Université De Montréal Henna for Brides and Gazelles: Ritual, Women's Work, and Tourism in Iviorocco Par Patricia L. Kelly S

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Université De Montréal Henna for Brides and Gazelles: Ritual, Women's Work, and Tourism in Iviorocco Par Patricia L. Kelly S Université de Montréal Henna for Brides and Gazelles: Ritual, Women’s Work, and Tourism in IViorocco par Patricia L. Kelly Spurles Département d’Anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en anthropologie Mars, 2004 © Patricia L. Kelly Spurles, 2004 GJ n Lf n Université Jh de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexciusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, soTely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial exttacts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL FACULTÉ DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES Cette thèse intitulée Henna for Brides and Gazelles: Ritual, Women’s Work, and Tourism in Morocco Présentée par: Patricia L. Kelly Spurles a été évaluée par un jury compose des personnes suivantes: Michel Verdon Deirdre Meintel Iosiane Le Gail Malcoim Blincou Marie-Andrée Bertrand u’ Résumé Le henné, une teinture végétale semi-permanente, est utilisé ir de nombreuses fins au Maroc, tout comme dans d’autres sociétés musulmanes. Le Hadith atteste l’usage du henné pour soulager la douleur arthritique et comme colorant utilisé par les hommes, pour teindre les cheveux et la barbe, et par les femmes, pour colorer leurs pieds et mains. Cette association du henné avec l’Islam a donné à cette plante une connotation religieuse. Cependant, l’utilisation rituelle du henné, particulièrement lors de mariages et de funérailles, tire ses racines d’une époque encore plus ancienne, suivant un modèle d’ocre rouge utilisé aux balbutiements de la société humaine. Les pratiques contemporaines de henné sont fortement associées aux cérémonies qui marquent les transitions calendriques et biologiques. Appliqué aux femmes qui se préparent au mariage ou à l’accouchement, destiné à la circoncision de l’enfant mâle et réintégré après le décès d’un époux, le henné indique (et illustre) le passage de personnes qui doivent surmonter des périodes difficiles — une signification qui a été facilement adaptée pour englober la lirninalité physique et sociale qui accompagne les déplacements. Au cours des dernières années, les pratiques du henné ont acquis de la popularité, surtout depuis l’apparition d’artisans qui appliquent du henné pour les touristes locaux et étrangers dans les marchés publics. Des conflits, en particulier entre les artisans et la police, font ressortir l’importance socioéconomique de ce travail et la prégnance d’attitudes à manipuler la tradition pour gagner ou retenir le contrôle de l’argent gagné dans ce secteur à profits élevés. La présente étude, qui adopte une approche de biographie culturelle, rompt avec les évaluations touristiques axées sur les répercussions pour examiner comment la signification est intégrée à de nouveaux rites au moyen 1) d’un sondage sur les pratiques du henné qui détermine les caractéristiques générales et spécifiques aux collectivités marocaines musulmanes et juives; 2) de similarités et de contrastes entre les connaissances techniques et sociales des producteurs du secteur local et touristique contemporain liées à l’application du henné; et 3) d’un contexte social de production. Les données ont été recueillies durant l’observation de 15 artisans du henné du secteur local et de 30 artisans du secteur touristique réalisée pendant 18 mois au Maroc en 1998 et en 2000 et 2001. Les pratiques contemporaines sont mises en contraste avec les descriptions tirées de dossiers ethnographiques du 19e siècle et du début du 20e siècle, avec une attention particulière aux sources d’expression française. [399 motsl IViots—clés Henné, rites, tourisme local, tourisme international, secteur informel, marchandises, genre, travail, IViaroc iv Abstract Henna, a semi-permanent vegetable dye, is used in many contexts in Morocco, as in other Muslim sociedes. The hadith document die use of henna to relieve arthritic pain, and as a dye used by men to color die hait and beard, and by women to stain their hands and feet. This association of henna with Islam gave die plant die stamp of religious ordiodoxy. However, die ritual use of henna, notably its use at marnage and burial, has much earlier foots, following a pattem of red ochre use in very early human society. Contemporary henna practices are strongly associated with ceremonies