ANBAR, & PROFILES POST-FEBRUARY 2006 IDP NEEDS ASSESSMENTS DECEMBER 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section: Page:

I. IOM Assessment Background 1 II. Overview 2 1. Area Background

2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration Dahuk il rb E

S 3. Ethnicity and Religion u la y a m 4. Places of origin ew in a N n iy 5. Reasons for displacement a h 6. Pre-2006 IDP population 7. IDP relations w/ host community S al ah 8. IDP Intentions a l- Di D n iy III. Emergency Assessment and Needs 7 a l 1. Security 7 a i. Security Baghdad

W ii. Vulnerabilities Kerbala assit Babylon Q iii. Women and Children ad Anbar is si 2. Shelter and Basic Services 9 ya i. Shelter (living arrangements) Missan Thi-Qar ii. Food/PDS iii. Water and Sanitation Basrah iv. Fuel and Electricity Muthanna v. Health Care vi. Education 3. Legal 13 i. Property Issues ii. Documentation IV. Humanitarian Assistance Received 14 V. Priority Needs 14 1. Top Priority Needs 2. JOC Projects VI. Conclusion 16

I. POST-FEBRUARY 2006 IDP ASSESSMENTS: BACKGROUND

Following the 22 February 2006 bombing of the Al-Askari Mosque, sectarian violence led to an alarming increase in population displacement within . In coordination with the Iraqi Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MoDM) and other entities, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is conducting in-depth assessments on recently displaced persons throughout Iraq.

IOM monitors use IDP Rapid Assessment questionnaires to gather information from MoDM, IDP tribal and community leaders, local NGOs, local government bodies, and individual IDP families. Based on a database of this information, IOM disseminates bi-weekly, bi-annual, and annual reports containing updates, statistics, and 1 analyses on displacement. These assist IOM and other organizations in prioritizing areas of operation, planning emergency responses, and designing long-term, durable solutions programs.

As of the time of writing, there are an estimated 1.2 million 2 Iraqis internally displaced since February 2006. While the rate of displacement has decreased considerably towards the end of 2007 and some IDPs are beginning to return, the number of displaced is still significant and far exceeds the number who have returned.

This is one of six Iraq Governorate Profile reports released by IOM at the close of 2007. These reports profile the displacement situation in each Iraq governorate, using statistics and reporting from the field.

1 IOM reports are available at http://www.iom-iraq.net/idp.html . 2 Based on information provided by MoDM and the Kurdistan Regional Government.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION II. OVERVIEW

Anbar Baghdad Diyala Capital Baghdad Adhamiya, , Al , Al-Ka’im, Ramadi, Baqubah, Al-Muqdadiya, Al- Districts Resafa, , Taji, Tarmia, Ana, , Heet, Al Rutba Khalis, Baladrooz, , Mada’in, Mahmoudiya Population 3 1,271,000 individuals 6,500,000 individuals 1,224,357 individuals 4 10,225 families (est. 61,350 59,346 families (est. 365,618 12,796 families (est. 76,601 Total post-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) 5 1,214 families (est. 29,418 3,867 families (est. 23,202 9,100 families (est. 54,600 Total pre-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) Number of post-Feb 2006 10,188 families (est. 61,128 32,515 families (est. 195,090 9,934 families (est. 59,604 IDPs assessed by IOM 6 individuals) individuals) individuals)

1. Area Background

These three governorates have experienced some of the highest numbers of post-February 2006 displacement. Baghdad, the capital of the country and largest city, is the place of origin for 70% of the displaced. Anbar hosts the majority of the Sunni displaced, and Diyala’s continuous instability causes internal displacement as well as many Iraqis to flee the governorate. However, over the past few months, security has improved remarkably in both Anbar and Baghdad. This has caused an increase in the number of IDP and refugee returnees, especially to Baghdad. However, these returnees are also returning due to lack of access to services (health, education, etc.), exhausted finances, and restrictive visa requirements for those in neighbouring countries.

Anbar is Iraq’s largest and most resource-poor governorate. It is located to the west of Baghdad and stretches from the capital to Jordan and Syria. The governorate forms part of the Sunni Triangle and its population is almost entirely Sunni Arab. Due to this religious makeup, it is also a haven to thousands of Sunni IDP families fleeing sectarian violence. Another large source of displacement within Anbar results from military operations and armed clashes due to fighting among and between tribes, MNF-I/IF, insurgents, and criminals. Ongoing clashes, widespread checkpoints, and regularly enforced curfews also affect monitors’ activities. In addition, IDPs are increasingly reluctant to share information in interviews due to fear.

Although situated in a predominantly Sunni Arab region, contains a mix of Iraq’s various communities: , , Turkmen, Christian Assyrians, and Sunni and Shia Muslims. This complicated makeup of ethnicity, religion and sect, combined with Baghdad’s attraction as the Iraqi capital and the home for many international and national entities, makes it especially diverse and as a result, volatile.

Diyala has a history of ethnic mixing and changing political agendas, creating tension among the different ethnic communities. It has now become the most dangerous and violent governorate in Iraq. The Public Distribution System (PDS) is not functioning, as violence prevents the provision of services. Schools are closed and insurgents, who tend to be very familiar with the governorate, are targeting police, government officials, and military forces. The few NGOs that continue to work in the governorate work on a “no profile” basis, as they are also targets.

3 As per 1997 census; number is individuals. 4 As per the Ministry of Displacement and Migration. 5 As per IOM Monitoring, November 2007. 6 Please note that this is the number of post-February 2006 IDPs assessed by IOM, not the total number of IDPs in the governorate.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration

Although there are no official restrictions on IDP entry into Anbar, the escalation of intertribal tensions in 2007 now means that IDPs may be unwelcome in Anbar unless they have tribal ties to the area they arrive in. MoDM maintains an office in Ramadi, but due to insecurity and lack of capacity has not been able to register a significant portion of the IDP population in Anbar.

