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The Potential for the Archaeological Study of Clay Tobacco Pipes From AUSTRALASIANHISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. I7. I999 The Potentialfor the ArchaeologicalStudy of Clay TobaccoPipes from AustralianSites DENIS GOJAK and IAIN STUART This paper proposes that clay pipes are an'ideal'artefact becauseofa range ofcharacteristics including cheapness,ease of discard, being marked and dated, and stylistic dffiiences tiat may reflect socio-economic dffirentiation. It reviews the his.toricaldevelopment of clay pipes ii-Australia and thi eaity local manufacture of pipes. It discussesthe Australian tobacco hobits and exa^irns issuesof trade, marketig and consumptrcn and how that affectedpeople's acquisition and disposal ofpipes. This section includes i discussionon the 'Squatters Budgeree' pipe which was made in Great Briiain for the Australian market. It examines the usefulnessof clay pipe remains in dating Australian archaeological sites. 'If archaeologistshad to describean idealartefact with which excavationsshould be ableto providea basisfor undertaking to understandthe past it would needto havethe followins furtheranalysis of claypipes. characteristics: Althoughthere are an increasingnumber of archaeological a) be cheapand readily available,something commonly clay pipe studiesglobally there remains a strongelement of usedin dailylife; antiquarianinterest in claypipe research. The mainperiodicals dealing b) be easilybreakable to encouragediscard; with clay pipes,publishing material with a world-wide coverage,are the Societyfor Clay Pipe ResearchNevtsletter c) whenbroken be likely to enterthe archaeologicalrecord (SCPR Neu,sletter) and Clay Tobacco pipe Studies (now with little likelihoodof scavengingor recycling; defunct).With the British ArchaeologicalReports occasional d) be ableto survive harshdepositional environments; seriesThe Archaeology ofThe Clay Tobaccoprpe, thesethree e) have manufacturer'snames or other marks for easv seriescontain important studies on assemblages,manufacturers dating; andmarkets. Unfortunately, few of theseare directly relevant lltl f) exhibitpatterned variability in form to Australiaas they mainly concentrateon Englishclay pipe throughtime; lfl industriesprior to thenineteenth century, although information g) exhibit stylistic differencesreflecting class, status, lil aboutthe major exporters to thecolonial markets is increasing. ethnicityand political affi liation; ! The survivingevidence provides an opportunity h) be depicted frequently in contemporary pictorial to study |Iil both the specificsof clay pipe production material,to enableinferences about the socialcontext of and use, and to lfi understandthe formation its useto be made. of assemblages.The fragilityof clay illl pipes and the resilienceof their fragmentsonce discarded Is theresuch an artefact?The clay tobaccopipe certainly u makesthem idealfor specialistanalysis to revealsite history lt fulfils all ofthe abovecriteria yet, surprisingly,few published andformation processes. analyses lfl of clay pipes are available from Australia and .t0 archaeologistshave not taken advantage of these THE MANUFACTUREOF CLAY PIPES characteristicsto expandour knowledgeofthe past.This paper providesan overviewofthe claytobacco pipe in thecontext of From the startof tobaccoconsumption in Europein the late m Australianhistorical archaeology. It is not intendedto be a sixteenthcentury the mostcommon form of usehas been by "x definitivestudy but to give somebasic contextual information smokingwith a pipe, the earliestrecorded being c.1580.3 lil and outline directionsin which further researchcould be Tobaccocould alsobe takenby chewing,in cigarform or as !{ undertaken.The paucity of publishedclay pipe analysis,or snuff. During the seventeenthcentury local manufacturing fr evencataloguing to providea basisfor comparativeresearch, centresthroughout Europe produced distinctive regional forms ,t reflectsa moregeneral lack ofanalyticalartefact studies from of pipe showing a wide range of decorativestyles which ,it[ Australiansites. One ofthe reasonsthere has been a reluctance continuallyevolved.a In 1788,when the colony of New South flil amongarchaeologists to publishartefact studies has been the Waleswas founded,taking tobaccohad becomeacceptable behaviourfor all classesand was absenceof useful contextualframeworks which placetheir secondonly to alcoholas a 6 assemblagesin a broadersocial and economiccontext that socialnarcotic. relatesto Australianhistorical archaeology. The plethoraof Clay pipesused from 1788onwards conformed to a basic f studiesof North Americanartefact categories seldom engages shape- a hemisphericalor egg-shapedbowl on top ofa tapering ml issuesthat are directly relevant to Australianarchaeology. stem(Fig. 2). Themouthpiece could either be moulded or left il