DOCSLIB.ORG

Measuring Carbon and N2 Fixation in Field Populations of Colonial and Free-Living Unicellular Cyanobacteria Using Nanometer-Scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Measuring Carbon and N2 Fixation in Field Populations of Colonial and Free-Living Unicellular Cyanobacteria Using Nanometer-Scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry1 J. Phycol. 49, 502–516 (2013) © 2013 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12057 MEASURING CARBON AND N2 FIXATION IN FIELD POPULATIONS OF COLONIAL AND FREE-LIVING UNICELLULAR CYANOBACTERIA USING NANOMETER-SCALE SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY1 Rachel A. Foster,2 Saar Sztejrenszus,3 and Marcel M. M. Kuypers Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr 1, Bremen D-28359, Germany Unicellular cyanobacteria are now recognized as ocean, cyanobacteria are one of the dominant important to the marine N and C cycles in open N2-fixing (diazotroph) groups of organisms where ocean gyres, yet there are few direct in situ abundances of several lineages, including filamen- measurements of their activities. Using a high-resolution tous and unicellular types, often co-occur. The nanometer scale secondary ion mass spectrometer larger filamentous and symbiotic types (i.e., Trich- (nanoSIMS), single cell N2 and C fixation rates were odesmium spp. and Richelia intracellularis) have long estimated for unicellular cyanobacteria resembling been considered the primary N2 fixers in open Crocosphaera watsonii Crocosphaera watsonii N2 fixer . - ocean gyres (Mague et al. 1974, Capone et al. 1997, like cells were observed in the subtropical North Karl et al. 2002). However, more recently, unicellu- Pacific gyre (22°45′ N, 158°0′ W) as 2 different lar cyanobacteria are now thought of as an equally phenotypes: colonial and free-living. Colonies important new source of N due to their high abun- containing 3–242 cells per colony were observed and dances and broad distributions (Needoba et al. cell density in colonies increased with incubation 2007, Moisander et al. 2010). Further evidence for time. Estimated C fixation rates were similarly high an important role of unicellular diazotrophic cyano- in both phenotypes and unexpectedly for unicellular bacteria is also provided by high N2 fixation rates cyanobacteria 85% of the colonial cells incubated reported in the smaller size fractions (<10 lm) of 15 15 during midday were also enriched in N above bulk stable isotope ( N2) uptake experiments 15 natural abundance. Highest N enrichment and N2 (Dore et al. 2002, Montoya et al. 2004, Zehr et al. fixation rates were found in cells incubated 2007a, Grabowski et al. 2008, Bonnet et al. 2009, overnight where up to 64% of the total daily fixed N Kitajima et al. 2009, Sohm et al. 2011a), as well as in the upper surface waters was attributed to both results from recent modeling efforts (Goebel et al. phenotypes. The colonial cells retained newly fixed 2007, Monteiro et al. 2010). C in a sulfur-rich matrix surrounding the cells and Three groups of marine N2-fixing unicellular often cells of both phenotypes possessed areas cyanobacteria, A, B, and C, can be distinguished (<1 nm) of enriched 15N and 13C resembling storage based on their nifH gene sequence, which encodes granules. The nanoSIMS imaging of the colonial for the nitrogenase enzyme for N2 fixation (Zehr cells also showed evidence for a division of N2 and et al. 2001, Foster et al. 2007). More recently, the C fixation activity across the colony where few groups are referred to as UCYN-A, UCYN-B, and individual cells (<34%) in a given colony were UCYN-C. UCYN-B is the only group with a cultured enriched in both 15N and 13C above the colony representative, Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501, which average. Our results provide new insights into the was isolated from the western tropical South Atlan- ecophysiology of unicellular cyanobacteria. tic Ocean in the mid 1980s (Waterbury and Rippka Key index words: Crocosphaera 1989). Currently, there are up to 10 different strains ; diazocyte; N2 fixation; nanoSIMS; unicellular of C. watsonii isolated from the open ocean (Atlan- tic and Pacific Oceans; Webb et al. 2009) which pos- sess great phenotypic plasticity while maintaining high genetic conservation (Zehr et al. 2007b, Webb Nitrogen fixation, or the reduction of di-nitrogen et al. 2009, Bench et al. 2011). The isolated strains (N2) gas to bio-available ammonium is an important of Crocosphaera can be distinguished based on cell new source of nitrogen (N) in the World’s oceans diameter where the larger cell diameter (>4 lm) (Karl et al. 1997, Capone et al. 2005), and is only type strains produce substantial amounts of extracel- catalyzed by a small number but broad diversity of lular material (ECM) recently defined as an extra- microorganisms (Zehr et al. 1998). In the open cellular polysaccharide (EPS; Webb et al. 2009, Sohm et al. 2011b). The smaller cell diameter (<4.0 lm) strains also produce EPS, however, in les- 1Received 6 August 2012. Accepted 5 February 2013. ser amounts (Webb et al. 2009, Sohm et al. 2011b). 