Recent Advances in Environment, Energy Systems and Naval Science
Preparation of seismic hazard map in Qazvin province
*Mahdi Moharrampur1), Moslem Jahangir Bakht2), Mahya Katuzi 3)and Mohammad Reza Sadegh Moghaddam4)
1), 2) Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, bruin Zahra Branch, Iran 3) Department of Electricity Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Iran 4) Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Iran 1)[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Qazvin province is one of the most important, economic and politic city in Iran because of it’s population centralization, industrial spaces and it’s Tehran neighborhood, so making it to a safe city is so important then, in this study, geology maps with reports about 8 parts of this region were prepared and active and semi active faults in this region were acquainted then, historical earthquake maps and isomotechtonic map in this region and around were studied and prepared in scale of 1:500000 by calculating the seismic parameters and using the SeisRiskIII software, the same haste map and earthquake dividing map were drawn. The results show that the earthquake with 7.4 Richter may happen in future. At last, the prepared earthquake hazard map were compared with earthquake engineering and seismology international institute’s hazard map, the results show they were so similar to each other. Some advantages of hazard map are high accuracy, precision and clarity.
1. INTRODUCTION
Earthquake is a natural event that is usually made by slipping or moving the related plates to Fracture of earth solid crust. The event is followed by releasing abundant elasticity energy of sudden quake of these plates to the others. By releasing this energy, violent quakes makes destruction of building in this regions which near to the
1), Instructor 2) Instructor 3) undergraduate Student 4) Instructor
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fault happening (faulting zone). in addition to Earthquake, slipping and passing the waves of Earthquake in surface and into the earth can increase the ruins. The points that are situated in center or near the center bear the most rate of hurt and damage. So getting acquainted to seismic sources as resources of earthquake and knowing the danger of damage which threaten cities and villages, can help to make safe of buildings and constructions especially important buildings. Finding location of modern population and industrial centers with knowing the danger of earthquake is unimperfect affair that follows irreparable damage. In the subject, the analysis of earthquake hazard and preparing the hazard maps of earthquake can be guide. In this project earthquake danger plan for one of the seismic zone of our country, Iran, Qazvin was prepared.
2. Materials and methods
Studied area and the used Data
The studied area is located on (48) to (51) geographical length and (34.5) to (37.5) geographical width. Earthquake statistical and the related parameters to earthquake were used in two groups historical (before 1900) and instrumental till 2010. Examining and studying the seismic sources getting acquainted to geology characteristic and seismicity and seismic sources is so necessary for preparing of earthquake danger maps.
Examining and studying the seismic sources
The ranges of the studied earthquakes are related to the recognized faults, that are located in that area. There are about 52 fundamental seismic (faults with more than 10 kilometers length) in the studied area. Moving one of these faults can cause big and horrible earthquake. For example some of the most important of these faults, are the fault in the north of Qazvin with more than 80 kilometers length, Abeyek fault with more than 85 kilometers length, Khazar fault with about 600 kilometers length,….. . Each of them has precedence earthquake. The tensions of them are in North West, East South, West and East. Aggregation of fault fractions in North, North East, center and South of the studied area make it not safe place for living. In this project the length of each fault were gained using the references, then the majority of the fault magnitude of this area were calculated by experimental rules, Mohajer Ashjaei Norouzi (1978), Ambarsyz Melvil (1982) and Norouzi (1985). The results are shown in table (1). The table also contains the length of each fault.
