. Special from it. Ohio has great research and refer- library resources and needs are included in a ence library resources in special libraries. major reference resources study now being These will be considered in the development conducted. of the state plan. The Union Library Catalog of Pennsyl- The recent study4 of library service in vania includes many special library holdings Delaware included special libraries in the and locates many materials for special li- study and in the recommendations. braries. The Catalog receives about one-half Wyoming is developing guidelines for its support from the state. planning for state-wide library resources. Looking into the future, recent legislation These guidelines will include all libraries in Illinois established four research and ref- and all subject strength as important factors erence centers in the state. S~eciallibrarv re- in state planning. sources will be utilized in the development South Carolina has completed a survey of of these centers and will in turn benefit from the reference resources in the state in a11 the state-wide system of public libraries with types of libraries except those of elementary its research and reference centers. In Indiana and secondary schools. The result of this sur- the development of a state-wide plan pre- vey is being published as "Guide to the Ref- sumes the involvement and consideration of erence Resources of South Carolina" by the special libraries and special librarians from University of South Carolina Press. In the the beginning. ~ebraskais planning to in- development of the area reference resource clude a special library representative on the centers in the four major areas of the state, State Association's Library Development the special libraries in those areas will be included as a part of the network of libraries cooperating in performing the reference MESSAGE FROM LILLIPUT function. A feasibility study has been com- The Brobdignagians of the library pro- pleted in South Carolina on the establish- fession have achieved their stature by ment of a Technical and Textile Information virtue of position, longevity, and perhaps Center5 which the State Library Board, coop- occasionally by sheer fortuitous circum- erating county and regional libraries and instances such as being at the right place at dustrial interests in the Piedmont plan to the right time. There is not, however, any establish in the near future. strict correlation between physical-or In Maryland the directory "A Topical professional-size and intellectual perspi- Guide to Materials for Reference and Re- cacity. Indeed, on occasion, we feel that search in Libraries in the Baltimore Metro- the very exercise of administrative respon- politan Area7'G was published in 1964 as a sibility and the delicate juggling of the professionally desirable and the politi- guide to specialized resources. It is used by cally possible have dwarfed the faculty of public libraries for interlibrary loan for the perception, particularly in the area of the information of the library users. novel. Many state library agencies are looking Those who have achieved prominence, forward to the future as Title I11 of the Li- occasionally by the exercise of ingenuity brary Services and Construction Act is im- and by the implementation of new con- plemented. Interlibrary cooperation will in- cepts or procedures, become strangely clude in its scope all types of libraries. Special conservative once they are upon the pla- libraries will be strengthened through coop- teau of success. This may not be a con- eration with other types of libraries and thus scious reaction, but it has a surprising frequency of occurrence. mill strengthen all state-wide resources. A single paper presented at the First In the end interlibrary cooperation and Governor's Library Conference (Albany, the involvement of special libraries will be New York, June 24-5, 1965) contained judged by the improved results in library one of the few new concepts presented at services. Librarians have the responsibility to any librarians' meeting during the past ensure that the cooperation will produce a decade. Professor E. G. Mesthene of Har- new and improved service to all the people. vard proposed that one of the major problems of the contemporary informa- Footnotes tion scene was not the transfer of information from scientist to scientist but 1. MARTIN,Lowell A,, and GAVER,Mary V. Li- braries for the People of New Jersey, or Knowl- rather that from scientist to non-scientist. edge for All. New Brunswick: New Jersey Li- While there may be difficulties in the brary Association, Library Development Committee, communication among the members of 1964. the scientific community, the true prob- 2. TEXASLIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Plan for State- lems can be found in the transmittal of wide Library Development, 1965. information from the originators to in- 3. TENNESSEENATIONAL LIBRARY WEEK COM- dustrial management, government officials, MITTEE. Today's Foundation for Tomorrow's the man in the street. That this transfer Growth, 1965. 4. HUMPHREY,John A,, and HUMPHREY,James exists in Western civilization may explain 111. Librar.~ Seruice in Delauvre. Dover: Dela- in part the ascendancy of European and ware State Library Commission, 1966. American society over that of Africa and 5. BUSHA,Charles, Reference Consultant. A Pro- Asia. To the extent that this transfer can spectu.r of a Proposed Infovmation Research Center be understood and expedited via the sci- Specializing in Textiles and Textile Technolog! ence writer, the educator, the writer of for the Greenville, South Carolina, Area. Colum- textbooks and kindred communicators, the bia, South Carolina: South Carolina State Library West may retain its position. Board, 1965. 40 p. The lack of comprehension, interest, or 6. MARYLANDSTATE DEPARTMENTOF EDUCA- TION. Division of Library Extension. A Topical enthusiasm among the elite of New Guide !o Materials for Reference and Research York's librarians who heard the presenta- in Libraries-in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area. tion is indicative of the intellectual Baltimore: April 1964. 24 p. awareness and acumen of the Brobdigna- gians of our profession. PHYLLISI. DALTON,Assistant State Librarian B. LITTLE California State Library, Sacramento LTP Reports to SLA SLA Representatives each operation to identify all operating vari- Don T. Ho, Librarian of the Bell Tele- ables. They will also make a comprehensive phone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New cost analysis of each system. The Council on Jersey, is the new SLA Representative on the Library Resources' grant of $6,500 is sup- Advisory Committee to the Library Tech- porting the project, which will take an esti- nology Program. LTP welcomes him and mated six months to complete. Results will looks forward to this continuing cooperation be published in Library Tech?zology Reports. with SLA. Mr. Ho replaces Gordon E. Ran- Fry Consultants conducted the projects on dall who was a member of the Committee which Stzdy of Cir.czrlutio?z Control Systems from December 1961 to July 1966. Mr. and later LTP reports have been based. Randall made many original and constructive Library Technology Reports contributions during his long service on the The September issue of Library Technol- Committee. The LTP staff is grateful to have ogy Reports contains evaluations of four had the benefit of his membership for so electric typewriters, two lines of filing cabi- long and wishes to extend its warmest thanks nets, and University Microfilm's microform to him and to SLA which he represented so reader. The issue also includes four avail- well. ability surveys, one of library keyboards for New Projects electric typewriters and three revised surveys of microform reading equipment. Planned Buyers Laboratory is testing, for LTP, the for November are two reports, one on man- wooden card catalog cabinets available on ual typewriters and one by William R. the American market. The Program's even- Hawken on the Magnaprint reader-printer. tual purpose is to establish performance standards for this equipment. LTP proposes Progress Report to apply tests relating to structural strength, Here is a brief progress report on LTP's finish durability, and operational uses to a activities for its fiscal year ended June 30. comprehensive selection of wooden catalog Copyifzg Methods Momd was completed cabinets to investigate two problems: 1) are and scheduled for publication. Plans were the tests reasonable, and do they show the well advanced for a new start on the furni- differences between the char- ture manual. The first phase of the book acteristics of the various samples ? 2) on the conservation manual had resulted in com- basis of the test results, is it possible to pletion of an outline for the entire manual postulate performance standards that might and good progress on a sample pamphlet later be used to establish manufacturing being prepared for publication. The pro- specifications? If the answer to the second gram to develop performance standards for point is affirmative, LTP will undertake to binding used in libraries resulted in the de- have the resulting performance standards velopment of three provisional standards. proposed as an American Standard through Publication of the manual on floors and floor the American Standards Association's Sec- coverings is planned for the coming fiscal tional Committee 285, which LTP sponsors. year. The results of the testing program will be published in Libray Tech)zology Reports. A Personnel Changes grant from the Council on Library Resources Robert Shaw, formerly of ALA's Library is helping to pay for the testing. Administration Division, has replaced David As part of LTP's plan to examine new Hoffman as head of LTP's Technical Infor- circulation control systems as they are intro- mation Service. Mr. Hoffman is the new duced in libraries, Fry Consultants is evalu- Assistant Director of ALA's International ating two more systems-IBM 357 equipment Relations Office. and the Demco Charging Machine. Members MRS.GLADYS T. PIEZ,General Editor of the Fry staff will visit six libraries to Library Technology Program make detailed procedure and time analyses of American Library Association, Chicago Mary L. Allison Leaves SLA for Other Editorial Duties

ARY L. ALLISON,Publications and Public Relations Di- M rector of Special Libraries Association, has resigned, effective October 8, 1966, to become an editor of "Books for Educators" at Scholastic Book Services (Division of Scholastic Magazines, Inc.) in New York. She reported to the new position on October 10 after a four-week tour of Greece. Miss Allison began her duties at SLA In December 1955 as editor of Special Libraries. It came as something of a surprlse to her a few months later when she learned that the scope of H )c'lawnngphotoCo. her position included book edittng. Still later, in August 1960, she added public relat~onsto her long and demanding list of Associat~onresponslb~llt~es. To each of these assignments she applied the same, sound editorial skill and the same sense of doing the most thorough and honest job possible in spite of the multiplicity and diversity of assignments. (Too much to do and so little time to do it!) Under her editorship, Special Librarie.r grew from an annual volume of 468 pages in 1955 to 744 pages in 1965. She also edited 31 book publications, which will be her responsibility in her new assignment. Her public relations duties since 1960 produced 231 press releases, bringing the Association and special librarianship to the attention of many. She has also worked closely on membership, recruitment, awards, exhibits, and audio- visual activities. Mary is a native of Maryville, Missouri, but spent most of her childhood in Wellesley, Massachusetts. She received her B.A. in history from Mount Holyoke in 1947. She worked briefly in the Readers' Service Department of P. F. Collier & Son, and then for two years in "The Weekly Record" Department of Pz~blishers' Weekly. Following a six-month tour of Europe, she became a free-lance editor and writer. In addition to serving as Evaluation Editor of the Educational Film Library Association, she undertook a variety of assignments for the Grolier Information Service, R. R. Bowker Company, several encyclopedia publishers, and the New York office of the National Film Board of Canada, for whom she set up a television film library. Her published works include The EFLA Review of Andio-Virnal Eguipme~zt(Educational Film Library Association, 1953), Snp- plemetzt (1955), A Gnide for Eoalz~atio~zof Film and Filmstrips (with Emily Jones and Edward Schofield, ~nesco:1956), and Contmz~ersialfMmk Hupkj~zs (with E. Latta, Greenberg: 1953). Mary hopes the new editorial position will give her more time for her many outside interests, such as reading history, traveling, hiking, swimming, skiing, theater, opera, and, of course, gardening on her Westchester County home at Croton-on-Hudson.