2Author for correspondence: e-mail [email protected].. 3Department of Microbial Ecophysiology, University of Bremen, Field populations of Crocosphaera-like cells have also Bremen D-28359, Germany been observed forming loose groupings or colonies Editorial Responsibility: J. Raven (Associate Editor) presumably held together by the EPS (Biegala and 502 NANOSIMS IMAGING OF C AND N2 FIXATION 503 Raimbault 2008, Webb et al. 2009, Sohm et al. throughout the year (Leteliar and Karl 1996, Karl 2011b). The function of the EPS in Crocosphaera et al. 1997, Dore et al. 2002, Falcon et al. 2004, spp. is not known; however, other phytoplankton Fong et al. 2008, Grabowski et al. 2008, Church produce EPS as a carbon (C) reserve during nutri- et al. 2008, Sohm et al. 2011a). ent limitation (Corzo et al. 2000), while in the uni- In this study, we report single cell N2 and C fixa- cellular diazotroph, Cyanothece spp., EPS has an tion rates for two phenotypic field populations of acidic character, which may be beneficial for bind- C. watsonii-like cells: free-living and colonial. Both ing metals and the thick layering of EPS could phenotypes were present at the field site, and were potentially aid in oxygen protection (Reddy et al. amongst the more abundant diazotrophic cyanobac- 1996). teria observed by microscopy. We initially hypothe- Since the nitrogenase enzyme is irreversibly inacti- sized that the unicellular cyanobacterial cells living vated by the presence of oxygen (Postgate 1998), colonially could have an advantage similar to Trich- N2-fixing cyanobacteria have developed strategies odesmium spp. where N2 fixation and photosynthesis to protect their nitrogenase enzyme from oxygen could occur contemporaneously during the daytime. evolved during photosynthesis (Gallon and Chaplin Although nanoSIMS imaging of both phenotypes of 1988, Burris 1991, Fay 1992). In unicellular diazo- the C. watsonii-like cells showed an enrichment of 15 trophic cyanobacteria, N2 fixation is separated tem- N after incubations during the day, our results are porally to the night while photosynthesis occurs still speculative since other N2 fixers were present during the day (Griffiths et al. 1987, Fay 1992). and could contribute to a labeled and available dis- Hence, the highest nifH transcription and N2 fixa- solved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool. However, the tion of C. watsonii and UCYN-B field populations nanoSIMS imaging did allow us to visualize a spatial are observed during the night (Tuit et al. 2004, heterogeneity of 15N and 13C across the colonies Church et al. 2005a,b, Zehr et al. 2007a, Webb et al. that suggested a division of metabolic activity 2009, Mohr et al. 2010a, Pennebaker et al. 2010, Shi amongst the cells. The results presented here pro- et al. 2010, Saito et al. 2011). In heterocystous vide new insights into the ecophysiology of two phe- cyanobacteria, N2 fixation is separated spatially into notypes of unicellular cyanobacteria common in the specialized thick-walled cells called heterocysts while oligotrophic waters of the World’s oceans. photosynthesis occurs in vegetative cells (Wolk et al. 1976). A combination of both spatial and temporal separation can be found in the nonheterocystous MATERIALS AND METHODS colonial filamentous marine cyanobacterium, Trich- Water collection and incubation experiments. Whole seawater odesmium spp., where N2 fixation occurs during the was collected during the HOT series cruise on 23–27 July day in only some of the cells along a filament (Berg- 2009 (HOT-213) to station ALOHA (A Long-Term Oligo- man et al. 1997, Berman-Frank et al. 2001, Lund- trophic Habitat Assessment; 22°45′ N, 158°0′ W) in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Seawater samples were col- gren et al. 2001). The localized N2-fixing cells are referred to as diazocytes. Others have shown in field lected from Niskin bottles on 24 July 2009 from 15 m using a Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) rosette. Whole and culture populations of Trichodesmium that in seawater was transferred directly into 12 acid rinsed 4.4 L addition to a spatial separation, segregation of C light transparent polycarbonate bottles (Nalgene, Fisher and N2 fixation can be influenced by temporal fac- Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The bottles were filled with- tors (Berman-Frank et al. 2001, Finzi-Hart et al. out headspace and capped without air bubbles, and each 13 bottle was amended with 1 mL of 0.2 M NaH CO3 and 2009). The colony formation in Trichodesmium and 15 other cyanobacteria could therefore be strategic 4mLof99% N2 (Cambridge Isotopes, Andover, MA, USA) through the septa cap (Thermo Fisher Scientific, since physiological activities, e.g., photosynthesis Waltham, MA, USA) using gas tight syringes (Hamilton, and N2 fixation, can occur simultaneously by parti- Reno, NY, USA). The bottles were manually inverted for tioning the activity in time and space within the several minutes (5 min) to mix in the isotopes and placed cells of a colony. on their sides in an on deck incubator provided by the ship Recent methodological advancements in single (R/V Kilo Moana). cell technologies have made it possible to directly The bottles were incubated for ~0, 3.8, 12.3 and 18.3 h at measure metabolic activities and variability of meta- ambient surface water temperatures (25.9°C) by continuously flowing surface seawater and shading to 50 % incident sur- bolic rates in individual cells (reviewed in Wagner face irradiance in the on deck incubator.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)
