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St. John's Coli Ge • Annapolis, Maryland-:-Santa Fe, New Mexico THE ST. JOHN'S RE\' w ~ St. John's Coli ge • Annapolis, Maryland-:-Santa Fe, New Mexico .-;--I ' I \.( -r- January, 1980 ' ( THE COLLEGE: Volume XXXI January, 1980 Number2 THE ST. JOHN'S REVIEW For Progress, by Raymond Aron 1 Prodigal Father (a narrative), by Charles G. Bell 9 The Birth of a Literary Language, by Giuliano Bonfante 16 On the Discovery of Deductive Science, by Curtis A. Wilson 21 Life Beyond the Reach of Hope, by Philipp P. Fehl 32 Kant's Imperative, by Eva Brann 40 Boyle, Galileo, and Manifest Experience, by Martin Tamny 46 Prometheus Unbound, by Thomas K. Simpson 55 Memorials for Simon Kaplan 64 Aristotle Gazing, by Michael Platt 68 Plato's Euthydemus, by Samuel Scolnicov 75 Between the Old and the New Memories of John Dewey Days, by Sidney Hook 79 First Readings Ancient Astronomy and Ptolemy's 'Crime', by Curtis A. Wilson 84 Carrillo and the Communist Party in Spain, by Gary Prevost 89 At Home and Abroad Letter from Budapest and Pees, by Leo Raditsa 92 Notes Inside back cover Editor: Leo Raditsa Managing Editor: Thomas Parran, Jr. Editorial Assistant: Barbara J. Sisson Consulting Editors: Eva Brann, Beate Ruhm von Oppen, Curtis A. Wilson. THE COLLEGE is published by the Office of the Dean, St. John's College, Annapolis, Mary­ land 21404. Richard D. Weigle, President, Ed­ ward G. Sparrow, Dean. Published twice yearly, usually in July and January. ISSN 0010-0862 Front cover: copy of a Galileo manuscript at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence. ©1980, St. John's College. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without per­ mission is prohibited. For Progress After the Fall of the Idols Raymond Aron Marx is not dead; in the secondary schools, in the lycees, even guish between l\!Iarx and the Soviet Union with an inverted in the universities, he remains very much alive, an inexhaustible accent of value. The approach of hell is replacing the hope of mine of quotations, concepts, and dogmas, an almost inevitable paradise. reference, if not an undisputed master. In England, sociologists Alexis de Tocqueville had foreseen that the superficial agita­ have never read and discussed him so much. Althusser has disci­ tion of democratic society would not spare intellectual life. Paris ples, almost a school there. He enjoys the same popularity in the is the capital of fashionable ideas, no less than fashion. Gurus are United States. I open the june 29 issue of the New York Review revered for a few years or months, make their rounds and then of Books; I come across a remarkable article, "Inescapable move on. The new gurus who kill the gods of yesterday are not Marx," by Robert L. Heilbroner, dedicated to an impressive list fundamentally different from the gurus of the 50's or 60's. of books on Marx, his life, his theories of history and revolution, Whether one discovers a structuralist Marx or excommunicates his heritage, and the meaning of his thought today- not to men­ the philosophers of German idealism by dint of collages of quota­ tion a magazine entitled, Marxist Perspectives, which reminds me tions amounts to the same thing in practice. The style changes, of the collection of the 30's, In the Light of Marxism. the talent varies; sometimes the good news-the 1977 vintage Much of this work amounts to Marxology, rather than Marx­ guaranteed-reaches the general public and the international ism, although the majority of Marxists, even members of the weeklies; later the s_ect returns to the obscurity from which the Communist party, justify their position through an interpreta­ press had snatched it. tion of the master. What distinguishes the "new philosophers" is Does the present moment-the death of l\!Iarx by and for "the the simultaneous condemnation of Marx, Gulag, and the Soviet princes of intelligence" -have a different historical significance Union (even if they also have to condemn capitalism and socialism from the preceding ones, the quarrelsome association between at the same time). A fraction of the high- or presumably high­ the existentialists and the communists, the Camus-Sartre­ level Parisian intelligentsia, today as yesterday, does not distin- Merleau-Ponty debates, the rise of Louis Althusser and his decline, the Maoists in Paris? I hesitate to answer. The books that reveal the truth of the day do not seem to me, as works of thought, superior to -those of the recent past. Quite the opposite. Raymond Aron's latest book, In Defense of Decadent Europe, has re­ But I do not trust my judgemerit, because of my probable bias in cently appeared in English (Regnery/Gateway). He writes a valuable weekly column of political commentary in L'Express. He is one of the favor of the men of