On October 1, Guy R. Bell, Managing Editor of Chwch i12 iMetropolis of the Protestant Episcopal Church, became Publications and Public Relations Director of the Association. Case Studies, Anyone?

HERE ARE now available exceptionally the Harvavd Business School (McGraw, Tfew well written case studies that deal 1954). with the problems inherent to the special li- The first task of the Case Studies Commit- brary. More generous treatment has been tee is to answer the question: Is there a need given to other kinds of libraries. An Ad Hoc for a collection of studies devoted to special Committee has been appointed to investi- library situations? The obvious consumer is gate the feasibility of having Special Li- the library school. Other uses might be in- braries Association publish a collection of service training programs, work-shops, and studies to fill this gap. seminars. Librarians who have used case Simply defined, a case study is a teaching studies or would use new ones are asked to device developed to simulate for the student, advise the Committee of their interests and as nearly as possible, a real life work experi- of the uses to which they would expect to ence in which a problem must be solved, a place the studies. policy formulated, or a decision made. Typ- A second, more formidable task will be to icallv., . the student reads the case and comdetes ascertain if a worthwhile number of cases whatever research he thinks is necessary for could be made availabIe. Help of interested making an intelligent decision. Afterwards, librarians is urgently needed to accomplish he is called upon-to present his solution in this phase of the work. Persons who believe the give and take of a classroom discussion. they have the raw material for one or more The case study is based upon an actual special library studies are requested to write situation although it is disguised to protect the Committee Chairman, &ing the name the identities of individuals and organiza- of the library and a simple statement of the tions. It must present details in a depth suffi- subject of the case. Examples are given below: cient for the student to be approximately as Name: Science Division, X State Library. well informed as he would be in an actual Subject of Case Matevia-idl: Political pressures job situation. Relevant data included in a case involved in making library purchases. might be such information as budgets, pro- Name: XYZ Manufacturing Company Li- cedures manuals, personnel policies, organ- brary. Subjects of Case iMatevia1: (1) Erratic izaticn charts, and descriptions of the human management policies in the allocation of the factors involved. budget. (2) Depositing "problem" employ- The phrase "case study" has been inter- ees and secretarial duties in the library. preted by some of the membership to indi- We should like to emphasize several cate that the Committee's intention was to points: I) the anonymity of-all respondents replace or overlap either the "Is This a is respected by the case writer, 2) respond- Prcblem?" series (Louise Stoop, Special Li- ents should be reasonably certain that the brarie.r, 1965) or "Profiles of Special Li- management of the respective company or braries" (Special Libravies, 1966). Neither institution would release information to a the humorously provocative "Problems" nor case writer, and 3) respondents will not the well documented "Profiles" fall within write the cases, neither wiil Committee mem- the boundaries of the definition above. bers. This is a job for an experienced ob- Librarians probably do not need to be told server-writer. that Kenneth R. Shaffer and Thomas J. Gal- Members of the Committee are Edwina vin of Simmons have been the leading pro- Johnson, Biological Sciences Library, Duke ponents of the use of the case method in li- University ; Adrianna P. Orr, U.S. Federal brary school instruction. Their published Aviation Agency Library; and Phoebe F. collections of case studies are well known. Hayes, Denver Bibliographical Center for Several of these publications briefly discuss Research. the case method of study. However, the most BETSYANN OLIVE,Librarian extensive and, I believe. most articulate dis- Graduate School of Business and Public cussions will be found in the papers edited Administration, Cornell University, Ithaca; by Malcolm P. McNair, The Care Method at Chairman, Ad Hoc Case Studies Committee Fiftv in Ten: An International Success Story

N OCTOBER1, 1966, the 50th librarian- Asia, and two from Australia and New Zea- 0 grantee in the Jointly Sponsored Pro- land. gram for Foreign Librarians will be working The most important aspect of the program on the staff of the Wisconsin State Library. to the visitor is the opportunity to work Most appropriately, this grantee, Miss Ni- rather than just to study, and thus learn new lawan Indageha, is the Executive Secretary techniques while applying familiar ones. for the Thai Library Association, which serves Fringe benefits have included I) a chance to both as the "SLA" and the "ALA" of Thai- see the United States such as is afforded to land. Ten years ago the first librarian under few native Americans, 2) attendance at li- the Jointly Sponsored Program, Miss Nguyen brary conventions, 3) the opportunity to talk Thi Cut from Vietnam, started work at the about their own countries (almost all grantees Brookline (Massachusetts) Public Library. are called upon to speak to various groups), Thus the program has successfully completed 3) the possibility of matrimony (there have its first decade in the ongoing orbital course been two we know about who have found of international librarianship at work. wedded bliss in the U.S.), and 5) in almost Between the two grantees named above, all cases, traditional American hospitality

48 foreign- librarians have been launched and friendship. into a year's work and travel experience in a The quality of the program can be illus- variety of American libraries through this trated by a few comments about three recent smoothly operating cooperative effort of two grantees-Katalee Sombatsiri, James Traue, major American library associations, SLA and Douglas Koh. and ALA, the Library of Congress, and the A typically petite, attractive Thai, Miss Department of State. The Program is ad- Katalee is, in addition, an outstanding spe- ministered by a committee consisting of two cial librarian. Besides her formal education, representatives each from SLA and ALA, and she had had working experience in English an executive secretary, Mrs. Jean Allaway, libraries before coming to this country. Her International Relations Assistant, Library of job as librarian of the Bank of Thailand Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540, who helps her play a key role in the exciting de- will provide details about the Program's op- velopment of librarianship in her country as erations on request. the Bank is a training center for Thai special Those American libraries that have par- libraries. Her library is also like any other t~cipatedin the program have had a unique national bank library and performs the usual opportunity for offering and receiving the services for that kind of institution. It has benefits from contacts with libraries abroad. special collections in various languages and A full spectrum of United States sponsors cooperates closely with the international have welcomed these foreign librarians. agencies that have headquarters in Bangkok. Among the hosts were eight special libraries, Miss Katalee supervises a staff of eight (5 11 college and university libraries, 15 public professionals and 3 clerical). The collection libraries, two school libraries, and the Library consists of 30,000 books, approximately of Congress. The reason these figures do not 20,000 VF materials, and 100 Thai and 500 add up to 50 is that some U.S. libraries have foreign language periodicals. Miss Katalee liked the program so well they have re- is treasurer of the Thai Librarv Association quested and received two or more grantees, and a frequent contributor to professional e~thertogether or in sequence. journals. The grantees have come from just about With that background, she was invited to everywhere: 14 from the Caribbean and spend her year in the U.S. on the staff of the Latin America, 12 from Europe, one from Economic Growth Center Library at Yale Africa, five from the Middle East, 16 from University, where in addition to performing her duties well, she still had energy to visit Mr. Johnston concluded his comments numerous other libraries, shop for books for with an opinion on the value of the program: her own library, attend both the SLA and "We continue to favor this program not be- ALA Conventions, and arrange the wedding cause we gain an extra staff member for we of her brother at the Thai Embassy in Wash- do not generally use the foreign librarian in ington. Now, with her year completed, Miss this capacity, but for the exchange of infor- Katalee is on her way back to Bangkok, hav mation and the broadening of our under- ing contributed much both professionally standing of other libraries and other cultures." and personally to the Americans with whom In truth, because of its selectivity and she lived and worked. specialization, this program has been able to From Down Under, James E. Traue, Ref- develop an intensive and personalized rela- erence Officer of the New Zealand General tionship among professional librarians around Assembly Library came to work in the Legis- the nrorld. Each of the communities in which lative Reference Service of the Library of one of these grantees has lived has also been Congress in March 1965. His qualifications enriched. and prior achievements and activities (editor ELAINEA. KUKTZ,MARY ANGLBMYEK of the New Zealand national bibliography, SLA Special Representatives to the Jointly A~~?LJZenland Books jn Print, and editor of Sponsored Program for Foreign