IDP entry into Baghdad and Diyala is not officially restricted, but IDP movement is limited by ethno-religious homogeneity in many areas. MoDM registration is open, although some IDPs may not register due to insecurity or the fear that registration information may be used against them.

3. Ethnicity and Religion

RELIGION & ETHNICITY Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Shia Arab 75.88% 36.34% 53.73% 61.39% Sunni Arab 100.00% 23.94% 52.65% 44.08% 28.80% Shia Kurd 0.13% 9.50% 1.88% 0.86% Sunni Kurd 1.28% 0.24% 1.66% Other 0.00% 0.04% 0.23% 0.07% 7.14%

Dahuk il rb 4. Places of Origin E S u la a y ew m in a N n The majority (64%) of IDPs assessed in Anbar iy a fled from Baghdad. However, a large minority Kirkuk h (31%) were internally displaced within Anbar S al ah itself. a l- Di D n iy a 64.15% la Baghdad 31.08% Kerbala Wa Dahuk 0.00% Babylon ssit il Q 0.08% a rb d E Anbar is si ya 0.11% S u Missan la a y ew m in a Thi-Qar N n Najaf 0.38% iy a Kirkuk h 4.69% Basrah Muthanna 1.18% S 15.75% al ah a l- Di D n iy a la In Baghdad , displacement was mostly 80.21% Baghdad internal, with 80% of the assessed 2.23% Kerbala originating from within the governorate. Wa 0.00% Babylon ssit Shias fled mixed communities to the 0.09% Q 0.01% ad 0.03% Anbar is eastern area of Baghdad, while Sunnis fled si ya 0.00% Missan to the west. The remaining 20% of IDPs in Baghdad come from almost every 0.00% Thi-Qar in Iraq. 0.02% Basrah Muthanna

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Dahuk il rb E

S u la a y ew m Diyala also suffers from internal in a N n iy 0.39% a displacement, with 79% of IDPs Kirkuk h originating from communities within 0.17%

Diyala. Smaller percentages fled S 78.65% al ah a governorates in the south and center. l- Di D n iy a la 5. Reasons for Displacement Baghdad 0.27% 20.15% Kerbala Babylon Wassit The majority (65%) of IDPs assessed in 0.23% Q ad Anbar is 0.03% si the reporting area fled their place of ya origin due to direct threats to life. Many Missan

Thi-Qar also cited generalized violence (39%) and Najaf fear (43%) as motives. Over one-third 0.10% Basrah (36%) said they had been forcibly Muthanna displaced from property. Reasons for displacement are as follows:

Reason for Displacement Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Armed conflict 24.6% 3.0% 37.5% 13.7% 10.3% Direct threats of life 30.3% 72.7% 76.3% 65.2% 62.4% Forced displacement from property 18.6% 32.7% 63.2% 35.7% 25.3% Generalized violence 43.4% 32.6% 53.9% 38.7% 47.0% Left out of fear 10.9% 50.8% 50.4% 43.0% 39.2% Other 0.2% 1.2% 2.3% 1.2% 1.1%

When asked whether they felt specifically targeted and if so, why, the overwhelming majority (87%) of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they were targeted due to religious/sectarian identity. Twelve percent (12%) said that they were targeted for their political opinion, while another 10% said that they did not feel specifically targeted.

Reasons for Being Targeted Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Belonging to a certain ethnic group 15.0% 0.0% 8.3% 4.5% 3.1% Belonging to a certain religion or sect 74.8% 93.2% 80.8% 87.3% 86.4% Belonging to a certain social group 0.0% 0.5% 2.2% 0.7% 1.1% Do not think the group was targeted 24.7% 6.0% 9.8% 10.3% 11.3% Holding a certain political opinion 0.9% 3.5% 50.4% 11.9% 6.1%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 97.6% had been displaced once, 1.7% had been displaced twice, and less than 1% had been displaced three or more times.

IOM assessments capture IDP date of displacement, which is shown in the line graph below. The majority of IDPs assessed in this area were displaced during 2006, with displacement peaking during the summer months. Although IOM date of displacement data shows this trend continuing into the second half of 2007, caution should be used when reading displacement rates within the last six months, since assessments are ongoing and IOM monitors do not reach all IDPs immediately after they are displaced.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION IDP Date of Displacement Anbar 7000 Baghdad Diyala 6000

5000

4000 3000 Families 2000

1000

0

6 6 6 -06 -06 06 06 -06 -06 07 07 07 07 07 n r-06 y- - r-07 y-07 - -07 g- a Jul-06 an- eb- ar p un Jul Ja Feb-06 M Apr Ma Jun-0 Aug-0 Sep- Oct Nov Dec-0 J F M A Ma J Au Sep-07 Oct-07

6. Pre-2006 IDP Population Overview

Three major factors contributed to IDP displacement to Anbar before February 22, 2006: 1) Military campaigns by the MNF-I in Al Qaim, Fallujah, Haditha, and Rawa and insecure living conditions in Fallujah and Ramadi. On the whole around 800 families have not returned to their place of origin either because their property was completely or partially destroyed or they do not feel it is secure enough to return; 2) Religiously-motivated violence and discrimination that, even before the Samarra bombing, motivated many Sunni Arab families to move to Anbar. There were about 800 Sunni families displaced for this reason, especially from and Baghdad; 3) ’s pre-1993 campaign to “Arabize” the northern regions of Iraq. Before 2006, IOM assessed around 600 Kurdish families in Anbar. Having been rejected repeatedly in their efforts to return to the north, these families are now trying to integrate with the host community in Anbar.