Table 1. majority of the fault magnitude
Respective magnitude (Ms) Approx imate Experimental AV N A.M M.A. Fault Fault name magnitude N length number (km) 6.9 7.1 7.0 6.7 48 Masuleh 1 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 600 Khazar 2
ISBN: 978-1-61804-032-9 236 Recent Advances in Environment, Energy Systems and Naval Science
6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 40 Soleh sara 3 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 45 Bina kasr 4 7.2 7.3 7.3 6.9 75 Javaher dasht 5 7.1 7.2 7.2 6.9 62 Kelisum 6 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.2 120 Harzdil 7 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.8 49 Chalakrud 8 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.7 44 Asan mahaleh 9 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.7 42 Nosha 10 7.1 7.3 7.2 6.9 67 Banan 11 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.0 85 Keshachal 12 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.1 106 Soltanieh 13 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 28 Niadarreh 14 7.1 7.2 7.1 6.9 57 Zavardasht 15 7.6 7.1 7.2 7.2 6.9 60 Shahrud 16 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.0 76 Kandovan 17 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.6 31 Hesarchal 18 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4 12 Prachan 19 7.6 7.0 7.1 7.1 6.8 53 Alamutrud 20 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 49 Aftabru 21 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.7 41 Shekarnab 22 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.2 6.9 61 North qazvin 23 5.9 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.8 48 Taleghan 24 7.1 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.4 200 Mosha 25 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4 18 Gheshlagh 26 7.7 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.1 90 North tehran 27 7.1 7.2 7.2 6.9 40 North 28 eshtehard 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.0 85 Hasan abad 29 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 28 South jaru 30 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.0 87 Epak 31 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.6 23 Beshbulagh 32 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.7 39 Kulanjen 33 7.2 7.4 7.3 7.0 80 Avaj 34 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 25 North jaru 35 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.1 110 Parandak 36 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.0 87 Khoshkrud 37 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 24 Khankish 38 7.1 7.3 7.2 6.9 66 Kushnosrat 39 Alborz 40ا 300 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 19 Endes 41 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 23 Azedin 42 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.7 40 Talkhab 45 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 26 Tabarteh 46 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.0 72 Qom 47
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6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 19 Angrud 48 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.0 65 Ghezeluzan 49 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.7 40 Perkuh 50 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4 18 Zardgoli 51 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.4 22 Fashand 52
Qazvin province seismic and around
As we mentioned, the studied area is one of the most important seismic area in Iran and world for its special geology situation and existence of more active faults, more than 10 historical earthquakes happened in this area and around and they caused more criminal victims such as, the oldest earthquake in this area was in segzabad in three thousand years before Christ. This village is located in 8 kilometers west of Boeinzahra, archaeology study shows that three thousand years before Christ, the big and horrible earthquake also happened in this area that the culture of the region was destroyed totally and another historical earthquake of this area is related to one that happened in 1119 (A.D) that the magnitude of it is 6.5 in scale of surface waves. This earthquake is may related to the movement of one of the fault near Qazvin city and the movement of fault in North of Qazvin is more possible. The instrumental earthquake were registered in this area are abundant, such as the biggest earthquake with the most criminal victims in Iran is one that happened in Boeinzahra 1962 and Rudbar Manjil 1990. The recent earthquake killed more than 30000 people and Avaj earthquake in 22 Jun, 2002 with 6.5 magnitude of surface waves had more than 200 victims and several hundred traumatic so these results show that emphasis on the earthquake hazard in this area is so important.
Preparation of Qazvin province and around seismic map
In this study, the seismic maps were prepared in scale of 1.500000 by using quadrant seismic maps of Qazvin Rasht, Saveh, Ghom, Hamedan, Kabutarahang, Zanjan and Bandaranzali, that they were used in next parts specialy in danger analysis part and earthquake hazard map. Some of the manifest traits of it are the width of the studied area, presentation the major of fault and high accuracy for finding the earthquake position. (Fig1). Estimating the seismic parameters of Qazvin province In this part, analyzing the seismic parameters of Qazvin province (a,b or λ,β) with Keijko selovol (1992) were done by using the data that are related to Qazvin province seismic and around (quadrant with nonagon 48 to 51 degrees geographical length and 34.5 to 37.5 degrees geographical width). The used data in this part were extracted from collection of basis information about Iran seismic book edited by Moein far and his co workers in Iran seismic information bank. These data contain time and date of the earthquake event, geographic coordinate, magnitude and club depth. In Kijko method, before inserting the seismic data, they have to be examined and analyzed, then for achieving to povason dispersion, aftershock and foreshock are omitted by comparative windows omitted and completion the earthquake schedule for surfactant waves magnitude and club depth method.
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In this project, melvil Ambersyz (1992) were used for calculating the seismic magnitude in scale of surfactant waves for earthquakes which they don’t have magnitude in scale of surfactant waves. The results were examined in two conditions, the first conditions, historical and instrumental earthquake were calculated with each other. Second condition, instrumental earthquake were calculated only. Finally we understood that the historical and instrumental data about one area can help us to predict the seismic hazard.
Fig1. Seismic map of Qazvin province and around
Analyzing the earthquake hazard: preparation of the same haste bend and dividing Qazvin province earthquake hazard
Earthquakes can have a destruction effects because of these events: 1 Motion of earth because of fault vibration 2 Hard shaking through seismic waves transmission 3 Ground sedimenting through sand sheet slipping and ascending the underground water surface.
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These are three different and important reasons that manifest earthquakes have a destruction effect on our lives, but getting acquainted about the earthquake hazard and using the safe methods can reduce these bad effects so in this part, analyzing the earthquake hazard are so important and benefit specially in places which they had earthquakes precedence. Earthquake analyzing were done in three different method, absolute, experimental statistical and probability. In this study probability method was used as a main method.