Librarians N~IL.Zealand Lib~aries,a publication of the New Zealand Library Association, to mention just a few) seemed to merit such an ap- H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award pointment. After Mr. Traue had completed Revised his assignment, the Director of the Legisla- During the past ten years, the H. W. Wilson tive Reference Service sent him this appraisal: Company has sponsored the H. W. Wilson "I want you to know that throughout your Company Chapter Award, acknowledging a tenure . . . you displayed a knowledge that successful Chapter project based on a single was eclectic and a capacity for hard work theme. This year, because the themes usually that seemed unlimited. Yo~:r assignments, chosen are not of particular interest or impor- consequently, were of wide range and pre- tance to a Chapter during a given year and be- supposed for their fulfillment an uncommon cause a worthwhile project frequently takes ability. In no instance were we disappointed more than one year to be developed success- with the product of your labor." fully, the SLA Board of Directors approved In addition to his regular work, Mr. the following changes: "At the beginning of Traue managed to see libraries in at least 25 the 1966-67 Association year the H. W. Wil- cities (concentrating on the effective but less son Company Chapter Award will be given known legislative reference libraries), at- annually for any good project which has been tended both the SLA and the ALA Conven- carried out over no more than a two-year pe- tions, and saw most of America's scenic riod. The previous requirement for a single wonders. He experienced his first snowfall theme is discontinued." The winning Chapter and first heat wave in the U.S., and his opin- will receive $100 and a scroll from the H. W. ions of each were forcefully and vividly ex- Wilson Company at the Annual SLA Ban- pressed. His engaging personality and wit quet in New York next May. The judging combined with his professional capabilities and final decisions are made by the SLA made him a most satisfactory grantee. H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award Another of the 50 grantees, Douglas Koh Committee, chaired by Winifred Sewell. of the National Library of Singapore was Notification of a Chapter's intention to enter described by the Assistant Director of the the cornpetition may be filed with the SLA Flint (Michigan) Public Library, H. G. Executive Director up through April 1. The Johnston, as follows: "He was a most intelli- written part of the entry must be in the gent, competent and adaptable young man Committee's hands before May 15, and the and we were most pleased to have him on visual display is due at the Convention hotel the staff. He was also most capable as a pub- the Friday preceding the Convention. Fur- lic speaker and we received many compli- ther details will be sent to all entrants around ments on his outside speaking engagements." May 1. Have Yozl Heard. . . Car Card Available for Recruitment Address all inquiries to Don R. Swanson, The effectiveness of bus advertising and a Dean, Graduate Library School, University recruitment booth in downtown Pittsburgh of Chicago, 1116 East 59th Street, Chicago, paid off with success in the SLA Pittsburgh Illinois 60637. Chapter's winning the H. W. Wilson Com- Two Thesauri for Textile Industry pany Chapter Award in June 1966, and now The Institute of Textile Technology at f,mimiles of this car card are being used by Charlottesville, Virginia, has prepared a Special Libraries Association to assist its 329-page Thesa/trz/./.r of Textile Technology members to recruit young men and women Terms, which follows a format similar to the to special librarianship. Copies of the 28 x 11 Thesanrss of the Engineers Joint Council. inch card have been printed on heavy, white, It is being used to keyword index articles in glossy paper. On the left of the card are ver- the Textile Techrzology Digest, starting with tical red, white, and black panels showing the January 1966 issue. The Massachusetts an idea, symbolized by a lightbulb, disin- Institute of Technology has prepared a tegrating for want of a special librarian. The 7'hesa14rz~.r of Textile Engineering Terms, text on the right explains, "That's Why Spe- which is to be used in conjunction with EJC's cial Librarians Are 'Vital Communication Thesar~rz/sof Engitzeering Terms. It is being Keys'." Below is an invitation for those inter- used to index literature of the past 20 years ested in a library career to contact Associa- on textile mechanical processing, relying tion Headquarters for further information. mainly on the 10wiza1 of the Textile Insti- One or two copies of the recruitment car tnte Abstracts. A revision now underway in card are free, and a price list is available for the EJC Thesanu/s will make it possible for quantity orders for this and other recruitment the inclusion of many more textile terms than items. in the first edition. Bio-Medical Librarianship Fellowships Study of Canadian Academic Libraries The University of Minnesota Library School The Council on Library Resources, Inc., has received a three-year, $255,931 grant from made a $20,000 grant to the Association of the National Library of Medicine for a pro- Universities and Colleges of Canada and the gram to train librarians and information spe- Canadian Association of College and Uni- cialists in the bio-medical sciences. Candi- versity Libraries to study resources, admin- dates with a B.A. and postdoctoral fellows istration, financial support, and automation are eligible. Full-time study and a B plus in Canadian academic libraries. The study, average are required. Applications are avail- which is expected to be completed by Sep- able from Professor Wesley Simonton, Li- tember 1967, will provide guidelines for the brary School, University of Minnesota, Min- development of academic libraries for the neapolis 55455. next 15 years. Scholarships for Librarians Clearinghouse for Periodical Title Word The Univers~tyof Chicago Graduate Library Abbreviations School will offer approximately 30 scholar- A National Clearinghouse for Periodical ships and fellowships for 1967-68, in Title Word Abbreviations was established in amounts up to $6,700. Included are six pre- July 1966 by the American Standards Asso- doctoral ($2,400) and two postdoctoral ciation's Sectional Committee 239 on Stand- ($6,500) training stipends, both tuition-free, ardization in the Field of Library Work and for medical librarianship. A number of re- Documentation with a National Science search assistantships are also being offered; Foundation grant. The Clearinghouse, which these are on a half-time basis at an hourly will be operated for a three-year period by rate dependent upon the qualifications of the the Chemical Abstracts Services Library, Co- applicant. Application deadline for scholar- lumbus, Ohio, on a cost-recovery basis, will ships and fellowships is January 15, 1967; provide standard abbreviations for periodical for assistantships, any time during the year. title words that are not available in ASA 239.5-1 963 American Standard for Period- ments of College and University Library ical Title Abbreviations. The Clearinghouse Patrons." The first study will run for six will also provide additional abbreviations as months and involve the ALA Library Re- needed. The CAS Library will answer research Clearinghouse information gathering quests for abbreviations by telephone, tele- operations. The second study, which will graph, TWX, or mail, Monday through Fri- take two years to complete, will provide day between 7:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. The guidelines to be used by persons making requestee will be billed for reproduction costs decisions in the acquisition of science library plus labor and handling. materials. The emphasis wiII be on the smaller academic facilities. Members in the News HERMANH. HENKLE,Executive Director Coming Events of The John Crerar Library, Chicago, and The GEOSCIENCEINFORMATION SOCIETY HERBERTS. WHITE, Executive Director, will hold its first convention November 14-16 NASA Facility, Documentation, Inc., Be- at the Hilton Hotel in San Francisco. The thesda, Maryland, have been appointed by last day will be given over to a symposium President Johnson to the Advisory Council on The Use of Automated Systems in the on College Library Resources, which will de- Storage, Retrieval, and Publication of Geo- velop criteria for making supplemental and science Information. Symposium details are special purpose grants to college libraries for available from Mrs. Harriet W. Smith, Geol- the purchase of books and other materials ogy Librarian, 223 Natural History Building, under the Higher Education Act of 1965. University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. JAMESHUMPHRY I11 has been elected Vice- American University's Center for Technology President and President-Elect of the Ameri- and Administration will sponsor the INSTI- can Library Association's Association of Col- TUTE ON DATA-COMMUNICATIONSAND lege and Research Libraries. Other SLA DISPLAYOF MANAGEMENTINFORMATION members elected officers of ALA divisions from November 14-16, 1966, at the Twin and sections are: JULIUSP. BARCLAY,Secre- Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, Washington, tary, and LAWRENCES. THOMPSON,Vice- D. C. For enrollment, contact Paul W. How- Chairman and Chairman-Elect, Rare Books erton, Director, Center for Technology and Section; MARYE. SCHELL,Chairman, and Administration, 2000 G Street, NW, Wash- ington, D. C. 20006. RICHARDL. SNYDER,Vice-chairman and Chairman-Elect, Subject Specialists Section; A SEMINARIN SYNAGOGUELIBRARIANSHIP, JAMES K. DICKSON, Vice-chairman and cosponsored by the Jewish Library Associa- Chairman-Elect, Art Section; JANEWILSON, tion of Greater Philadelphia and Drexel In- Chairman, Law and Political Science