In April 2004, Multi-National Forces in Iraq (MNF-I) offensives in Fallujah and Ramadi generated major population movements in and out of Anbar, creating a trend of short term displacement in which families were displaced during fighting, then returned to their homes as soon as the security situation stabilized.

In November 2004 MNF-I conducted another operation in Fallujah against insurgents believed to be based within the city. This led to the displacement of over 250,000 persons, almost the whole population of the town. Most moved to the outskirts of the city or Baghdad. Although there was reportedly large-scale destruction throughout the city, by the end of January 2005 an estimated 38,000 families had returned to Fallujah. Basic services are reportedly inadequate inside Fallujah, and population movements in and out of the city continue to date.

In the case of both Al Qaim and Heet, most displacement occurred internally within the cities because the MNF-I/IF were targeting specific neighbourhoods in campaigns during 2005. While many of those displaced from Al Qaim have returned, the overall majority of IDPs in Anbar are still displaced from Al Qaim, with the second largest group coming from Heet and the third largest from Ramadi.

Until September 2004, there were few actual IDPs in the capital city of Baghdad. Much of the population movement in Baghdad involved urban and rural poor either seeking employment. The genuinely displaced were few and mainly persons whose houses were damaged or destroyed during

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION the 2003 conflict or who fled persecution in the south before 2003. The IDPs were scattered throughout the city, mixed with urban poor in public buildings, many under threat of eviction.

A large change in these dynamics occurred in October 2004 when the military offensive on Fallujah led to the displacement of over 12,000 families into Baghdad over the course of two weeks. Reconstruction efforts and attempts to revive basic services encouraged the return of the majority of the displaced families

The majority of pre-2006 IDPs in Diyala were displaced during or following the 2003 conflict. Many IDPs in Diyala have decided to stay and are building settlements, often mud houses. One of the main concerns is land tenure. Many families displaced before 2003 have integrated well in their current location.

Diyala saw increased IDP returns in 2005, particularly in the north. Many of these families were originally displaced from Khanaqin and returned when security deteriorated in their places of displacement, such as Fallujah, Ramadi, Baghdad, Samarra, and Babylon.

Many Kurdish families have returned to Khanaqin. Some of them have no property in the area or lack the means to rehabilitate destroyed homes. Many therefore remain or have become IDPs, forced to live in tents or other makeshift shelter.

7. IDP Population’s Relationship with the Host Community

Sunni Arab IDPs fleeing sectarian violence in Baghdad and elsewhere were initially welcomed in Anbar. However, the escalation of tribal conflicts in Anbar in 2007 has produced an environment that is now much less receptive and in some cases even hostile. Tribal affiliation now takes precedence over ethno-religious identity, and IDPs are usually not welcome unless they have tribal ties to the area they arrive in. In unstable areas, local authorities immediately suspect IDPs following any attacks. Since IDPs have no tribal ties to protect them, they are frequently deported if authorities suspect them of having ties to the insurgency.

IDPs in Baghdad are often displaced to ethnically and religiously homogenous areas where they are generally accepted by the host community. In September, hundreds of Sunni IDP families fleeing from the Sunni dominated Hoor Rajab area due to conflicts with Al-Qaeda were given shelter by the Shia host community in Abu Disheer, Dora.

In Al-Sada village, Baladrooz district, Diyala, tensions were reported between IDPs and the host community. These issues were resolved through the intervention of village elders and the mosque’s imam.

Of IDPs assessed in this area, 99% reported being well received by the host community.

8. IDP Intentions

As shown in the graph below, the majority of IDPs assessed in the reporting area intend to return to their place of origin. The percentage of those who plan to return is much higher than in the rest of Iraq, most likely because in all three governorates, IDPs are displaced close to their homes, are living in volatile areas, and have not integrated into their place of displacement.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Intentions 85.9% 82.1% 78.9%

Anbar Baghdad Diyala 13.9% 12.0% 9.4% 8.4% 5.2% 1.9% 1.1% 1.0% 0.1%

Locally integrate in the Resettle in a third Return to their place Waiting on one or current location location of origin several factors to make a decision

III. EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AND NEEDS

1. Security and Vulnerabilities

Security

Security has improved in Anbar due to the formation of the Anbar Rescue Council (“Anbar Awakening”), a tribal coalition that has gained control of the governorate’s major cities. Movement is heavily restricted, especially in urban areas, requiring monitors to reach IDP populations on foot. Security is still unstable in Heet, Rawa, and Ana due to insurgent presence. Infighting between tribes is causing instability in Al-Ka’im district. MNF-I and ARC frequently conduct search and arrest campaigns and military operations are ongoing. New displacement was observed following the 13 September assassination of ARC leader Sheikh Sattar Abu Risha as a reported 700 families fled various cities in Anbar in anticipation of renewed arrest campaigns. Many of these families have reportedly returned.

Over 18% of IDPs assessed in Anbar are displaced from elsewhere within Anbar, and improved security conditions (and reduced military operations) in certain areas have seen significant return migration in this group. This return trend is strong enough that between July and August, IOM monitoring observed a net decrease of 2% in the number of IDPs in Anbar, due to internal returns slightly exceeding the influx of Baghdad IDPs. Many of these returns were to Ramadi and Fallujah.

Baghdad has seen improved security in the second half of 2007. Displacement within and from the governorate has slowed. Many once-mixed areas have become homogenous due to displacement. The massive presence of MNF-I/IF in the city severely restricts movements, although monitors are able to access most IDP locations.