Archaeologicalstudies of clay pipes in Australia have unformed.The base ofthe bowl could either be rounded or have m generally focused on descriptive typology and the a spur,which was a non-functionalvestige of a broaderfoot il identificationof pipemanufacturers. The first largeassemblage that had originallyallowed the pipe to be restedupright. The rfill publishedwas from the convict barrackssite at Port Arthur, stemwas generally straight and between 75 and 150mm long, rU Tasmania.rA comprehensivecatalogue of the excavatedclay althoughlonger and curvedstems were also produced.Clay ffi pipeswas produced,but the deathof the excavator,Maureen pipesare producedfrom fine clayswhich generallyfire to a ru Byrne, meantthat a full reportof the excavationwas never creamor white colour,although red, brown and black pipes fllllll published.zSince then there have been a numberof majorsites wereproduced as well. Ballclay of a varietyof compositions 1[ excavatedwhich haveproduced substantial numbers of clay wasused as the raw material,and need not have been kaolin, as fit pipesincluding the Hyde Park Barracksand Royal Mint, the is sometimesstated.5 The temperatureof firing did not vitriry First Government House site, Lilyvale and the clay so it remainedearthenware, with a porous body. ,m Cumberland/GloucesterStreet, all in Sydney,and the Little Becausethe porosity ofthe stem could peel skin from the lips of IM LonsdaleStreet site in Melbourne(Fig. l). Theseand other thesmoker, the mouthpieces of pipeswere often glazed, coated ru smallercollections produced by culturalresource management in sealingwax or simplysoaked in beer.6 l8tilt MIII 38 was releasedfrom the mould, was impressed.Stamped decorationcould produce finer detailbut was oftennot evenly impressedinto the clay. A third decorativetechnique was s.A rouletting,which produceddentated pattems around the bowl rim or stem.This wasproduced by a toothedwheel or special knife, again after the pipe was releasedfrom the mould. Occasionally,paint would be used to pick out particular featuresofa design. Printingcould be addedwith inkedstamps either before or afterfiring for additionalvariation or to meetspecific market demands.Brassey has publisheddetails of transfer-printed decorationon over 50 clay pipesfrom the Victoria Hotel in AucklandNew Zealand.nThese pipes were manufacturedby J.G. Reynoldsof Londonand seemto dateto around1862. Examplesof this form of decorationare rare survivalsin archaeologicalcontexts. &ing Manufacturers'names on pipes were generallyplaced along the stem, either in full or as initials (Fig. 5). The pipe-makerThomas White, for example,is markedon pipesas *gical 'THO WHITE', 'T.W.', 'TW & Co', 'WHITE & CO.', ;rt of ;;-^t^ 'WHITE'S' and 'THO. WHITE & Co' among other .t!dlJ variations.loThe place of manufacturewas markedon the rr ide . Erdc Perk Berrrcks 2. Royal Mlnt 3. First GovernmentHous€ 4. Lllyvele 5. Cumberhnd/GloucesterSt 6. Crdmrns Cottrge 7. Sellors'Home oppositeside of the stem.In commonwith mostmanufactured .e tter goodsthe designation ofplace ofmanufacturewas affected by now (Dratvn ' a '.!ap of Sydney CDB and relevant archaeological siles. by the U.S. McKinleyTari"ff Act of 1891,which requiredthat all - ional .-. ,.+e ) goodsimported into the UnitedStates had to be markedwith three their country of origin.rI Most Scottish and English urers . :e technologyof pipe making remainedsubstantially pipe-makershad used their street address or town oforigin but 3\'ant 1891. --:-:.rged from the seventeenthcentury onwards.'The pipe thiswas changed to either'England'or'Scotland' after Y'Y - *.. ::.adeby rolling a sausageofclay to the right lengthand Less commonin the nineteenthcentury was the practiseof .aiion ':- :.-:.3ss.and inserting a wire intothe stem. This was put intoa markingthe maker'sinitials onto the spur (Fig. 5d). By the lino - in sizeto a small - -- :: Ihree-partiron mouldwhich createdthe final shapeof mid-nineteenthcentury the spur had decreased study :-: :.:e. impartingany decorationor legendonto the stemor remnantor wasentirely absent on manypipe forms. :id to :,. ^ .\fter it was removedfrom the mould the pipe was The potential exists to identi! a maker's individual i clay . .;:j up and any flash removed.Stamps for additional moulds.At the BarrackLane site in Parramatta,New South arded ::: : -::1.1nor advertisingwere applied at this stage.The pipes Wales, about 50 pipe fragmentswere found which were lstory , :-; :.:enarranged in a kiln andfired. Once cooled, the pipes marked'J. ELLIOTT MAKER / MARKET ST WHARF'.'2 " - : ]e packedin strawor wood shavingsin boxesor crates JosephElliott was a Sydneypipe-maker who operatedbetween ' - --::.slort. at leastl83l and 1837.''Six individualmoulds were used in --3 processwas carried out by hand and a skilled the assemblage.Generic clay pipe moulds appear
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