Section; stitute of Technology's Graduate School of ROSE L. VORMELKER,Vice-president and Library Science, will be held every Tuesday President-Elect, Library Education Division ; evening, October 18-November 22. All syna- and WILLIAMS. BUDINGTON,Vice-Chair- gogue and temple librarians are invited to man and Chairman-Elect, Resources and attend; enrollment is limited to 35. The cost Technical Services Copying Methods Section. is $5. For further details, write Carol Yellin at the Drexel Library School, Philadelphia Two ALA Research Projects 19104. The American Library Association's Office The 1966 SYMPOSIUMON THE MANAGE- for Research and Development is undertaking MENT OF IMPROVEMENT,sponsored by the a U. S. Office of Education supported School of Industrial Engineering, will be held "Project to Develop Requirements for Estab- October 31-November 4 on the campus of the lishing an Information System for Research Georgia Institute of Technology. The pro- Activities in the Field of Librarianship and gram is designed for various executives and Information Science" and a National Science professionals concerned with improvement Foundation supported "Study of the De- activities. Registration fee is $200, and fur- cision Making Procedures for the Acquisi- ther details can be obtained from the Direc- tion of Science Library Materials and the tor, Department of Continuing Education, Relation of These Procedures to the Require- Georgia Tech, Atlanta 30332. Book Reviews up of the book, such as a lack of clear organization of the numerous topics discussed and a COBLANS,Herbert. Use of Mechanical Meth- rather strange distribution of the material into ods in Documentation Work. London: Aslib, the various parts. 1966. 89 p. 36 s. However, these limitations are more than off- When picking up a book on documentation, set by the extreme readability of the work, its one often finds the contents to be of the "deep coverage of many basic aspects, and its brief reading" type-a heavy style requiring a great and incisive evaluations. The novice may find deal of concentration on the part of the reader, the book to be one of the first steps into the involved discussions, and a highly technical whole field of documentation, and the special- language. Fortunately, this is not true of the ist may find it useful as a summary. Through- book under consideration-or rather booklet, out the work, the author shows an un- as it is only 89 pages long. Anyone who is at mistakable grasp of the subject. He has also all interested in the subject of documentation demonstrated this knowledge in numerous will find it practically impossible to lay this articles which have appeared in various work aside without having read a good portion journals in the past several years. of it. MICHAELS. KOCH,Chairman Part I-probably the most important section New York Documentation Group, SLA ---is, according to the author (p. 7), devoted State University of New York to the following major purposes: an attempt to Downtown Medical Center Library survey the potentialities of mechanical devices, Brooklyn, New York an examination of equipment and costs, and a description of mechanized systems "as they GODFREY,Lois E., and KELLER,Helen S., co- exist in the United Kingdom." (Actually the editors. Proceedings of the Regional Workjhop book also covers applications in various other on the Report Literature, Albuquerque, New countries, including the United States.) The Mexico, November 1-2, 1965. North Holly- author first provides some basic information on wood, Calif.: Western Periodicals Co., 1966, the three "phases" usually involved in mech- 150 p., $10. anization-input, storage, and output. He then The Proceedings of the Regional Wovhshop proceeds with a discussion of types of applica- on the Rebort Literature is a collection of 24 tions: "housekeeping" functions, e.g., acquisi- papers presented in six sessions of a two-day tions, cataloging, and circulation; the produc- meeting held November 1-2, 1965, in Albuquer- tion of abstracts, indexes and bibliographies; que, New Mexico. In the introduction to the and special applications, such as the indexing Workshop Helen Redman presented the back- of conference reports. The book describes vari- ground of events involving the two sponsors- ous important projects, frequently citing the the Rio Grande Chapter and the Science-Tech- literature where more details may be secured. nology Division of Special Libraries Associa- The rest of the work (Parts I1 and 111) is tion-which led to the conception of the re- taken up mainly with questions of information gional meeting. retrieval, permutation indexing, and selective Librarians who have a concern for the stat- dissemination of information. Though the ure of their profession should read these pro- treatment as a whole is quite cursory, there are ceedings. There are several important chal- many helpful comments regarding existing lenges to be found here for those who desire methods. Also, several special features increase to make worthwhile contributions to our Pro- the usefulness of the book: a selected, perti- fessional Estate. The regional meeting concept, nent bibliography, an appendix describing ex- if applied widely throughout the SLA mem- amples of equipment, and a detailed index. bership, will produce a significant increase in In this booklet, the author obviously tries to our professional contributions. This very suc- present a review or survey of developments- cessful Workshop uncovered all too obvious with helpful suggestions. Because of the brev- areas of professional endeavor that SLA mem- ity of the work and the great number of sub- bers should exploit. jects discussed, his attempt is only partially The topics of the Workshop sessions in- successful. Of necessity, depth of treatment has cluded familiar areas of interest on current been sacrificed to extensiveness of coverage. awareness, organization, processing, announc- IJnfortunately, too, there are several annoying ing report literature, security classification of and distracting features in the physical make- AEC and DoD reports, and user habits and needs. Selective Dissemination of Information Government publications, serials, out-of- (the computerized technique for achieving cur- print titles, foreign materials, translations, tech- rent awareness) was the topic presented by nical reports, trade catalogs, standards, speci- several speakers. The most notable speaker was fications, patents, conferences, symposia, maps, Melvin Day of the National Aeronautics and rnicrotexts, interlibrary loan, and photocopy Space Administration. are the "special materials" displayed here. This In addition to the papers presented, the information was originally presented in a se- Workshop conducted a project that featured ries of lectures at the San Franscisco Extension seven speakers on the subject of government Center of the University of California in the abstract publications. It was the intent of the spring of 1964. The series was planned by the project to evaluate several government agen- San Francisco Bay Region Chapter and pre- cies' published abstracts for comparative effec- sented in cooperation with the University of tiveness of each indexing scheme, scope of cov- California, Extension Continuing Education in erage, and how each contributed to the Librarianship. retrieval of report literature. Each of the six The lecturers, "practicing librarians familiar speakers selected a different subject, e.g. guided with the areas chosen," included the following missiles, semiconductors, metallurgy. Each specialists: Herbert K. Ahn, Mark H. Baer, speaker selected four reports related to his Charlotte G. Owens, Danny T. Bedsole, Rob- subject for use in evaluating the abstract jour- ert Maynard, Kenneth I. Pettit, and Thomas nals. The data was recorded on evaluation E. Ratcliffe. This distinguished collection of forms as they searched the abstract publica- experts not only does an excellent job of pre- tions. The primary publications used were: senting straightforward information on the Defense Documentation Center Technical A6- materials covered but also volunteers a great stract ~ul'/etin(DDC-TAB) , NASA Scientific deal of useful information concerning their itnd Technical Aerospnce Reports (STAR), personal experiences with publishers, book the Commerce Department's U. S. Gorern- dealers, and issuing agents of some of the ment Research and Development Report., organizations referred to in the text. (USGRDR), Government-Wide Index to Fed- The emphasis is placed on the means of eral Research and Dez,e/opment Reports identifying and obtaining materials that are 1G-WI). and Nuclear Science Abstracts. generally considered unusual in most libraries. The last speaker, instead of making an evalu- As is indicated in the chapter on technical ation from the subject approach, presented a reports, such materials are becoming increas- semi-critical review of one abstract publication ingly more important and less unusual because -the DDC-TAB-and compared it in part these are quite often the only forms in which with the NASA STAR. many of the organizations and institutions dis- The participants in the project concluded seminating information will publish. Thus, that these abstract tools were greatly improved quite a bit of information is presented on the over what they were a few years ago but there policies and procedures of thi issuing agencies was still room for improvement in most of of government organizations, international or- them. One suggestion was that all agencies co- ganizations, educational institutions, technical ordinate to publish one or two good indices, societies and associations, and symposia. instead of several mediocre ones. (This is a no- There has been a need for the type of in- ble suggestion for the ideal we want, but it formation offered here on the acquisition of map be too rich for our blood and Uncle Sam's such non-book materials as maps and micro- budget.) texts. Although there have been a great num- Those who participated in planning the ber of articles and some books published on the Workshop Program and those who prepared subject, none have really brought the problem the presentations deserve special commenda- into focus in such a comprehensive manner as tions for a job well done. has Mr. Pettit in his chapter. DEANK. LITTLE,Supervisor of Libraries This book is not unlike its British counter- Sylvania Electronic Systems part, Aslib's Special Mnteridls in the Library Waltham, Mass (London, 1963), edited by Burkett. Although the latter covers less material and its slant is JACKSON, Isabel H., ed. Arqzlisition of Spe- toward British publications, it is quite similar cial Materials. San Francisco: San Francisco in format-a collection of lectures. Bay Region Chapter, Special Libraries Associa- Each chapter is replete with useful information. 