Military operations in Diyala and related insurgent activities continued to produce significant displacement from and within Diyala. The majority of IDPs assessed in Diyala had been displaced from elsewhere within the governorate. During the summer, monitoring activities were severely limited in Diyala due to insecurity and heavy movement restrictions. In areas controlled by insurgents, IDPs received humanitarian aid from insurgent groups. However, in these areas IDPs also reported forced marriages and eviction threats from these groups. Security has begun to stabilize in Ba’quba city, but the outskirts of Ba’quba district and Al-Muqdadiya district remain dangerous, with abductions and assassinations still occurring.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION SECURITY STATISTICS Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Had group members unaccounted for: 1.2% 2.7% 7.2% 3.3% 3.8% Must pass through a checkpoint to move near home: 48.8% 0.2% 40.4% 17.2% 10.9% Need authorization to move from current location: 6.9% 7.1% 9.7% 7.6% 9.9% Reported other restrictions on freedom or movement: 22.9% 0.5% 11.1% 4.4% 4.1% Reported serious death or injury: 24.2% 11.6% 28.2% 17.2% 12.6%

Ninety-six percent (96%) of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they felt safe in their current location, relative to their place of origin.

Vulnerabilities

VULNERABILITIES Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Elderly person 2.54% 1.79% 11.58% 3.79% 1.47% Female head of household 0.68% 0.41% 4.63% 1.26% 0.49% Other vulnerability 0.13% 0.01% 8.64% 1.66% 0.64% Person with mental disability 0.06% 0.09% 0.31% 0.12% 0.07% Person with serious illness 0.22% 0.11% 1.23% 0.34% 0.13% Pregnant woman 0.92% 1.01% 1.88% 1.16% 0.45%

Women and Children

Women and children often experience unique challenges during displacement, since they may require specialized types of health care and be impacted differently by cultural customs in the place of displacement. Many families are displaced after the head of household is killed, leaving a traumatized widow to care for her children in a new, alien environment.

In Al-Sadrain, Baghdad, women work with their husbands to build mud houses and pave roads while the children play in the nearby garbage heaps. Diarrhoea and skin diseases are frequent in this group. Monitors observed similar conditions in Al-Fudhaliya, with children playing nearby stagnant sewage.

In the former military camp at Sa’ad, Ba’quba district, Diyala, IDP women reported that they did not feel safe leaving their houses due to sporadic insurgent activity in the area. In Al-Hadeed village, Al- Khalis district, IDPs reported instances of insurgents forcing IDP girls into marriage. In Hay Al- Ameen, Ba’quba, monitors identified 63 families who had been displaced from Hay Al-Thawra in Al- Muqdadiya district. According to the IDPs, soon after they moved they were visited by militants demanding that they give up their daughters for marriage. A local sheikh who attempted to defend the girls was murdered and militants distributed a list naming 28 of the IDPs’ daughters, stating that they would be killed if they did not leave the area. After militants began bombing their houses, the IDP families were forced to flee and left behind all their possessions.

IOM assessments identified the gender and age profile of the assessed population through interviews with 860 individual families:

Male Age Group Total Female Male Female 50.01% 49.99% Total 100.0% 49.99% 50.01% Less than 1 6.7% 3.7% 3.0% 1 to 4 14.0% 6.9% 7.1% 5 to 17 26.7% 13.4% 13.2% 18 to 60 44.8% 22.1% 22.7% More than 60 7.9% 3.8% 4.0%

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 2. Shelter and Basic Services

Shelter

IDPs throughout Iraq tend to rent housing, although often inadequate or overcrowded. A higher percentage of IDPs live in collective towns or public buildings in this area than the rest of Iraq.

TYPE OF HOUSING Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Rented housing 46.2% 59.3% 41.2% 53.3% 58.3% House of host family or relatives 25.3% 13.5% 22.9% 17.6% 17.2% Other 2.6% 15.4% 8.3% 11.6% 9.4% Collective town settlement 11.5% 5.9% 5.6% 7.0% 6.7% Public building 11.7% 3.8% 15.9% 7.6% 6.0% Tent or former military camp 1.6% 1.1% 5.1% 2.0% 1.5%

Although the majority of IDPs are either renting or living with a host family or relatives, there is a sizeable minority of IDPs that lives in substandard shelter. These groups are especially vulnerable, since they usually cannot access basic services and may not have adequate protection in bad weather.

Monitors in Baghdad identified several groups of IDPs that are living in crude housing made of mud and other materials. In Al-Istikshafat complex, Al-, there are 89 IDP families living in small mud houses. In Kasra wa-Atash, Al-Sadr city, there are 73 IDP families living in houses made of mud, reeds, and tree trunks on municipal land. In Al-Sadrain complex, Zafariniya, Rusafa district, there are 48 IDP families living in houses made of palm leaves, mud, and old clothes. In Hay Al- Fudhailiya, 9 Nissan area, Rusafa district, there are 62 families living in mud houses. In Chikook complex there are more than 100 IDP families living in small houses made of mud, palm leaves, and iron sheets. In Hay Al-Salam, Al-Mada’en, there are 65 families living in mud houses.

There are also many families in Diyala living in substandard shelter. In Al-Sada, Baladrooz district there are 23 IDP families living in mud houses. In the former military camp in Sa’ad, Baladrooz district, there are 56 IDP families living in buildings without doors or windows. In Hay Al-Asry, Mandily district, there are 36 IDP families living in mud houses. In Al-Imam village, Mandily district, there are 61 families living in old tents with no basic services. There are 126 IDP families living in a former military school in Khan BeniSa’ad. This group has received an eviction order but has not yet moved.

IDPs reported the following pressures of eviction:

PRESSURE OF EVICTION Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Pressure from militants 7.5% 0.0% 1.9% 1.8% 2.8% Pressure from neighbors 0.3% 0.0% 1.5% 0.3% 0.3% Pressure from relatives 0.2% 0.1% 4.2% 0.9% 0.7% Threat of court-ordered eviction 0.0% 2.5% 0.2% 1.6% 0.8% Other threat or pressure 0.3% 0.5% 1.8% 0.7% 0.8%

Food/Public Distribution System (PDS)

Fifty-six percent (56%) of those assessed reported only intermittent access to PDS ration, and 22% reported no access at all. The most commonly reported reasons for PDS non-access were insecurity along food transportation routes (44%) and delay in the transfer of PDS registration (21%).