Analyzing the earthquake hazard by probability method
In this method the most probable earth movement during lifetime is estimated and some factors such as earthquakes return period, permissible risk percentage and analyzing the probable earthquake through structural benefit lifetime. Finally, decreasing the basis of earthquake (D.B.E) project is accomplished by achieving the maximum acceptable earthquake (M.C.E) through structural benefit lifetime. So SeisRiskIII a computer program was used. This is one of the most famous codes for analyzing earthquake hazard. Egress of this program is horizontal haste for special period as return period for the same haste bend were drawn. At last, earthquake hazard map with different return period for Qazvin province were drawn. In this study Kampbel Bozorgnia (1998) equation were used:
Ln(PGA)= 3.512+0.904M 1.328Ln[Rs2+(0.149exp(0.647M)2]0.5+[1.125 0.112Ln(Rs) 0.095M]F+[0.044 0.171Ln(Rs)]Ssr+[0.405 0.222Ln(Rs)]Shr+ζ
In this equation, PAG is an average between two horizontal components of earth haste top as g,M earthquake torque, Rs is the least distance to fault rupture, when the fault is crux tension or normal, F=0 and when its pressure kind, F=1 and for land condition, Shr, Ssr were used and some parameters such as ζ , σ were used for haphazard errors with zero average and standard deviation.
Preparation of earthquake hazard map for Qazvin province and around:
Iran is a country which has more potential for seismic and Qazvin province only had big earthquakes. Boeinzahara (1962), Manjil Rudbar (1990) earthquakes and Avaj had a recent earthquake, are some of the big and horrible earthquakes in this region. So analyzing and studying about earthquakes, seismology and studying about the building structural are so necessary , so in this project earthquake hazard map were prepared in this province and, province were divided to four different parts in this map; very high, high, average and low danger, each part has a special color in the map(Fig2).
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Fig2. Qazvin province seismic map
Prepared hazard map in this study is shown in fig2 and prepared hazard map by earthquake engineering and seismology international institute is shown in fig3.
Fig3. Qazvin province seismic map that was prepared by seismology and earthquake engineering international institute
Conclusion
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1 Geology observations show that the studied area is one of the activist areas in Iran and quartz faults emphasize this fact. 2 In Qazvin region and around, there had big and destroyer earthquakes records and they emphasized on high danger for destroyer earthquakes in these cities Qazvin, Takestan, Boeinzahra, Abeyek, Abegarm and Avaj. These faults are inverse with great length that movement of each of them can cause a horrible earthquake. 3. Through the mentioned cities, Qazvin, Abeyek and Avaj are more seismogenic because they are so near to big faults. Avaj is located on Avaj fault it’s so big and there wasn’t any movement records. It’s threatened to earthquake, so Avaj is the first one and Qazvin is the next one. 4. Qazvin is province center and its 11 kilometers far from the fault in north of Qazvin, the results show that the only activity of this fault is returned to 1119 that caused an earthquake with 6.5 magnitude. This fault is inverse and it is inactive for long time so if it moves, violent energy will be released and we will have a horrible earthquake with 6.9 to 7.1 magnitudes. That’s true for Abyek. 5. The results show that Takestan is 40 kilometers far from the nearest fault and it’s the safest city in this province. 6. Return period of this region’s earthquakes are so different. For example earthquake return period with 7 magnitudes is 66 years without considering on historical earthquakes but by entering historical earthquakes in the equation it will be 396 years. These results show the importance of enough information about region seismic. 7. When you are using the same haste bend map, be careful that the hastest is calculated in fault tension and the hastest is related to the North East of province and South region of Alborz mountain, Masha tension fault, North of Tehran, Eshtehard, Abeyek and Avaj. 8. Earthquake hazard map was prepared through the rule of 2800 and the same haste bend map and the region is divided to four groups in this map, very high, average and low danger. North East of the province is very high danger part, center of the province is in tension of 35.75 degrees circuit and high danger and some other parts of the province are in low danger part. 9. The results show it’s so important to follow the security principles for manufacturing especially in big cities, meanwhile, in this region because of suitable farms, village dispersal are clear, so structure resistant isn’t considered properly and unfortunately the major population live in these village houses which destroyed easily. It’s so necessary to make more resistant structures, it’s good to mention to this fact that in final steps of this project, Avaj, Changureh and Abdareh horrible earthquake happened (2002). The writers of this project visited these parts, this region’s villages have structures which don’t have any resistant in front of earthquake, so preparation of earthquake rules for resisting the village structures in front of earthquakes and have enough financial can help them. 10. In comparison of the prepared hazard map in this project (Fig2) with the prepared hazard map by seismology and earthquake engineering international institute (Fig3), had adjustment with each other. Some advantages of this prepared hazard map are high accuracy and clarity.
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