1966. 200 p. $5.75. (Available from tion. Undoubtedly, some of the material will Joseph R. Kramer, SLA San Francisco Bay not be of interest to some more experienced Region Chapter, P.O. Box 1184, San Carlos, librarians, but I think that most librarians will California 94070. ) find the publication as a whole to be very useful in then work with those special materials PHELPS,Ralph. Do You Use Your Engineer- covered. As a supplement to the usual guides ing Societies Library as Much as You Might? and textbooks required for courses in Library IEEE Spectrum, vol. 3, no. 5, May 1966, p. 80-3. Literature, this publication would add a new PIZER, Irwin H. Automation in the Library. dimension in subject matter. I recommend that Ho~pttnlProgre.rs, July 1966. every librarian should at least see it if not own RISTOW, Walter W. Maps. The Quarterly it. ]oz/rnd of the Library of Congres~,vol. 23, no. FLOYDL. HENDERSON,Assistant Librarian 3, July 1966, p. 231-42. Cargill Inc. Research Library STRAIN,Paula M. A Study of the Usage and Minneapolis, Minnesota Retention of Technical Periodicals. Library Re- sources & Technical service^, vol. 10, no. 3, SLA Official Directory Available Summer 1966, p. 295-304. The 1966-1967 O@cial Directory of Personnel VAINSTEIN,Rose. Public Libraries in British for Special Libraries Association is now avail- Columbia. 1964. 141 p. $2.00 (Distr. by Uni- able from Association Headquarters for $3.00 versity Book Store, University of British a copy. The 88-page, mimeographed volume Columbia, Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada.) contains the names and addresses of the Board of Directors, Association staff members, com- mittees, special representatives, and Chapter Library Publications: For and By Sought and Division officers and committee chairmen As a result of its workshop at the Minneapolis plus an index. Convention, the Publishing Division of Special Libraries Association is undertaking to gather PB. AD Reports Published in Japan samples of current bibliographies, special book The Science and Technology Section, Refer- lists, and promotional material currently being ence and Bibliography Division, of the Na- distributed by libraries of all types for their pa- tional Diet Library in Tokyo, Japan, has re- trons. Mrs. Helen E. Wessells, Chairman of the cently published PB. AD Reports Correlation Publishing Division, will welcome any such Index, which is a continuation of SLA's 1953 printed materials, which may be sent to her at Correlntion Index Document Series and PB -133 West 21st Street, New York 10011. Reports as well as covering entries appearing in the US. Government Research report^, Journal Notes vol. 19, July 1952 to vol. 39, December 1964. The abbreviations for institutions are based on CLUE (Clinical Literature Untoward Effects), those used in SLA's Dictionary of Report Se- a weekly service published by the International ries Codes. The explanatory note is in Japa- Information Institute, will report all side nese but the listing is in English. The 500f effects of drugs, prosthetic devices, cosmetics, page, paperbound index was printed in limited pesticides, and food additives appearing in supply and is intended for use at the National over 200 foreign biomedical periodicals. Ab- Diet Library. stracts are printed on 5 x 9 heavy stock paper perforated to include three 3 x 5 inch CLUE SLA Authors cards for storage. Quarterly indexes are published as an additional service. A one-year CHICOREL,Marietta. Statistical Ammunition: introductory subscription is $175 to profit- A Report on a National Conference on Library making organizations and foreign destinations; Statistics. Library Journal, vol. 91, no. 13, July $50 to nonprofit organizations and individuals. 1966, p. 3363-4. Both subscriptions include indexes. For details, GEORGI, Charlotte. This Librarian's Credo. contact Dr. Robert R. Blanken, Editor, 3i, Antiquarian Bookman, July 4-11, vol. 38, no. 2044 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 19103. 1-2, 1966, p. 24-6. NATIONALLIBRARY OF MEDICINE CURRENT GERLACH,Arch. C. A Career in Government. CATALOG,published by the Public Health Serv- Geography as a Professional Field (OE- ice of the U.S. Department of Health, Educa- 26015), no. 10, 1966, p. 21-8. tion, and Welfare, consists of 26 biweekly is- KIERSKY,Loretta J. Microfiche-An Interna- sues with quarterly and annual cumulations. tional Microform. The Rub-Off, vol. 17, no. Catalog citations carry the same bibliographic 3, May-June 1966. information appearing on the Library's catalog MULLINS,Lynn S. Sources of Information on cards. Biweekly issues contain author-title ci- Medical Geography. Bulletin of the Medical tations and a directory of publishers' repre- Library Association, vol. 54, no. 3, July 1966, sentatives. Quarterly and annual cumulations p. 230-42. have author, title, and subject sections. The annual will be clothbound and be included in tory, P.O. Box Y, February 1966. ix, 208 p. the subscription; it will also be available sep- plastic spiral binding. Apply. arately. Subscription orders, accompanied by a Annotated bibliography containing references check for $15 ($20 foreign) or indication to of interest to atomic and molecular processes research. Sources consisted of 52 scientific and charge to a deposit account number, should be four abstract journals. References are classfied sent to the Superintendent of Documents, into 14 categories and listed alphabetically by Government Printing Office, Washington, author in each category. Appendix A contains a D. C. 20402. list of report abbreviations, Appendix B a list of journals searched in 1964. RECENT REFERENCES BAKERLIBRARY, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Librarianship ADMINISTRATION,HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Printed Catalog of Current Jouwzals, 2nd ed. Cambridge, STECKLER,Phyllis B., ed. The Bowker Annual oj Mass.: January 1966. 64 p. pap. $5. Library and Book Trade Information, 1966. New A computer-produced list of current periodicals York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1966. 421 p. $10.25. and newspapers received more than twice a year. (L.C. 55-12434) The list duplicates information now found in the Special items featured in this eleventh edition library's card catalog. Revisions to be issued peri- include an exclusive report on federal support of odically. publishing, a description of federal legislative programs relevant to library anti-poverty efforts . Subject Li~tof Current Journals. Cam- in 1966, and a question and answer guide to bridge, Mass.: January 1966. 72 p. pap. $5. Title I1 ESEA. Includes also a summary, with A selected list, compiled with electronic data- pertinent tabular material, of the ALA findings processing equipment, which includes more than concerning the existing wide gaps between US. 2,000 titles of domestic and foreign journals and library service and ALA minimum standard re- United States government publications. Of spe- quirements. cial value to those interested in the periodical literature of business and economics. THOMPSON,Lawrence S. The Incurable Mania. Berkeley, Calif.: Peacock Press, 1966. 20 p. pap. BENNETT,Melvin, comp. Science and Technolog) : 4 x 5% inches. $1.75. (L.C. 66-16385) A Purchase Guide for Branch and Small Pub- A speech on collecting manuscripts and books, lic Libraries: Supplement 1964. Pittsburgh, Pa.: originally delivered at a dinner meeting of The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 4400 Forbes Manuscript Society, Los Angeles, on November 9, Avenue, 1965. 48 p. pap. stapled. $1 25 prepaid. 1965. 340 titles, listed alphabetically by author (most of which are annotated), suitable for use of Bibliographic Tools student and adult nonspecialist. Subject index. ADMINISTRATIVEMANAGEMENT SOCIETY. Man- BOWERS,Fredson, and BEAURLINE,L. A,, eds. agement Information Guide 1965-1966. Willow Studies in Bibliography, vol. 19. Charlottesville, Grove, Pa.: 1966. 72 p. pap. $5; $2.50 to SLA Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1966. 282 p. and AMS members. $10 ; $8 to members. This guide is a revised edition of the former A collection of papers of the Bibliographical Bibliography for Administrative Management. Society of the University of Virginia, published Contains more than 1,000 selected and anno- annually. Appended are A Selective Checklist of tated references to films, books, articles, and Bibliographical Scholarship for 1964, Notes on reports indexed in 41 management categories. Contributors, and Society Announcement and Gives easy access to references on subjects such Publications. as data processing, filing, forms, office layouts, system and work simplification, personnel, etc. CIVILAEROMBDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, AERO- Includes separate alphabetical, classification, and SPACE MEDICALRESEARCH LABORATORIES, and publishers' indexes. USAF SCHOOLOF AEROSPACEMEDICINE, joint sponsors. Biomedical Research Studies in Ac- ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY,LIBRARY celeration, Impact, Weightlessness, Vibration SERVICESDEPARTMENT. Argonne List of Serials, and Emergency Escape and Restraint Systems: A 4th ed. Argonne, 111.: 9700 South Cass Ave., Comprehensive Bibliography. Oklahoma City, February, 1966. 