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION PDS ACCESS Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Yes, always 15.30% 20.70% 15.20% 18.60% 21.90% Sometimes 59.60% 68.50% 66.00% 66.30% 55.90% Not at all 24.90% 10.80% 18.80% 15.10% 22.00%

In addition, 19% of those assessed reported receiving rations that were missing items.

Like much of the Iraqi population, IDPs rely heavily on the PDS food rations. However, many IDPs are unable to access their ration due to either insecurity (preventing food transport or IDP travel to the distribution point), lack of documentation or difficulty transferring PDS card registration.

PDS distributions are delayed, incomplete, and hampered by the heavy restrictions on movement throughout Anbar. Some IDP families from Baghdad return every few months to collect any available PDS rations in their place of origin. In November monitors reported that the PDS situation in Anbar has improved somewhat, although distributions are still behind.

In Baghdad monitors observed that many IDPs rely on local markets and the host community for most of their food, since they either cannot access the PDS or need more food than it provides.

Insecurity has severely limited access to PDS rations in Diyala. Many IDPs are unable to transfer their PDS registration because of insecurity and the inability to leave their homes. In Hay Al-kary, Kana’an district monitors identified IDPs who are suffering from malnutrition because they have not transferred their PDS registration and cannot afford to buy food.

When asked if they received food assistance from other sources besides the PDS, 35% of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they had, primarily from humanitarian agencies:

FOOD AID SOURCE Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Humanitarian organizations 60.9% 15.5% 27.8% 26.6% 23.5% National authorities 9.3% 0.8% 3.9% 3.0% 5.1% Others 15.8% 0.7% 15.3% 6.4% 9.3% Regional authorities 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 0.6% 5.2% Religious charities 46.9% 15.2% 6.3% 19.7% 18.6% Do not receive other assistance 14.5% 80.9% 63.4% 64.7% 60.1%

Water and Sanitation

The majority of IDPs assessed in the reporting area had regular access to water: 72% in Anbar, 86% in Baghdad, and 76% in Diyala. Most of these have access to municipal water, although one-third use water trucking and another third drink from wells, rivers, streams, or lakes.

WATER SOURCE Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Municipal water (underground pipes) 98.6% 98.3% 86.8% 96.2% 91.5% Open or broken pipe 0.2% 16.4% 1.9% 10.5% 10.3% Other sources 1.2% 0.2% 2.6% 0.8% 3.6% Public wells 34.6% 1.0% 41.2% 15.1% 11.6% Rivers, streams or lakes 7.9% 3.1% 49.9% 12.9% 12.9% Water tanks / trucks 54.4% 11.0% 66.6% 29.9% 27.5%

Improved security and cash donations to the ARC have led to a number of water rehabilitation projects in Anbar. However, water shortages are common and many depend on river water for

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION domestic uses. Water is available in Qaim, Rawa, Ana, and most areas of Fallujah, but there is a shortage in Ramadi and Rutba.

In Al-Istikshafat, Al-Sadr city, Baghdad there are 89 IDP families who rely on water carried from a broken pipe. In Kasra wa-Atash, Al-Sadr city, IDPs have connected to host community water networks using plastic tubing. Those families who cannot afford to buy the tubing collect water from a nearby broken pipe. In Hay Al-Fudhailiya, 9 Nissan, Rusafa district there are 62 IDP families who drink from a nearby river.

In Al-Sada, Baladrooz district, Diyala, families rely on shallow wells or drainage canals. In the former military camp in Sa’ad, Ba’quba district, IDPs carry water from a broken pipe about 500 meters from their shelters. IDPs drink from rivers in Al-Ameen, Ba’quba, and Al-Rakka village, Hibhib, Al-Khalis district.

Most IDPs assessed in the area reported that they have access to toilets: in Anbar, 90%; in Baghdad, 99.5%; in Diyala, 97%. However, many IDPs are living beside stagnant sewage and/or piles of garbage. In Hay Al-Salam, Al-Mada’en, Baghdad, IDPs have no toilets and defecate in holes in the ground. In Hay Al-Askary, Kana’an district, Diyala, IDPs living in a school building also defecate in the open.

Fuel and Electricity

As is the case throughout Iraq, electrical supplies in the reporting area operate only intermittently. In Anbar, the electrical supply in Fallujah and Rutba has improved (although still irregular). The electrical supply in Ramadi was damaged in fighting.

ELECTRICITY Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq No electricity 17.5% 0.2% 18.4% 7.0% 5.9% 1-3 hours per day 47.4% 62.2% 37.6% 54.7% 36.0% Four or more hours per day 29.5% 37.5% 43.5% 37.1% 57.3%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 36% said that they had no access to any type of fuel. Fuel prices are high in Anbar as they are throughout Iraq. The majority of IDPs cannot afford fuel and therefore do not have access to it. Fuel access by type is as follows:

FUEL ACCESS Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Benzene 38.7% 73.9% 18.4% 56.6% 44.1% Diesel 14.2% 13.6% 2.0% 11.5% 15.1% Kerosene 15.8% 18.7% 4.1% 15.4% 15.8% Other 16.9% 0.0% 1.5% 3.6% 2.5% Propane 32.6% 65.5% 28.4% 52.2% 55.6% No Access to fuel 44.1% 23.5% 67.6% 35.8% 35.7%

Health Care

The majority of hospitals and clinics in Anbar are functioning, and others have been rehabilitated by the ARC. The major weakness of the health sector in Anbar is not the absence or poor condition of facilities, but the severe shortage of medicines, equipment, and qualified medical personnel. Many patients are forced to buy medicines from the black markets, while those in need of surgery travel to other governorates, especially Dahuk and .