    Protocols for monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for sustainable aquaculture and coastal fisheries in Chile (Supplement data) Provided by Kyoko Yarimizu, et al. Table S1. Phytoplankton Naming Dictionary: This dictionary was constructed from the species observed in Chilean coast water in the past combined with the IOC list. Each name was verified with the list provided by IFOP and online dictionaries, AlgaeBase (https://www.algaebase.org/) and WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The list is subjected to be updated. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Achnanthales Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes longipes Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscales Heliopeltaceae Actinoptychus Actinoptychus spp. Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Akashiwo Akashiwo sanguinea Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium Amphidinium spp. Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Amphipleuraceae Amphiprora Amphiprora spp. Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora spp. Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Anabaenopsis milleri Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema Anagnostidinema amphibium Anagnostidinema Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema lemmermannii Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Microcoleaceae Annamia Annamia toxica Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperative Interactions in Niche Communities
    fmicb-08-02099 October 23, 2017 Time: 15:56 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 October 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02099 Cyanobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria May Facilitate Cooperative Interactions in Niche Communities Marc W. Van Goethem, Thulani P. Makhalanyane*, Don A. Cowan and Angel Valverde*† Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Hypoliths, microbial assemblages found below translucent rocks, provide important ecosystem services in deserts. While several studies have assessed microbial diversity Edited by: Jesse G. Dillon, of hot desert hypoliths and whether these communities are metabolically active, the California State University, interactions among taxa remain unclear. Here, we assessed the structure, diversity, and Long Beach, United States co-occurrence patterns of hypolithic communities from the hyperarid Namib Desert Reviewed by: by comparing total (DNA) and potentially active (RNA) communities. The potentially Jamie S. Foster, University of Florida, United States active and total hypolithic communities differed in their composition and diversity, with Daniela Billi, significantly higher levels of Cyanobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria in potentially active Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy hypoliths. Several phyla known to be abundant in total hypolithic communities were *Correspondence: metabolically inactive, indicating that some hypolithic taxa may be dormant or dead. Thulani P. Makhalanyane The potentially active hypolith network
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanobacteria Evolution Insight from the Fossil Record
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 140 (2019) 206–223 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Free Radical Biology and Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/freeradbiomed Cyanobacteria evolution: Insight from the fossil record T ∗ Catherine F. Demoulina, ,1, Yannick J. Laraa,1, Luc Corneta,b, Camille Françoisa, Denis Baurainb, Annick Wilmottec, Emmanuelle J. Javauxa a Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium b Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium c BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBioS-CIP, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Cyanobacteria played an important role in the evolution of Early Earth and the biosphere. They are responsible Biosignatures for the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans since the Great Oxidation Event around 2.4 Ga, debatably Cyanobacteria earlier. They are also major primary producers in past and present oceans, and the ancestors of the chloroplast. Evolution Nevertheless, the identification of cyanobacteria in the early fossil record remains ambiguous because the Microfossils morphological criteria commonly used are not always reliable for microfossil interpretation. Recently, new Molecular clocks biosignatures specific to cyanobacteria were proposed. Here, we review the classic and new cyanobacterial Precambrian biosignatures. We also assess the reliability of the previously described cyanobacteria fossil record and the challenges of molecular approaches on modern cyanobacteria. Finally, we suggest possible new calibration points for molecular clocks, and strategies to improve our understanding of the timing and pattern of the evolution of cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosynthesis. 1. Introduction eukaryote [8,9], and subsequent higher-order endosymbiotic events [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Heterogeneous Nitrogen Fixation Rates Confer Energetic Advantage And