233 p. pap. Gratis to appropriate Okla.: 1963. xii, 3,072 p. post binding. Gratis. libraries. (Available from FAA Aeronautical Center, Civil Suoersedes and makes obsolete all earlier edi- Aeromedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1082). tions of this publication. Use and application A basic volume of a planned series, to be of the list, which is computer-produced, are continued in supplements, this bibliography is clearly and extensively explained in the fore- divided into the four major areas mentioned in word. Many of the entry items are available the title. Arranged alphabetically by author, it from the Laboratory through interlibrary loan. contains 10,036 entries, approximately 70 per ATOMIC AND MOLECULARPROCESSES INFORMA- cent of which include abstracts. Althouph cover- TION CENTER.Bibliography of Atomic and Mo- ing materials dated as early as 1818 and as late lecular Processes for 1964 (ORNL-AMPIC 3). as November 1963, this work is intended to Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Labora- aid, not to supplant, formal literature research. It is based upon and prepared from an index in engineering, agriculture, and medicine as well file of McBee rim-punch cards. Admittedly con- as source materials in the pure sciences. In this tains errors in alphabetizing, page and abstract edition, entries have been numbered, references numbers, and some entry duplications, the entries to reviews or discussions of many of the titles themselves, are correct. are included, and a reading list in each unit contains suggestions for background reading. ECONOMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE, AMERICAN UNIVERSI~OF BEIRUT. A Cumulation of a Se- JORDY,Sarah S., comp. International Bibliograph) lected and Annotated Bibliography of Economic of Studies on Alcohol, Volume I, References. Literature on the Arabic-Speaking Countries of 1901 -1950. New Brunswick, N. J.: Publications he Middle East, 1938-1960. Boston: G. K. Hall Division, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, Box & Co., 1966. $30; $40 after October 31, 1966. 566, 1966. $40. This one-volume bibliography consists of the Contains approximately 26,000 references to cumulated contents of an original volume (1938 scientific papers in 31 languages covering every through 1952) and of annual supplements aspect of topics such as alcohol, alcoholic bever- (through 1960) all compiled by the Economic ages, alcoholism, etc. Entries are arranged alpha- Research Institute of the American University in betically by author within each year. All English, Beirut. More than 800 entries collected from French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Latin titles libraries in London, Oxford, and Cambridge are listed in the original language, while those have been added to the original work for an from 25 other languages are translated into Eng- estimated 9,600 entries. The present cumulation lish Features references in each title to abstracts contains references in English, French, and Arabic axailable in the Classified Abstract Archive of the to articles, books, reports, monographs, official Alcohol Literature and, after 1940, also in the documents, and ephemera. Quarterly Jourzal of Studies on Alcobol.

EDUCATIONALRESEARCH COUNCIL OF GREATER KUHN, Warren B., comp. The Julian Street Li- CLEVELAND.Independent Study: An Annotated brary, A Preliminary List of Titles. New York: Bibliographp. Cleveland, Ohio: Rockefeller Bldg., R. R. Bowker Co., 1966. 789 p. $14.95. 4th Floor, 1966. 26 p. pap. $.75. Reproductions of Library of Congress cards for Lists and reviews approximately 150 books, the carefully selected, broadly based supplementary pamphlets, and articles judged most useful in collection of 8,555 books now housed in Prince- programs of independent study. This bibliography ton University's new Library Branch building. The is now being used in more than 400 Educational cards, or where not available their facsimiles, are Research Council Schools. arranged under 30 broad subjects. Author-subject and title-price indexes. HOOKER,G. Vernon et al., Air Force Scientific Research Bibliography 1959, vol. 3 ( AFOSR LASKY, Benjamin, comp. Communications and 700-111). Washington, D. C.: Air Force Office Electronics, Sup. I. PACAF basic bibliographies for of Scientific Research, Aerospace Research, USAF, Base Libraries. San Francisco: January 15, 1966. 1965. xiv, 693 p. illus. $4.75. (Available from iv, 44 p. pap. plastic spiral binding. Apply. (Avail- Government Printing Office.) able from Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Air Forces, A most comprehensive listing of research re- Attn.: DPSR, Command Librarian, APO San sults, this three volume bibliographic series is Francisco, 96553). supported and published by AFOSR and prepared Supplements the basic bibliography of the same through the cooperation of the Special Bibliog- title, dated July 1, 1964. Contains predominantly raphies Section, Science and Technology Division, titles published during 1964; however, some titles Library of Congress. Provides ready access to of earlier publication dates that are considered both published scientific literature and unpub- of special value are included. Author-title index. lished technical reports. The present work spans LATIN AMERICAN CENTER, DOCUMENTATION research published in 1959, with the two previous SECTION.Periodicals for Latin American Economic volun~es covering 1950 to 1956 and 1957 to Development, Trade, and Investment: An An- 1958. Subsequent volumes now in preparation notated Bibliography. Los Angeles: University of will make the bibliography current. California, 1966. 72 p. $2.50. HUNT, Florine E. Public Utilities, Information Provides full data and description of 220 Sources. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company, English and Spanish-language periodicals on Latin Book Tower, 1965. 200 p. $8.75. (L.C. 65-24658) America, published mainly in the Western Hem- An annotated guide to literature and bodies con- isphere. Gives detailed information, for each cerned with rates, economics, accounting, regula- nation, in numerous fields such as agriculture, tion, history, and statistics of electric, gas, tele- trade, finance, industry, production, marketing, phone, and water companies. Author, title, and transportation, business management, government subject indexes. activities, population, etc. Separate title, subject, and geographic indexes are included. JENKINS, Frances Briggs. Science Reference Sources, 4th ed. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illi- LEAMER,Laurence E. and GUYTON, Percy L., nois. xvi, 143 p. pap. $2.50. (Dist. by Illini cornp. Suggestions for a Basic Economics Librar?. Union Bookstore, Champaign.) New York: Joint Council on Economic Education, A useful guide to more than 1,300 bibliographi- 2 W. 46 St., 1965. 64 p. pap. $.75. cal and reference tools. Includes general works A revised, annotated bibliography designed to guide in seven successive steps the building of an $6,864-7.200 (depending on education and ex- economics library for school, classroom, or the perience), to start. Possibly Head Cataloger individual. More than 240 authors and over 80 position next year. Excellent fringe benefits: re- publishers. tirement, Social Security, Blue Cross, life insurance, major medical, 12 days' annual sick METCALF,Kenneth N. Transportatiorz, Information leave (cumulative to 60), 30 days' vacation. We Sources (Management Information Guide #8). need MLS from accredited library school, reading Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company, 1965. knowledge of at least one modern language 307 p. $8.75. (LC 65-24657) (preferably German), one year experience with An annotated guide to publications, agencies. LC if possible, since DC-LC change impending. Position open January 1, 1967. Idaho's blue skies, and other data sources concerning air, rail, water. interesting climate, and wonderful recreation and road, and pipeline transportation. Includes ap- vacation opportunities should make us charge pendices on transportation library collections, or- you to work here. Apply: E. Oboler, Idaho State ganization source books, university transportatim University Library, Pocatello, Idaho 83201. activities as well as separate subject and author- Phone: 208-236-3480 from 9-12, 1-5 (MST) title-source indexes. By the recently deceased for further details. - ... - ..- ..- - - --d Director of SLA. CIRCULATION L~BRARIAN-W~~~~~for college li- NATIONALARCHIVES AND RECORDSSERVICE, GEN- brary. Good salary based on experience for person ERAL SERVICESADMINISTRATION. List 01 hTatio?id willing to assume responsibility for all circulation Archiz,es Microfilm Publications. 