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Det Norske Veritas DET NORSKE VERITAS Report Heavy fuel in the Arctic (Phase 1) PAME-Skrifstofan á Íslandi Report No./DNV Reg No.: 2011-0053/ 12RJ7IW-4 Rev 00, 2011-01-18 DET NORSKE VERITAS Report for PAME-Skrifstofan á Íslandi Heavy fuel in the Arctic (Phase 1) MANAGING RISK Table of Contents SUMMARY............................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3 2 PHASE 1 OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................... 3 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 3 3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Arctic waters delimitation .......................................................................................... 3 3.3 Heavy fuel oil definition and fuel descriptions .......................................................... 4 3.4 Application of AIS data.............................................................................................. 5 3.5 Identifying the vessels within the Arctic.................................................................... 6 3.6 Identifying the vessels using HFO as fuel.................................................................. 7 4 TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF USING HFO IN THE ARCTIC.............................................................................................................................. 8 4.1 Technical feasibility ................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Classification rules ..................................................................................................... 9 4.3 User experiences ...................................................................................................... 10 4.3.1 Tschudi Arctic Transit (TAT)............................................................................ 10 4.3.2 Swedish Maritime Administration (SMA) ........................................................ 11 4.3.3 Royal Arctic Line (RAL)................................................................................... 12 5 PATTERN OF SHIP TRAFFIC IN THE ARCTIC..................................................... 13 5.1 Type and number of vessels..................................................................................... 13 5.2 Traffic patterns in the Arctic .................................................................................... 14 5.2.1 All vessels in the Arctic – Density plot ............................................................. 15 5.2.2 All vessels – ship tracks..................................................................................... 16 5.2.3 Individual vessel types....................................................................................... 17 5.2.3.1 Oil tankers ................................................................................................. 17 5.2.3.2 Chemical/product Carriers ........................................................................ 18 5.2.3.3 Bulk Carriers ............................................................................................. 19 5.2.3.4 Container vessels....................................................................................... 20 5.2.3.5 General cargo vessels................................................................................ 21 5.2.3.6 Reefers....................................................................................................... 22 5.2.3.7 Ro-Ro vessels............................................................................................ 23 5.2.3.8 Passenger vessels ...................................................................................... 24 5.2.3.9 Offshore supply vessels............................................................................. 25 DNV Reg. No.: 12RJ7IW-4 Revision No.: 00 Date : 2011-01-19 Page ii of iv DET NORSKE VERITAS Report for PAME-Skrifstofan á Íslandi Heavy fuel in the Arctic (Phase 1) MANAGING RISK 5.2.3.10 Other offshore vessels............................................................................... 26 5.2.3.11 Other activities .......................................................................................... 27 5.2.3.12 Fishing vessels .......................................................................................... 28 5.3 Seasonal variations................................................................................................... 29 5.4 Presentation of the results ........................................................................................ 29 5.5 Establishing trends and likely scenarios for the future ............................................29 6 VESSELS OPERATING ON HFO IN THE ARCTIC ................................................ 30 6.1.1 Density plot – All vessels versus vessels using HFO........................................ 32 6.1.2 Line plots – All vessels versus vessels using HFO ........................................... 33 7 VESSELS CARRYING HFO IN THE ARCTIC ......................................................... 34 7.1 Ships potentially transporting HFO.......................................................................... 34 7.2 Bunkering samples taken within the Arctic ............................................................. 36 8 PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FROM HFO IN THE ARCTIC........ 38 8.1 Properties specific to HFO regarding oil spills in the Arctic ................................... 38 8.2 Particular aspects of Arctic environmental conditions and vulnerability from spills ......................................................................................................................... 39 8.2.1 Temperature and light........................................................................................ 40 8.2.2 Remoteness........................................................................................................ 40 8.2.3 Natural recourses ............................................................................................... 40 8.2.4 Ice and snow ...................................................................................................... 41 8.3 Risk mitigation measures ......................................................................................... 42 8.4 Exhaust emissions/Black Carbon............................................................................. 42 9 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION REGARDING THE USE OR CARRIAGE OF HEAVY FUEL OILS ......................................................................... 44 9.1 Use of heavy fuel oils............................................................................................... 44 9.1.1 IMO requirements under revised MARPOL Annex VI....................................44 9.1.2 Additional IMO requirements in the Antarctic area.......................................... 45 9.1.3 Additional US/Californian regulations on fuel types ........................................ 45 9.1.4 Additional EU legislation .................................................................................. 45 9.1.5 Additional national legislation within the Svalbard archipelago (Norway) ...... 46 9.2 Carriage of heavy grade oils..................................................................................... 46 9.2.1 Operational discharges....................................................................................... 46 9.2.2 Additional IMO requirements in the Antarctic areas ........................................ 47 9.2.3 Additional national legislation within the Svalbard archipelago (Norway) ...... 47 9.2.4 Additional requirements in certain Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) ............................................................................................................. 47 DNV Reg. No.: 12RJ7IW-4 Revision No.: 00 Date : 2011-01-19 Page iii of iv DET NORSKE VERITAS Report for PAME-Skrifstofan á Íslandi Heavy fuel in the Arctic (Phase 1) MANAGING RISK 10 FUTURE WORK............................................................................................................. 47 11 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 48 APPENDIX I Appendix II DNV Reg. No.: 12RJ7IW-4 Revision No.: 00 Date : 2011-01-19 Page iv of iv DET NORSKE VERITAS Report for PAME-Skrifstofan á Íslandi Heavy fuel in the Arctic (Phase 1) MANAGING RISK SUMMARY The Arctic Council working group on the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) at its meeting in Copenhagen in March 2010, agreed to carry out Phase I of a project to identify the use and carriage of heavy oil fuel (HFO) by ships in the Arctic region. The objective of project as stated by PAME has been to prepare a report which summarizes the current traffic in the Arctic region as well as identifying the proportion of this traffic operating on HFO. In addition the risks related to the use and carriage of HFO in the Arctic is discussed and which mitigation strategies are available. Finally the status of international regulations regarding the use of HFO is discussed. In the study DNV has applied satellite based AIS (Automatic Identification System)
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