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0894-4 OPEN Heterogeneous nitrogen fixation rates confer energetic advantage and expanded ecological niche of unicellular diazotroph populations ✉ Takako Masuda1,2,5 , Keisuke Inomura3, Naoto Takahata 4, Takuhei Shiozaki1,4, Yuji Sano 4, 1234567890():,; Curtis Deutsch 3, Ondřej Prášil 2 & Ken Furuya1,6 Nitrogen fixing plankton provide nitrogen to fuel marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles but the factors that constrain their growth and habitat remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the importance of metabolic specialization in unicellular diazotroph popula- tions, using laboratory experiments and model simulations. In clonal cultures of Crocosphaera 15 15 watsonii and Cyanothece sp. spiked with N2, cellular N enrichment developed a bimodal distribution within colonies, indicating that N2 fixation was confined to a subpopulation. In a model of population metabolism, heterogeneous nitrogen (N2) fixation rates substantially reduce the respiration rate required to protect nitrogenase from O2. The energy savings from metabolic specialization is highest at slow growth rates, allowing populations to survive in deeper waters where light is low but nutrients are high. Our results suggest that hetero- geneous N2 fixation in colonies of unicellular diazotrophs confers an energetic advantage that expands the ecological niche and may have facilitated the evolution of multicellular diazotrophs. 1 Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. 2 Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic. 3 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 4 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • DOMAIN Bacteria PHYLUM Cyanobacteria
    DOMAIN Bacteria PHYLUM Cyanobacteria D Bacteria Cyanobacteria P C Chroobacteria Hormogoneae Cyanobacteria O Chroococcales Oscillatoriales Nostocales Stigonematales Sub I Sub III Sub IV F Homoeotrichaceae Chamaesiphonaceae Ammatoideaceae Microchaetaceae Borzinemataceae Family I Family I Family I Chroococcaceae Borziaceae Nostocaceae Capsosiraceae Dermocarpellaceae Gomontiellaceae Rivulariaceae Chlorogloeopsaceae Entophysalidaceae Oscillatoriaceae Scytonemataceae Fischerellaceae Gloeobacteraceae Phormidiaceae Loriellaceae Hydrococcaceae Pseudanabaenaceae Mastigocladaceae Hyellaceae Schizotrichaceae Nostochopsaceae Merismopediaceae Stigonemataceae Microsystaceae Synechococcaceae Xenococcaceae S-F Homoeotrichoideae Note: Families shown in green color above have breakout charts G Cyanocomperia Dactylococcopsis Prochlorothrix Cyanospira Prochlorococcus Prochloron S Amphithrix Cyanocomperia africana Desmonema Ercegovicia Halomicronema Halospirulina Leptobasis Lichen Palaeopleurocapsa Phormidiochaete Physactis Key to Vertical Axis Planktotricoides D=Domain; P=Phylum; C=Class; O=Order; F=Family Polychlamydum S-F=Sub-Family; G=Genus; S=Species; S-S=Sub-Species Pulvinaria Schmidlea Sphaerocavum Taxa are from the Taxonomicon, using Systema Natura 2000 . Triochocoleus http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71022 S-S Desmonema wrangelii Palaeopleurocapsa wopfnerii Pulvinaria suecica Key Genera D Bacteria Cyanobacteria P C Chroobacteria Hormogoneae Cyanobacteria O Chroococcales Oscillatoriales Nostocales Stigonematales Sub I Sub III Sub
    [Show full text]
  • Microcystis Aeruginosa: Source of Toxic Microcystins in Drinking Water
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 3 (3), pp. 159-168, March 2004 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2004 Academic Journals Review Microcystis aeruginosa: source of toxic microcystins in drinking water Oberholster PJ1, Botha A-M2* and Grobbelaar JU1 1Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, ZA0002, South Africa Accepted 21 December 2003 Cyanobacteria are one of the earth’s most ancient life forms. Evidence of their existence on earth, derived from fossil records, encompasses a period of some 3.5 billion years in the late Precambrian era. Cyanobacteria are the dominant phytoplanton group in eutrophic freshwater bodies worldwide. They have caused animal poisoning in many parts of the world and may present risks to human health through drinking and recreational activity. Cyanobacteria produce two main groups of toxin namely neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins. They were first characterized from the unicellular species, Microcystis aeruginosa, which is the most common toxic cyanobacterium in eutrophic freshwater. The association of environmental parameters with cyanobacterial blooms and the toxicity of microcystin are discussed. Also, the synthesis of the microcystins, as well as the mode of action, control and analysis methods for quantitation of the toxin is reviewed. Key words: Cyanobacteria, microcystins, mcyB gene, PCR-RFLP. INTRODUCTION Cyanobacteria are the dominant phytoplankton group in other accessory pigments are grouped together in rods eutrophic freshwater bodies (Davidson, 1959; Negri et al., and discs that are called phycobilisomes that are 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Environmental Factors on Cyanobacterial Biomass And
    Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 53 (2017) 89–100 Available online at: Ó EDP Sciences, 2017 www.limnology-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/limn/2016038 Influence of environmental factors on cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin concentration in the Dau Tieng Reservoir, a tropical eutrophic water body in Vietnam Thanh-Luu Pham1,2*, Thanh-Son Dao2,3, Ngoc-Dang Tran2,4, Jorge Nimptsch5, Claudia Wiegand6 and Utsumi Motoo7 1 Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 2 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam 3 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 4 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 5 Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnolo´gicas, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile 6 University Rennes 1, UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France 7 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Received 2 September 2016; Accepted 25 November 2016 Abstract – Cyanobacterial blooms can be harmful to environmental and human health due to the produc- tion of toxic secondary metabolites, known as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), one of the most widespread class of cyanotoxins in freshwater, have been found to be positively correlated with cyanobacterial biomass as well as with nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in temperate lakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Bloom Species
    ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS FLUORESCENCE GRATINGS & OEM SPECTROMETERS Harmful Algal Bloom OPTICAL COMPONENTS FORENSICS PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION Species RAMAN FLSS-36 SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY SPR IMAGING Identification Strategies with the Aqualog® and Eigenvector, Inc. Solo Software Summary Introduction This study describes the application of simultaneous Cyanobacterial species associated with algal blooms absorbance and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix can create health and safety issues, as well as a financial (EEM) analysis for the purpose of identification and impact for drinking water treatment plants. These blooms classification of freshwater planktonic algal species. The are a particular issue in the Great Lakes region of the main foci were two major potentially toxic cyanobacterial United States in the late summer months. Several species species associated with algal bloom events in the Great of cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) can Lakes region of the United States. The survey also produce a variety of toxins including hepatotoxins and included two genera and species of diatoms and one neurotoxins. In addition, some species can produce species of green algae. The study analyzed the precision so-called taste and odor compounds that, though not and accuracy of the technique’s ability to identify algal toxic, can lead to drinking water customer complaints, cultures as well as resolve and quantify mixtures of the and thus represent a considerable treatment objective. different cultures. Described and compared are the results The two major cyano species in this study, Microcystis from both 2-way and 3-way multivariate EEM analysis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae, are commonly techniques using the Eigenvector, Inc. Solo program.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS FOR PHOSPHORUS STRESS IN THE MARINE CYANOBACTERIUM CROCOSPHAERA A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in OCEAN SCIENCES by Nicole A. Pereira December 2017 The dissertation of Nicole A. Pereira is approved: Professor Jonathan P. Zehr, Chair Professor Raphael M. Kudela Professor Chad Saltikov Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Nicole A. Pereira 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures ...................................................................................... vi Abstract ................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ ix INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 References ............................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 1: MOLECULAR MARKERS DEFINE PROGRESSING STAGES OF PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION IN THE NITROGEN- FIXING CYANOBACTERIUM, CROCOSPHAERA WATSONII .............. 11 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 12 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 12 2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Results of a Fall and Spring Bioblitz at Grassy Pond Recreational Area, Lowndes County, Georgia