1966. Washinc- procedures including maintenance of reserve book , - collection. Apply Librarian, Newark College of ton, D. C.: 1966. xii, 107 p. pap. Apply. (L.C. Engineering, 323 High Street, Newark, New A61-9222) Jersey 07102. Suoersedes list of the same title published in 1965. Arranged according to government organ- DENTALLIBRARIAN-Plan Library for new School izations, microfilm publications are listed by rec- of Dentistry building and expansion of present ord group within each major unit. Entries for collection of 6,000 volumes. Degree in library each microcopy contain information on: title, In- science and pertinent experience required. Posi- clusive dates, total number of rolls filmed and tion will carry beginning rank of Assistant Pro- fessor with beginning salary of $11,000. Open their total price, microcopy number, and general July 1, 1966. Faculty retirement and sick benefits descriptive or explanatory note when necessary. including social security. Usual professional vaca- Includes a numerical list of microfilm publications tion. Classification, cataloguing, and routine order- with corresponding page numbers, subject index, ing done by centralized Technical Services. Su- and a supply of microfilm order blanks. pervise assistants. This is opportunity to be the key person in developing library for one of the largest dental schools in the country. Write: Dr. William D. Phoenix, Associate Director, University of CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING Missouri at Kansas City Libraries, 5100 Rockhill Positions open atzd uavted-j0 cents per line; Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110. minimum charge $1.50. Other classifieds-90 cents a hie; $2.70 minimum. Copy must be recei~medby EXPERIENCEDCATALOGER-For cataloging scien- tenth of month preceditzg month of publication. tific books. Qualifications: MS. in library science. two or more years experience. familiarity with LC classification, academic background in the sciences, reading knowledge of one foreign language (pref- POSITIONS OPEN erably Russian). Salary open. 40-hour week, one month vacation, 30-day sick leave, faculty status, ACQLJI~ITIONSLIBRARIAN-For rapidly growing state retirement or TIAA. social security, life in- collection. Offer: $6,864-7,200, depending on surance, and voluntary Blur Cross-Blue Shield education and experience. Excellent fringe bene- plan. Apply: Director, Iowa State University Li- fits: Blue Cross, life insurance, major medical, brary, Ames, Iowa 50010. good retirement income, Social Security, 12 days' -- -- annual (accumulative to 60) sick leave, 30 days' REFERENCE LIBRARIAN-$~,~~~-$~,~~~.Library vacation, modern building, friendly staff and school graduate or experience. CATALOGER:$7,479- campus, four hours' drive from Yellowstone, $9,765. Library school graduate and experience. Sun Valley, Tetons, Salt Lake. Wanted: fifth Apply: R. T. McLemore, Medical Dental Library, year L.S. degree. Prefer at least one year ex- Howard University, Washington, D. C. 20001. perience in academic acquisitions division. Three references (one former employer) required. Posi- WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY-D~~~O~~,invites ap- tion open now. Apply: E. Oboler, Idaho State plications for and inquiries concerning four profes- University Library. Pocatello. Idaho. Phone 208- sional positions: a) Chief Acquisitions Librarian: 236-3480 from 9-12, 1-5 (MST) for further details. direction of staff of 24 plus 10,000 hours per year of student assistance; responsibility for expendi- CATALOGER-W~~~~~to take full charge of proc- ture of ca. $700,000; salary $12,000 or more. essing division of a college library. Good salary b) Three reference positions: humanities, social based on experience for capable person. Apply sciences with special business-economics respon- Librarian, Newark College of Engineering, 323 sibility, and science-technology. Salaries $7,100 High Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102. to $1 1,000 according to qualifications, tenure after initial term contract, liberal fringe benefits, ex- CATALOGINGLIBRARIAN--Rush. Rapidly growing cellent working conditions in a dynamic, rapidly university library needs efficient cataloger who growing university. Write Director of Libraries, wants early promotion and pay raise. We offer Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202. 604 WANTED TO BUY ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN PERIODICALS,duplicates, surplus for cash or ex- Leading research firm has opening for an change. Write for free Library Buying List. Can- Assistant Librarian with a MLS degree ner's SL, Boston 20, Massachusetts. or equivalent. Minimum of four years experience in an industrial technical library. FOR SALE Should have a working knowledge of ac- - - quisitions, cataloging, indexing, and cir- CHEMICALABSTRACTS-~~~S-~~. VO~. 33-57, unbound $750 or best offer. Shankman Labora- culation control as related to the entire col- tories, 2023 South Santa Fe Avenue, Los Angeles, lection (books, journals and reports). California 90021. Emphasis will be placed on experience in FOREIGNBOOKS and periodicals. Specialty: in- literature searching, reference work, and ternational congresses. Albert J. Phiebig, Box procurement of Contractural Documents. 352, White Plains, New York 10602. Thorough knowledge of DDC is manda- tory. A demonstrated ability to establish a rapport with technical personnel is desired. Laboratory facility is located in San Diego, California and presents a challenging position with significant responsibility. Salary commensurate with ability and experience. Reply in confidence to: WHITTAKER CORPORATION Narmco Research & Development Division Hundreds of Libraries-big and small-now print 3540 Aero Court, San Diego, California 3 x 5 professional catalog cards and ostcards (any Attention: Personnel Manager quantities) with new precision gearecfstencil printer or call especiallydesigned for Library requirements.Buy direct on Five Year Guarantee. FREE-Write TO- (714) 277-3040 Ext.: 271 DAY for deacription, pictures, and low direct price. CARDMASTER, 1920 Sunnyside. Dept. 410. Chicago 40

SCIENCE LIBRARIAN (Assistant) TECHNICAL Industrial library serving scientists doing LIBRARIAN basic research in chemistry, physics, space sciences, metallurgy, and biosciences, has . . . to assume responsibility for the library opening for person with Bachelor's Degree operation in a large electronics firm. AC in a Physical or Life Science and a Master's Electronics specializes in research, design, Degree in Library Science. development and manufacture of guidance, navigation and control systems for land, sea Varied responsibilities will depend on and space applications. qualifications but will include cataloging, Responsibilities include acquisition of tech- classifying, and indexing books, reports, etc. nical publications, reports and state-of-the- Some experience in a science library de- art references to support all phases of our sired but will consider bright beginner with engineering, research and development ef- specified education. fort. Located in a pleasant suburban community Desirable qualifications include a Masters 25 miles from New York City. Excellent degree in library science with a background cultural and educational resources. in physical science or engineering. Super- visory experience in an industrial technical Please submit resume to R. G. Massey, library operation preferred. Personnel Manager. Please submit resume to: UNION CARBIDE Robert W. Schroeder, Director Professiona.1 and Scientific Employmeni RESEARCH INSTITUTE AC ELECTRONICS DIVISION P.O. Box 278 General Motors Corporation Tarrytown, New York 10591 Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin An Equal Opportunity Employer An Equal Ofifiortunity Emfiloyer Male or Female TECHNICAL

INFORMATION I Complete composition, press and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- SPECIALIST pled with the knowledge and skill gained through fifty years of experience, can be put to your use-profitably Expanding research activities offer excellent opportunity to manage technical information retrieval and dissemination func- PRINTING COMPANY tion. Position carries complete responsibility for technical library Brattleboro, Vermont operations, information retrieval services, editing technical papers PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL and reports, and related func- OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOUATION tions.

Prefer degrees in chemistry and THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY in library science, plus 3-5 years has immediate openings for indexers experience. Pleasant working en- on the following periodical indexes : vironment in new, suburban Re- THE ART INDEX APPLIED SCIENCE & TECH- search Center. Adequate staff NOLOGY INDEX Applicants must be capable of performing assistance. accurately the detailed work required in assigning appropriate subject headings to articles in current periodicals on the re- Please send resume and salary respective subjects. Some subject background is essential; knowledge of cataloging and/ quirements in confidence to: or library experience, while desirable, are not absolute requirements. Salary will depend on qualifications and experience and will be reviewed annually. Jerry G. Steely Many company benefits such as vacations, Employee Placement & Training sick pay, pensions, Blue Cross, Blue Shield, Major Medical, etc. Five day, 35-hour week. Kerr-McGee Corporation Applications should be addressed to: Kerr-McGee Building The Personnel Department Oklahoma City, Oklahoma The H. W. Wilson Company 950 University Avenue AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER Bronx, New York 10452 TECHNICAL INFORMATION SPECIALIST AND LITERATURE SEARCHER FACT-FINDERS WITH AREOPAGZTICA*

Help us build the finest technical library in America. Convair is currently engaged in an unparalled five-year program of aerospace research. This means combining the two large aerospace libraries of CONVAIR and the former ASTRONAUTICS DIVISION. It means instituting new systems for document control, SDI, retrieval, and retrospective literature search. We need two key personnel for document acquisition and literature search who can help us build these new systems. If you have a degree in library science and technical library experience, you will find this a challenging and rewarding opportunity. -'AREOPAGITICA: LOVE OF LEARNING (GR) .-- If you are interested in a career at CONVAIR, please send your detailed resume to Mr. J. J. Tannone, Supervisor, Professional Placement and Personnel, GENERAL DYNAMICS CONVAIR DIVISION, 5564 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego, Calif. 92112.