that mark calendrical and life cycle transitions. Applied to women preparing for marnage or childbirth, awaidng a male child’s circumcision, and re-entening die community after a spouse’s death, henna indicates (and conveys) die passage of individuals through dangerous states — a meaning diat bas been easily adapted to encompass die physical and social liminality that accompanies travel. In recent years, henna practices have been increasingly commodidzed, particularly widi die appearance of artisans who apply henna for domestic and international tounists in public markets. Conflicts between artisans and police, in particular, highlight bodi die socio-economic importance of dis work and die salience of manipulating tradition in gaining/retaining control of cash earned in this high profit sector. Employing a cultural biography approach, this study breaks widi impact otiented evaluations of tounism to examine how meaning is embedded in newly commoditized riwals through 1) a survey of henna practices dat identifies general characterisflcs as well as those specific to Muslim and Jewish Moroccan communities; 2) similanities and contrasts between contemporary local and tourist sector producers’ technical and social knowledge relating to henna application; and 3) die social context of production. Data vas drawn from participant observation among 15 local and 30 tourist sector henna artisans carried out over 1$ months of fleldwork in Morocco in 199$, and 2000-2001. Contemporary practices are contrasted widi descriptions drawn from the nineteenth and early twendedi cenmry edinographic records, with particular attention to French sources. [336 wonds] Key words: Henna, rimai, domestic tourism, international tourism, informai sector, commoditization, gender, work, Morocco V A cknowledgments The preparation, research, and writing of this work have been facffitated by many people. My debt to die artisans who embraced my project is immeasurable. Neighbors and acquaintances who became dear friends while I was in die fleld provided far more than context and anecdotes, and my debt to them is nearly as great. Here, my recognidon bas been in person rather than in print. Only to protect the anonymity of my research community do I reluctandy refrain from mendoning them by name. Those who, however, contributed in their officiai capacides include Ahmed Skounti (Ministère de la Culture), Azzouz Tnifass (École Supérieure du Tourisme), Khalid Bouzidi (Université Cadi Ayvad), Amine K.abbaj, architect, and Ahmed Serhane, graphic artist and professor of fine arts. Eric Ross of Al-Akhawayn University offered institudonal support that vas essential. After returnmg from die fleld, Gina Hunter de Bessa, Despina Stradgakis, and Karen Coats, of die Facuhy Reading Group on die Body at flhinois State University provided a sdmuladng forum for die flrst discussions of dis research. Wendy Woidi of die Mennonite College of Nursing idennfled die hypodermic syringes and needles dat I brought back from die field and discussed deir uses in a clinical setdng. During tins period, Geoffrey Wall of die Universitv of Waterloo and Jane Hentici of de University of Memphis generously read and commented on what is now Chapter 4. The opportunity extended by Chrisflane Paponnet-Cantat of de University of New Brunswick to teach courses on Nordi Africa, die Middle East, and tourism provided a welcome opportumty to return to Canada and begin to integrate my research into die classroom. vi Much of die writing vas accomplished while teaching at Mount Mlison University. Affison Estabrooks and Darlene Estabrooks provided administrative support and cheered me on each day. Arlene Dupais located many articles and books from Morocco’s colonial period, and enriched my literature survey considerably. Josh Smith identified the basic concepts involved in henna chemistrv, and directed me ta Stephen Duffy and Andrew Grant who explained some of die processes invoÏved in henna dyeing. My teaching assistants Natalie Ward and Margaret Hoyt provided aid that vas invaluable. That I was able to complete my dissertation while teaching a full load is due in large part to their tremendous competence and optimism in helping with die papenvork and grading associated with my large intro class. Papers deriving from this research were presented at Mount Affison University, Universitv af Ottawa, and McGffl University. My dissertation has benefited from die insightful remarks of those in attendance at these presentations.
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