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Polarized Light Subscriptions Newsletter Site Demo Librarians Help/FAQs About Contributors Consulting Editors Contact Log In Advanced Search About Search Physics > Electromagnetic radiation > Physics > Optics > For further study: Print View | Email a Link | Bookmark Polarized light ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES Dynamic nuclear polarization Contents [Hide] The creation of assemblies of nuclei - Types of polarized light - Analyzing devices whose spin axes are not oriented at - Law of Malus - Retardation theory - Linear polarizing devices - Bibliography random, and which are in a steady - Polarization by scattering state that is not a state of thermal...... - Production of polarized light Read Article View all 3 related articles... Light which has its electric vector oriented in a predictable fashion with respect to the propagation direction. In unpolarized light, the vector is oriented in a random, unpredictable fashion. Even in short time intervals, it appears to RESEARCH UPDATES be oriented in all directions with equal probability. Most light sources seem to be partially polarized so that some Frozen light fraction of the light is polarized and the remainder unpolarized. It is actually more difficult to produce a completely unpolarized beam of light than one which is completely polarized. Ultraslow light was first observed by L. V. Hau and her colleagues in 1998. The polarization of light differs from its other properties in that human sense organs are essentially unable to detect Light pulses were slowed in a the presence of polarization. The Polaroid Corporation with its polarizing sunglasses and camera filters has made Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium to millions of people conscious of phenomena associated with polarization. Light from a rainbow is completely linearly only...... Read Update polarized; that is, the electric vector lies in a plane. The possessor of polarizing sunglasses discovers that with such glasses, the light from a section of the rainbow is extinguished. View all 2 related updates... According to all available theoretical and experimental evidence, it is the electric vector rather than the magnetic MULTIMEDIA vector of a light wave that is responsible for all the effects of polarization and other observed phenomena associated ANIMATION with light. Therefore, the electric vector of a light wave, for all practical purposes, can be identified as the light vector. See also: Crystal optics; Electromagnetic radiation; Light; Polarization of waves The Eye: Structure and Function Types of polarized light NEWS Polarized light is classified according to the orientation of the electric vector. In linearly polarized light, the electric March 14, 2010: Supertwisty light vector remains in a plane containing the propagation direction. For monochromatic light, the amplitude of the vector proposed changes sinusoidally with time. In circularly polarized light, the tip of the electric vector describes a circular helix about the propagation direction. The amplitude of the vector is constant. The frequency of rotation is equal to the View all 15 related news... frequency of the light. In elliptically polarized light, the vector also rotates about the propagation direction, but the amplitude of the vector changes so that the projection of the vector on a plane at right angles to the propagation BIOGRAPHIES direction describes an ellipse. Brewster, David These different types of polarized light can all be broken down into two linear components at right angles to each View all 16 related biographies... other. These are defined by Eqs. (1) and (2), (1) Q&A (2) Q: Does the color of light affect its where A and A are the amplitudes, ! and ! are the phases, " is 2# times the frequency, and t is the time. For speed in a vacuum? x y x y linearly polarized light Eqs. (3) hold. For circularly polarized light Eqs. (4) hold. For elliptically polarized light Eqs. (5) Read the Answer hold. View all 2 related Q&As... (3) (4) DICTIONARY (5) - polarized light In the last case, it is always possible to find a set of orthogonal axes inclined at an angle $ to x and y along which the components will be E% and E% , such that Eqs. (6) hold. x y (6) In this new system, the x% and y% amplitudes will be the major and minor axes a and b of the ellipse described by the light vector and $ will be the angle of orientation of the ellipse axes with respect to the original coordinate system. The relationships between the different quantities can be written as in Eqs. (7) and (8). The terms are defined by Eqs. (9)–(12). (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) These same types of polarized light can also be broken down into right and left circular components or into two orthogonal elliptical components. These different vector bases are useful in different physical situations. One of the simplest ways of producing linearly polarized light is by reflection from a dielectric surface. At a particular angle of incidence, the reflectivity for light whose electric vector is in the plane of incidence becomes zero. The reflected light is thus linearly polarized at right angles to the plane of incidence. This fact was discovered by E. Malus in 1808. Brewster's law shows that at the polarizing angle the refracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the reflected ray. By combining this relationship with Snell's law of refraction, it is found that Eq. (13) holds, (13) where & is the Brewster angle of incidence and n and n are the refractive indices of the two interfaced media (Fig. B 1 2 1). This provides a simple way of measuring refractive indices. See also: Refraction of waves Fig. 1 Illustration of the law of Malus. Add to 'My Saved Images' Law of Malus If linearly polarized light is incident on a dielectric surface at Brewster's angle (the polarizing angle), then the reflectivity of the surface will depend on the angle between the incident electric vector and the plane of incidence. When the vector is in the plane of incidence, the reflectivity will vanish. To compute the complete relationship, the incident light vector A is broken into components, one vibrating in the plane of incidence and one at right angles to the plane, as in Eqs. (14) and (15), (14) (15) where & is the angle between the light vector and a plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Since the component in the plane of incidence is not reflected, the reflected ray can be written as Eq. (16), (16) where r is the reflectivity at Brewster's angle. The intensity is given by Eq. (17). (17) This is the mathematical statement of the law of Malus (Fig. 1). Linear polarizing devices The angle & can be considered as the angle between the transmitting axes of a pair of linear polarizers. When the polarizers are parallel, they are transparent. When they are crossed, the combination is opaque. The first polarizers were glass plates inclined so that the incident light was at Brewster's angle. Such polarizers are quite inefficient since only a small percentage of the incident light is reflected as polarized light. More efficient polarizers can be constructed. Dichroic crystals Certain natural materials absorb linearly polarized light of one vibration direction much more strongly than light vibrating at right angles. Such materials are termed dichroic. For a description of them. See also: Dichroism Tourmaline is one of the best-known dichroic crystals, and tourmaline plates were used as polarizers for many years. A pair was usually mounted in what were known as tourmaline tongs. Birefringent crystals Other natural materials exist in which the velocity of light depends on the vibration direction. These materials are called birefringent. The simplest of these structures are crystals in which there is one direction of propagation for which the light velocity is independent of its state of polarization. These are termed uniaxial crystals, and the propagation direction mentioned is called the optic axis. For all other propagation directions, the electric vector can be split into two components, one lying in a plane containing the optic axis and the other at right angles. The light velocity or refractive index for these two waves is different. See also: Birefringence One of the best-known of these birefringent crystals is transparent calcite (Iceland spar), and a series of polarizers have been made from this substance. W. Nicol (1829) invented the Nicol prism, which is made of two pieces of calcite cemented together as in Fig. 2. The cement is Canada balsam, in which the wave velocity is intermediate between the velocity in calcite for the fast and the slow ray. The angle at which the light strikes the boundary is such that for one ray the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for total reflection. Thus the rhomb is transparent for only one polarization direction. Fig. 2 Nicol prism. The ray for which Snell's law holds is called the ordinary ray. Add to 'My Saved Images' Canada balsam is not completely transparent in the ultraviolet at wavelengths shorter than 400 nanometers. Furthermore, large pieces of calcite material are exceedingly rare. A series of polarizers has been made using quartz, which is transparent in the ultraviolet and which is more commonly available in large pieces. Because of the small difference between the refractive indices of quartz and Canada balsam, a Nicol prism of quartz would be tremendously long for a given linear aperture. A different type of polarizer, made of quartz, was invented by W. H. Wollaston and is shown in Fig. 3. Here the vibration directions are different in the two pieces so that the two rays are deviated as they pass through the material. The incoming light beam is thus separated into two oppositely linearly polarized beams which have an angular separation between them.
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