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION In Diyala, multiple miscarriages were reported in Ulaibat, Al-Khalis district. In Al-Jezani, Al-Khalis district, multiple cases of typhoid fever were reported due to contaminated public wells, which are the only water available to IDPs there. In many other areas in Diyala, IDPs suffer from a lack of health facilities and inability to reach health centers due to insecurity, and facilities lack necessary medications and equipment.

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 82% said that they had access to health care services. Of those assessed in Anbar, 21% reported access; of those assessed in Baghdad, 13%; of those assessed in Diyala, 32% reported no access.

REASONS FOR NON -ACCESS Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Health facilities unavailable 4.6% 7.7% 7.3% 7.0% 5.2% Financial constraints 3.7% 1.6% 21.8% 5.9% 5.5% Other 1.8% 2.6% 6.4% 3.2% 1.3% Too distant to access 4.4% 0.3% 7.8% 2.5% 3.5% Too dangerous to access 5.0% 0.1% 5.0% 2.0% 0.9% No female staff 0.7% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% Refused service 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.2% 0.1%

IDPs in this area are affected by a widespread shortage of medicines: 39% of those assessed in Anbar cannot access medications they need, 25% in Baghdad, and 46% in Diyala. The majority reported that they had not suffered any infectious diseases recently:

INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN THE PAST 45 DAYS ? 7 Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Yes 5.6% 2.5% 13.7% 5.2% 7.5% No 94.3% 97.4% 86.3% 94.7% 92.4%

Forty-six percent (46%) of IDPs assessed in the area reported that they had been visited by a health worker in the past 30 days. 8 Nearly all of these visits provided vaccinations. Health workers occasionally provided medical examinations (4% in Anbar, 2% in Diyala) or distributed medicine (3% in Anbar and 2% in Diyala). IDPs assessed in Baghdad reported receiving only vaccinations.

VISITED BY HEALTH WORKER IN PAST 30 DAYS ? 7 Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Yes 19.3% 61.0% 22.3% 45.6% 42.0% No 73.8% 31.9% 77.4% 48.6% 54.3%

Sixty-one percent (61%) of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they had participated in a vaccination campaign:

VACCINATION CAMPAIGN 7 Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq No 67.2% 22.3% 65.1% 39.1% 45.6% Yes, last week 2.1% 15.6% 0.5% 10.1% 7.8% Yes, last month 3.6% 5.1% 3.2% 4.4% 14.6% Yes, 1-3 months ago 9.5% 26.3% 8.0% 19.6% 16.9% Yes, 4-6 months ago 2.0% 30.1% 13.1% 21.5% 11.3% Yes, 7 or more months ago 15.3% 0.3% 10.1% 5.0% 3.1%

Education

Due to relative stabilization in many areas, IDP access to education in Anbar improved in 2007, with students enrolling in the new school year with fewer security concerns. MNF-I presence on some

7 From date of interview.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION school properties in Fallujah, Heet, and Karma prevents students from attending due to security concerns.

Monitors in Baghdad observed that very few IDP girls attended school, due mainly to financial limitations and families’ need of their work at home. Many Baghdad schools are severely overcrowded, particularly in Al-Fudhailiya district. Security in Diyala prevents children from going to school.

3. Legal Concerns

Property Issues

IOM monitors asked 860 individual families in the reporting area what types of property they had left behind. Responses were as follows:

TYPES OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Apartment or room 0.0% 5.2% 4.3% 4.6% 3.3% House 98.5% 88.5% 94.4% 90.7% 92.2% Land for agriculture 1.5% 4.8% 13.0% 6.7% 4.9% Land for housing 0.0% 0.5% 1.3% 0.7% 1.8% Other 0.0% 1.9% 6.5% 2.9% 4.1% Shop / small business 3.1% 1.8% 30.3% 9.1% 6.5%

When asked what had become of the property they had left behind, the majority of IDPs in the reporting area said that it had been occupied, controlled, or claimed by other private citizens. This was much higher than in the rest of Iraq:

STATUS OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Basrah Muthanna Thi-Qar Area All Iraq Do not know 50.71% 52.24% 92.53% 69.35% 58.44% Property accessible 5.39% 5.29% 1.75% 3.77% 8.01% Property currently in military use 0.38% 0.00% 0.29% 0.26% 1.94% Property destroyed 15.16% 10.28% 10.11% 11.92% 16.58% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by Government 0.75% 0.00% 0.41% 0.45% 0.84% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by private citizens 25.07% 36.33% 40.56% 34.22% 30.88%

IDPs were able to take the following with them when they were displaced, alleviating somewhat the challenges faced during displacement:

ASSETS BROUGHT BY IDP S Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Livestock 0.14% 2.99% 9.13% 3.60% 3.05% Food 43.59% 26.87% 27.55% 30.24% 28.05% Winter clothing 26.46% 26.93% 38.48% 29.02% 35.32% Car transportation 31.94% 57.42% 36.80% 48.59% 35.15% Tools 10.32% 20.26% 42.83% 22.60% 26.72% Other 2.21% 5.50% 0.65% 3.95% 3.83%

Documentation

IDPs assessed in the reporting area carry multiple forms of documentation:

DOCUMENTATION Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Nationality certificates 84.2% 98.5% 99.3% 95.9% 96.6% ID cards 85.4% 97.9% 97.9% 95.5% 96.0% Marriage documents 41.0% 67.3% 73.6% 63.4% 72.7%

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Birth certificates 25.7% 79.1% 29.8% 59.5% 61.5% Passports 23.2% 22.1% 55.8% 28.7% 17.4% Other documents 45.6% 13.9% 25.6% 22.3% 19.2% Death certificates 14.5% 14.5% 25.6% 16.6% 18.2%