my generation. sponsors of the important new quarterly, published in France, Com­ Moreover, it matters little. What interests me is that a pro­ mentaire, where this article first appeared in the Autumn of 1978. longed phase of economic crisis coincides, not with a revival of 1 The College Marxism, but, at least in appearance, with a completely opposite ideas and societies, that made possible the develop­ reaction. The delayed recognition, under the influence of Solz­ ment of reason, sensibility, and wilL It was the indus­ henitsyn, of Soviet reality has provoked a sort of total rejection in trial arts that made modern man the most perfect of some people, not only of Marx, Marxism, and the Soviet Union, animals. The industrial arts are the Prometheus of an­ but of the master thinkers of modern civilization. The ambition cient drama. Keeping them in mind, let us read the of philosophers to change the world by interpreting it is becom­ magnificent verses of Aeschylus and let us say that it ing the primal sin, and, since its source was historical material­ was the industrial arts that made men out of those weak ism, we find these young people ready to charge intellectuals and ants that haunted dark caves, out of those children who their optimism with all the crimes of the century, from the did not see what they saw, did not understand what slaughters at Verdun to Gulag-a word emptied of meaning by they heard, and who, throughout their lives, blurred misuse. Even the Bastille of Louis XIV is baptized "Gulag." their images with the phantoms of their dreams ... Be­ Radiant socialism in opposition to sordid capitalism? There is yond any doubt, it will be the industrial arts that will no longer any question of it: both of them, avatars of the same save humanity from the moral and material crisis in capital, would show two barely different faces of the same bar­ which it is struggling. Science and industry are superior barism. Let us read a few lines from the book that enjoyed re­ to fate rather than subject to it. They are the third God markable success: that is putting an end to the gods, to the tyrants of heaven and earth ... 2 It is therefore meaningless to "criticize" the idea of progress. It is also meaningless to attack its "illusions." As soon as I left the sheltered 1itt1~ world of the university, I And it is meaningless again to set up other mechanisms collided with the calamity of the Germans, their nationalistic and other real processes in opposition to it. We must delirium. I revolted against the faith of these men of good will; I believe in progress, believe in its infinite power, and no longer shared their confidence in the capacity of science to grant it all the credit it asks for. But we must simply de­ save humanity from its moral and material crisis. To reflect on nounce it as a reactionary mechanism which is leading the course of human history is to become conscious of the the world to catastrophe. We have to say what it says, human condition,. of an incoherent world, torn by conflicts see the world as it does, record the signs of its devasta­ among classes, nations, and ideologies. A dramatic condition that tion wherever it rules. And it is precisely for that reason forbids immoderate hopes but does not justify resignation. that we must discredit it, and only in that sense that it Forty years ago, I meditated on history in the shadow of the must be analyzed, as a uniform and linear progression Great Depression, my glance turned toward World War II, toward evil. No, the world is not wandering nor lost in whose warning symptoms only the blind did not perceive. Today meanders of possibility. It is heading straight for uni­ I am writing in the shadow of an economic crisis, completely dif­ formity, the shallows, the mean. And in order to protest ferent from that of the 30's. The "undiscoverable" war, the war against that, now, for the first time, we must proclaim of Superpowers, remains improbable. Ever since the cultural ourselves antiprogressive. 1 revolt of the 30's, however, modern civilization in its entirety has been on trial. If socialism is no better than capitalism, where This sort of prophecy defies the old practice, dear to French does the blame fall if not on science, progress, technology, and, education, of the explication de texte. Progress, I suppose, desig­ indeed, economic development? An accusation as old as the nates economic development, more or less identified with sci­ accused: Rousseau against the Encyclopedists; the counterrevo­ ence, technology, and industrialization. Has this progress lutionaries against the Enlightenment and the Revolution; Nie­ become reactionary? How? Why? Is it a one-way road to Evil? tzsche against the petty bourgeoisie or socialism.
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