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GENERAL DYNAMICS Convair Division San Diego, California An Equal Opportunity Employer Medical Library Association Handbook of Medical Library Practice publicat ions Edited by Gertrude L. Annan SERIALS and Jacqueline W. Felter. 3d ed. Vital Notes on Medical Periodicals Discusses problems common to Records births, deaths, and title changes all libraries 3 times a year In preparation $5.00 year Selected Papers of John Shaw Billings Bulletin of Compiled, with a life of Billings the Medical Library Association by Frank Bradway Rogers. 1965 Articles of interest to all librarians Papers on medical bibliography by the 4 times a year founder of the National Library of $12.00 year (single nos. $3.50) Medicine, $6.00 Directory of INDEXES the Medical Library Association Bulletin of Paper. Published in even years the Medical Library Association $5.00 V. 1-40, 191 1-1952, $3.50 v. 41-50, 1953-1962, $2.00 MONOGRAPHS Develooment of Medical Bibliograohv- -- by ~s&lleBrodman. 1954 An important contribution in the Medical Library Association history of science bibliography 91 9 North Michigan Avenue, $5.00 Chicago, Illinois 60611

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS *Aviation subject headings and classifica- National insurance organizations in the tion guide, 1966 ...... $6.30 United States and Canada, 1957 .... Business and industrial libraries in the Picture sources, 2nd ed., 1964 ...... United States, 1820-1940, 1965 .... 7.00 "LA directory of members, as of June Correlation index document series & PB 28, 1966, 1966 ...... members reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 nonmembers Creation & development of an insur- Source list of selected labor statistics, ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 rw. ed., 1913 ...... Dictionary of report series codes, 1962 12.75 Sources of commodity prices, 1960 .... Directory of business and financial serv- *Sources of insurance statistics, 1965 . . ices, 1963 ...... 6.50 Special Libraries Association personnel Directory of special libraries, 1953 .... 5.00 survey 1959, 1960 ...... *German chemical abbreviations, 1966 . 6.50 *Special libraries: a guide for manage- *Guide to metallurgical information ment,1966 ...... (SLA Bibliography no. 3), 2nd ed., Special libraries: how to plan and equip 1965 ...... 7.00 them (SLA Monograph no. 2), 1963 Guide to Russian reference and language Subject headings for financial libraries, aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4), 1962 4.25 1954 ...... Handbook of scientific and technical Subject headings in advertising, market- awards in the United States and Can- ing, and communications media, 1964 ada, 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 Translators and translations: services Literature of executive management and sources in science and technology, (SLA Bibliography no. 5), 1963 ... 4.25 2nded.,1965 ...... hfap collections in the U.S. and Can- US. sources of petroleum and natural ada; a directory, 1954 ...... 3.00 gas statistics, 1961 ...... *Latest publications SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS-Subscription, $10.00; Single copies, $d.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription, $12.50; Foreign, $14.00; Single copies, $2.00 TECHNICRL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00 ; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 SLA server ar the U.S.sales agent for selected Aslib publications Bro-Dart: Books SUPPLIES Furniture Charging Systems Book Processing Colorprints r

Except the librarian who knows your name is legion. He also knows that the very best way to repair damaged and worn book spines, reinforce magazines and reclaim paperbacks is with Bro-Dart's easy-to- letter-on BOOK-AIDB. But even the librarian may not know that now Book-Aid embossed cloth tape is packaged with release paper backing. Now there are no more sticky problems like adhesive transfer. Bleeding. Gapping. Telescoping. Bro-Dart research and development has made Book-Aid easier to use while prolonging its shelf life. New, too: a permanent positioning line! Just cut off the desired length, peel For further information, Dept. SL-11 off the backing and let the centering line show you exactly where to place your book or magazine for neat, precise application. New, improved Book-Aid saves money by saving books . . . from anonymity. 56 Earl St., Newark, N.J. 07114 If you want to save sagging spines Newark. Williamsport. Los Angeles .Brantford, Ontario LAY IT ON THE LINE! THE COMPLETE LIBRARY SOURCE Key business data sources summarized by expert editors in new subject bibliographies MANAGEMENT INFORMATION GUIDES Editor: Paul Wasserman, Dean, Graduate Library School, University of Maryland To document the rapid accun~ulation of in- fronting both the less-developed nations and formation, dozens of subjects of vital interest those assisting them. 339 pages. to businessmen. researchers, and librarians are being included in this much-needed new series Standards and Specifications Information of information source books. Sources: A Guide to Literalure etrid to Public cirui Pri~wtc Agencies Cor~cerrwd with Tech- These authoritative new reference tools are hc- 11ologicu1 Uniformities in Descripliorl artd ing compiled by experts in each subject area Mcr~rrtfactrtri~rg.Edited by Erasmas J. Sttuglia, and all books in the MIG Series cite the Consumers Union of the U. S. Deals with the principal information sources in each field- standardization activities that pertain to the de- dictionaries and encyclopedias, handbooks. velopn~ent, coordination, and application of a government agencies and publications. pen- rational system of standards. 187 pages. odicals, directories, associations. research centers, and specialized libraries. Public Utilities Information Sources. Edited by Florine E. Hunt, Public Service Electric and Listings for each printed source ol information Gas Company, Newark, New Jersey. A com- include full bibliographic details plus annota- prehensive listing of literature covering rates, tions. Entries for organizations and governmen- economics, accounting, regulations, history, tal bodies are similarly detailed. Each hook is and statistics of public utility companies sup- fully indexed. plying electricity, gas, telephone service, and water. 200 pages. THESE TITLES AVAILABLE NOW Transportation Information Sources. Edited by Real Estate lnformation Sources. Edited hy Kenneth B. Metcalf, late archivist and librarian, Janice B. Babb and Beverly F. Dordick, Na- Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, tional Association of Real Estate Boards. Di- Dearborn, Michigan. An annotated guide to rects users to information on more than a publications, agencies, and other data sources thousand important real estate topics. (In Li- concerning rail, air. water, road, and pipeline /wary Jul~rnallist of "Best Business Rooks of transportation. 307 pages. 1963.") 317 pages. Building Construction Information Sources. Business Trends and Forecasting lnformation Edited by Howard B. Bentley, Arclrifec!io.crl Sources. Edited bv James B. Wov. Mercantile Forrcrrr and House rrnd Home magazines. Library, Free ~.ib;ar~of Philadelphia. Provideb Covers building industry information sources bibliographical notes on theoretical and tech- concerning major basic problems and lesser nical publications and sources of data, as well matters of every-day concern. (In Lihrcrry Jorrr- ;IS a unique glossary of terms used in economic rrcd list of "Best Business Books of 1964.") l X l forecasting, useful to either professional or lay- pages. man. 152 pages. Public Finance lnformation Sources. Edited by Governnient Regulation of Business, Including Vera H. Knox. The Tax Foundation. Thor- Antitrust. Edited by Beatrice S. McDermott and oughly documents the econon~ics of govern- Freada A. Coleman. A selective guide to pub- ment-the collection of revenues and their dis- lications of federal scope, issued since 1950, bursement. (In Lihrury .f<)~rr~rcr/list of "Hest pertaining to the Antitrust Division. Depart- Business Books of 1964.") 142 pages. ment of Justice. and the "big six" agencies: Civil Aeronautics Board; Federal Communica- Textile Industry lnformation Sources: AII Arr- tions Con~n~ission;Federal Power Commis- rroftrtc~tl Guidc to tlre Litercrt~rw of Tcxtilc sion: Interstate Commerce Commission; Securi- Fihc~r~.D\c,.s u~rdDyei~rg, Desigrr orrd Descrip- tie5 and Exchange Con~mission; and Federal 1io11. Wru~~irrg.Mochi~rery, arrd Other Subjects. Trade <'ommission. (111 prrss) Edited by Joseph Kopycinski, Lowell Tech- nological Institute. Covers the literature of OTHER SUBJECTS TO BE COVERED America's ninth largest industry. 194 pages. Volumes non being edited coccr such diverse The Developing Nations: A Grtidi~to I~rlorri~tr- subjects as drugs, machine tools, investments tio~Sorrrcc,.~ Corrcc~rriiri,p Their Ecor~ornic,Po- and investment analysis, and accounting; and lificctl, T~~clirric~rla~rtl Socirrl P1.oh1er1r.s.Edited \uch specialized topics as computers. data proc- hy Eloise ReQua and Jane Statham, Library of essing. and packaging. International Relations. <'over\ material touch- ing upon all economic, technical. social. and $8.75 per volunic political a~pectsof the difficult prohlenis con- Examine Complete Series on 30-Day Free Trial Basis GALE RESEARCH COMPANY 1400 Book Tower, Detroit, Michigan 48226