IV. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE RECEIVED

Fifty-seven percent (57%) of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they had received humanitarian assistance since their displacement. This was provided by the following sources:

SOURCE OF ASSISTANCE Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Host community 63.1% 22.4% 61.7% 37.7% 31.1% Iraqi Red Crescent 13.7% 18.8% 39.0% 21.6% 27.9% MoDM 0.0% 15.5% 17.9% 12.9% 29.8% Humanitarian organization 62.8% 16.3% 12.7% 24.6% 18.2% Other 0.9% 0.2% 3.3% 0.9% 1.3% Other Iraqi Government body 0.2% 3.3% 2.7% 2.6% 5.4% Relatives 31.3% 18.8% 45.6% 26.2% 25.7% Religious group 53.6% 22.3% 20.0% 27.9% 24.9% Has not received assistance 6.7% 61.5% 17.6% 42.6% 36.8%

These sources provided the following types of assistance:

TYPE OF ASSISTANCE Anbar Baghdad Diyala Area All Iraq Food 92.0% 36.0% 80.3% 55.2% 59.5% Health 16.0% 14.2% 8.8% 13.5% 11.3% Non-food items 84.6% 23.2% 65.7% 43.1% 47.6% Other 2.9% 4.9% 12.1% 5.9% 11.3%

V. PRIORITY NEEDS

Top Priority Needs:

In all three governorates, the top priority needs reported are food and shelter. In Anbar, many IDPs reported water as a top priority need, while in Diyala it was legal assistance:

Priority Needs 120.0%

100.0% 97.8%

88.2% Anbar 79.0%

80.0% 76.2% 74.4%

68.4% Baghdad 56.6%

60.0% 55.7% Diyala 51.9% 49.7% 40.0% 30.2% 28.5% 25.3% 21.7% 20.0% 21.1% 13.8% 11.8% 10.8% 8.2% 8.5% 7.0% 7.1% 2.3% 2.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Food Shelter Access to Other Water Legal Help Sanitation Health Education Hygiene Work

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION IOM Joint Operations Cell Project Recommendations:

The following recommendations are projects recommended by sources on the ground, including IOM monitors, staff, implementing partners, and other stakeholders. These and other projects are stored in an IOM database as part of the IOM Joint Operations Cell information management system. This database can be queried by geographic location, project cost, project sector, etc. IOM encourages humanitarian organizations to implement these recommendations. For more information, please contact Vlatko Avramovski at [email protected].

Governorate District Place Latitude Longitude Project Title Sector

NFIs Distribution for IDPs in Anbar EMERGENCY Anbar Ana 34.350 41.500 (IDPBAG0085) DISTRIBUTION

IGP project for IDPs, returnees and some of Anbar Fallujah Al Fallujah 33.356 43.783 LIVELIHOOD vulnerable Hosting Community

Income Generation Project for Fallujah returnees Anbar Fallujah Al Fallujah 33.356 43.783 LIVELIHOOD and other vulnerable families in Fallujah

Anbar Ramadi Ramadi 33.417 43.300 School rehabilitation EDUCATION

WATER / Baghdad Al Resafa Al Sadr City 33.388 44.467 Water Network Extension SANITATION

EMERGENCY Baghdad Al Resafa Al Sadr City 33.388 44.467 Emergency Distribution - FI and NFI and Fuel DISTRIBUTION

WATER / Baghdad Al Resafa Fuzailiya 33.333 44.517 Digging of public wells in Al Fudhailiya SANITATION

EMERGENCY Baghdad Karkh Kadhimiyah 33.363 44.329 Distribution of non-food items DISTRIBUTION

distribution of food and non-food items to 107 EMERGENCY Baghdad Mada'in Nahrawan 33.199 44.495 families DISTRIBUTION

Al- EMERGENCY Diyala Ba’quba 33.750 44.641 Emergency Distribution - FI and NFI and Fuel Muqdadiya DISTRIBUTION

Al- EMERGENCY Diyala Ba’quba 33.750 44.641 Distribution of food and non-food items Muqdadiya DISTRIBUTION

WATER / Diyala Baladrooz Baladrooz 33.703 45.080 Water Compact Unit(s) SANITATION

Diyala Ba'quba Kana’an 33.610 44.850 Income Generation - Welding Workshops LIVELIHOOD

Income Generation / Sanitation - Garbage Diyala Ba'quba Kana’an 33.610 44.850 LIVELIHOOD Collection Campaign

EMERGENCY Diyala Khanaqin Khanaqin 34.348 45.388 Distribution of food and non-food items DISTRIBUTION

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

CONCLUSION

Anbar, Baghdad, and Diyala each host a high percentage of post-February 2006 IDPs Over the past two years, these governorates have experienced continuous instability, and a combination of military operations and sectarian violence have caused large movements within and into the governorates. Security is improving in Baghdad and Anbar, which, in addition to the deterioration of conditions in places of displacement, is causing an increase in returnees.

Baghdad has the highest number of post-February IDPs in Iraq, with MoDM registering over 366,000 individuals. Most of these IDPs were displaced within the governorate, with IDPs moving from mixed to homogeneous areas within Baghdad. Many of the IDPs in Anbar were displaced short-term due to military operations. Diyala continues to suffer from instability and displacement, especially within the governorate.

The majority of IDPs in these three governorates are renting housing, have intermittent access to PDS rations, and have access to municipal water and health care services. However, due to violence and military campaigns, infrastructure in these governorates has often damaged or destroyed, schools and health centers lack equipment and professionals, and checkpoints heavily restrict movement. In addition, a very high percentage report that their property was destroyed (21%) or is occupied, controlled or claimed by private citizens (52%), which will require a legal mechanism to handle property claims when these IDPs return, as some of them are now.