    Georgia Journal of Science Volume 77 No. 2 Scholarly Contributions from the Membership and Others Article 17 2019 Results of a Fall and Spring BioBlitz at Grassy Pond Recreational Area, Lowndes County, Georgia. Emily Cantonwine Valdosta State University, [email protected] James Nienow Valdosta State University, [email protected] Mark Blackmore Valdosta State University, [email protected] Brandi Griffin Valdosta State University, [email protected] Brad Bergstrom Valdosta State University, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gaacademy.org/gjs Part of the Biodiversity Commons Recommended Citation Cantonwine, Emily; Nienow, James; Blackmore, Mark; Griffin, andi;Br Bergstrom, Brad; Bechler, David; Henkel, Timothy; Slaton, Christopher A.; Adams, James; Grupe, Arthur; Hodges, Malcolm; and Lee, Gregory (2019) "Results of a Fall and Spring BioBlitz at Grassy Pond Recreational Area, Lowndes County, Georgia.," Georgia Journal of Science, Vol. 77, No. 2, Article 17. Available at: https://digitalcommons.gaacademy.org/gjs/vol77/iss2/17 This Research Articles is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ the Georgia Academy of Science. It has been accepted for inclusion in Georgia Journal of Science by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ the Georgia Academy of Science. Results of a Fall and Spring BioBlitz at Grassy Pond Recreational Area, Lowndes County, Georgia. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following scientists,
    [Show full text]
  • (Cyanobacterial Genera) 2014, Using a Polyphasic Approach
    Preslia 86: 295–335, 2014 295 Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach Taxonomické hodnocení cyanoprokaryot (cyanobakteriální rody) v roce 2014 podle polyfázického přístupu Jiří K o m á r e k1,2,JanKaštovský2, Jan M a r e š1,2 & Jeffrey R. J o h a n s e n2,3 1Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; 3Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland, OH 44118, USA Komárek J., Kaštovský J., Mareš J. & Johansen J. R. (2014): Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach. – Preslia 86: 295–335. The whole classification of cyanobacteria (species, genera, families, orders) has undergone exten- sive restructuring and revision in recent years with the advent of phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequence data. Several recent revisionary and monographic works initiated a revision and it is anticipated there will be further changes in the future. However, with the completion of the monographic series on the Cyanobacteria in Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, and the recent flurry of taxonomic papers describing new genera, it seems expedient that a summary of the modern taxonomic system for cyanobacteria should be published. In this review, we present the status of all currently used families of cyanobacteria, review the results of molecular taxonomic studies, descriptions and characteristics of new orders and new families and the elevation of a few subfamilies to family level.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article
    Ecologica Montenegrina 20: 24-39 (2019) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em Biodiversity of phototrophs in illuminated entrance zones of seven caves in Montenegro EKATERINA V. KOZLOVA1*, SVETLANA E. MAZINA1,2 & VLADIMIR PEŠIĆ3 1 Department of Ecological Monitoring and Forecasting, Ecological Faculty of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 115093 Moscow, 8-5 Podolskoye shosse, Ecological Faculty, PFUR, Russia 2 Department of Radiochemistry, Chemistry Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, GSP-1, MSU, Moscow, Russia 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Montenegro, Cetinjski put b.b., 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro *Corresponding autor: [email protected] Received 4 January 2019 │ Accepted by V. Pešić: 9 February 2019 │ Published online 10 February 2019. Abstract The biodiversity of the entrance zones of the Montenegro caves is barely studied, therefore the purpose of this study was to assess the biodiversity of several caves in Montenegro. The samples of phototrophs were taken from various substrates of the entrance zone of 7 caves in July 2017. A total of 87 species of phototrophs were identified, including 64 species of algae and Cyanobacteria, and 21 species of Bryophyta. Comparison of biodiversity was carried out using Jacquard and Shorygin indices. The prevalence of cyanobacteria in the algal flora and the dominance of green algae were revealed. The composition of the phototrophic communities was influenced mainly by the morphology of the entrance zones, not by the spatial proximity of the studied caves. Key words: karst caves, entrance zone, ecotone, algae, cyanobacteria, bryophyte, Montenegro. Introduction The subterranean karst forms represent habitats that considered more climatically stable than the surface.
    [Show full text]