Almost all IDPs plan to return to their place of origin, which is much higher than those IDPs interviewed in the rest of Iraq.

For further information on IDP displacement in Iraq, please contact Dana Graber Ladek, Iraq Displacement Specialist, at [email protected] (+962 79 611 1759).

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION POST-FEBRUARY 2006 ANBAR – IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

39°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 41°0'0"E 42°0'0"E 43°0'0"E 44°0'0"E Erbil Legend Ninewa Kirkuk Settlements Town\ Village 35°0'0"N Bayji 35°0'0"N Touz Hourmato Main Cities .! Syria District Center Rawa /" Governorate Center Sa`dah Al Qa'im Anah Qusaybah Anah Ana Haditha Salah al-Din Primary Routes Al Haditha Al Haditha Governorate Boundary Al-Ka'im Balad 34°0'0"N 34°0'0"N Al Baghdadi Diyala Heet IDP locations by Kubaisa Hit Hit Al Karmah number of families Ramadi Al Fallujah Kadhimiyah 1- 99 Ramadi As Al Fallujah 100 - 499 Al `Amiriyah Baghdad Ar Rutbah Ar Rutbah Falluja Mahmudiya 500 - 999 33°0'0"N Wassit 33°0'0"N 1000 - 1999 Wassit 2000 and more Al Misiab Al Mahawil Al-Rutba Kerbala Kerbala Al Hashimiyah IDP Movements To Anbar Dahuk il rb E

S u la Jordan y a ew m in a N n iy Al a Shamiya Kirkuk h 32°0'0"N Anbar 32°0'0"N

S al ah a l- Di D n iy a Qadissiya 64.15% la Baghdad 31.08% Kerbala 0.08% W Babylon assit Q ad Anbar is si ya Missan

Najaf Thi-Qar Najaf Saudi Arabia 4.69% Basrah Muthanna 31°0'0"N 31°0'0"N Muthanna

010 2039°0'0"E 40 60 80 40°0'0"E 41°0'0"E 42°0'0"E 43°0'0"E 44°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 32 kilometers POST-FEBRUARY 2006 BAGHDAD – IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

44°0'0"E 45°0'0"E

Legend Salah al-Din Settlements

At Tarmiyah Town\ Village Tarmia Mushahida Main Cities .! District Center Al-Hussainiya Diyala /" Governorate Center Zaya Primary Routes Tajidiyah Adhamiya Hamamiyat Mahmud al `Ali Governorate Boundary Margiaba Taji

IDP locations by Adhamiya Adhamiyah number of families Kadhimiyah As Sulaykh Al Resafa 1- 99 Rusafa Kadhimiyah Rusafa 7 Nissan 100 - 499 Mansour Mansour Karkh Karkh Karadah 500 - 999 Abu Ghraib Karkh Karadah Rustumiya 1000 - 1999 Jisr Baghdad Mada'in 2000 and more Rasheed Rasheed Nahrawan IDP Movements To Baghdad Dahuk 0.00% il rb E

S 0.11% u la Al Madaane a y ew m in a N n iy 0.38% a Anbar Kirkuk h 1.18% Sal 15.75% ah a l- Di D n iy a la 80.21% Mahmoudiya Baghdad 2.23% Mahmudiya Mahmudiya Kerbala Wa 0.00% Babylon ssit Q 0.09% a 0.03% di Anbar ss iy 0.00% a 0.01% 33°0'0"N 33°0'0"N Missan

Thi-Qar `Ubaydah Najaf 0.00% 0.02% Wassit Basrah Muthanna As Suwayrah Babylon Kerbala 02 4 8 12 16 44°0'0"E 45°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 6 kilometers POST-FEBRUARY 2006 DIYALA – IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

44°0'0"E 45°0'0"E 46°0'0"E

35°0'0"N 35°0'0"N Legend Kirkuk Touz Hourmato Sulaymaniyah Settlements Town\ Village Main Cities Kfri .! District Center Kalar /" Governorate Center Primary Routes Kifri Governorate Boundary Salah al-Din Qala Ali Dawud Khanaqin Khanaqin Malikshah Said Qadduri IDP locations by Uzaim Khanaqin number of families Ali Saghir Sadiya 1- 99 Iran 100 - 499 500 - 999 Abbas Naftkhana Balad Al-Khalis Sarajiq Mala Alwan 1000 - 1999 34°0'0"N 34°0'0"N `Arab al Qulay`ah 2000 and more Qaryat Abu Karmah Al Haj `Ali Diyala Abu Saydah Al Khalis Al Khalis Kazim Shalash Baba Guyi Aswad IDP Movements To Diyala Qaryat Jadidah Al-Muqdadiya Dahuk il rb Hibhib E Mansuriya [1] Qatun `Abbas Bari S Mandali u Ba`aqubah As Sadah la a y Sayyid Khamis Bayf Halbut ew m Buhriz in a Muradiyah Balad Ruz Imam Abbas N n 0.39% iy Huwaysh a h Duk-hela Kan`an Kirkuk Jadida Al Qadhawi 0.17%

Kan’an S al 78.65% ah a Jabbar [1] l- Ba'quba Di D Khalf al Husain Baba Gurzuddin n iy a Bani Sa`d Hamud as Samir la Qaduri 20.15% Nayif Baladrooz Baghdad La`ul Hasan Ariz 0.27% Anbar Khan al Bi'r Bandar Kerbala Anbar W Qatun Babylon assit Ba’qubah 0.23% Q ad Anbar is si 0.03% ya Adhamiyah Rumah Missan

Thi-Qar Rusafa Najaf Abu Gharaib Karkh 0.10% Mansour Basrah Muthanna Baghdad Rasheed Wassit Anbar Wassit Badrah 44°0'0"E03.75 7.5 15 22.5 30 45°0'0"E 46°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 13 kilometers