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Final Dissertation Draft Copyright by Miguel Edward Santos-Neves 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Miguel Edward Santos-Neves certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Reconfiguring Nation, Race, and Plantation Culture in Freyre and Faulkner Committee: Katherine Arens, Supervisor Wayne Lesser César Salgado Ivan Teixeira Alexandra Wettlaufer Reconfiguring Nation, Race, and Plantation Culture in Freyre and Faulkner by Miguel Edward Santos-Neves B.A.; M.A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2012 Dedication To my mother, father, Carolina, and Gabriel Acknowledgements “I would maintain that thanks are the highest form of thought… I would like to thank Katherine Arens for acting as the supervisor of my dissertation committee. She spent a great deal of time brainstorming with me over the course of this project, and she also helped me turn this dissertation into a sustained argument. She gave me the encouragement and the guidance to help me see this project through. I would like to thank Ivan Teixeira for the wonderful and affectionate friendship we have maintained over the years. Moreover, his commitment to the study of literature has been and will continue to be an inspiration to me. I would also like to show my dear appreciation to Wayne Lesser, César Salgado, and Alexandra Wettlaufer and for the careful attention they paid to my work and the insightful comments they made during my defense. The future of this manuscript will owe much to their contributions and suggestions. I would like to thank Elizabeth Richmond-Garza for her support and for the incredible commitment to the Program in Comparative Literature at the University of Texas at Austin and its graduate students. Aside from the faculty members in my committee, I would like to thank the professors with whom I maintained a warm relationship and to whom I have turned for v ideas and support. Seth Wolitz has been a dear friend of mine who has given me wise counsel. Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski has been a good friend. I would like to thank Michelle Watson for her incredible love. She has stood by me with superhuman patience through my days of research and writing: she has listened to the frustrations I experienced and has reveled in the joys I celebrated. I would like to thank Michael H. Stone for listening to me over the years and for helping me become the person that I am. Without him, I would not have had the courage and strength to even begin this project. Finally, I would like to thank the dear friends I have made during my time in Austin: James Arrington, Anthony Arroyo, Rodrigo Lopes de Barros, Malachi Black, Emily Bloom, Pearl Brilmyer, Elizabeth Frye, Brooke Hunter, Lucas Legnare, Jason Leubner, Christopher Micklethwait, Lanie Millar, Thiago Lima Nicodemo, Nicolas Poppe, Brad Saylorking, Simone Sessolo, Dustin Stewart, Heloisa Aruth Sturm, Catharine Remy, Natacha Wagner, the Westlake Soccer Group, Dafydd Wood, and Cara Zimmer. …and that gratitude is happiness doubled by wonder.” —G.K. Chesterton vi Reconfiguring Nation, Race, and Plantation Culture in Freyre and Faulkner Miguel Edward Santos-Neves , Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2012 Supervisor: Katherine Arens Gilberto Freyre’s Casa-grande & senzala (1933) (The Masters and the Slaves) and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! (1936) revisit and reevaluate Romantic notions of history, especially national progress and attendant accounts of racial purity and whiteness of "the people." The plantation home emerges in their texts as the common locus of historical and cultural experiences and as the principle symbol and metaphor for the domination of colonial forces. This dissertation explores how Freyre and Faulkner both take up the contemporary issue of miscegenation as the primary theme in their respective works. They elaborate this theme and explore its ramifications through the central, grounding image of the plantation home, which they approach through a historical sensibility and from a historical perspective. Freyre and Faulkner work from within paradigms from Europe to rewrite them, as they re-think the legacies of colonialism and of the plantation vii organization in non-national, non-ethnic, non-Hegelian, generative, deterministic terms. Their works seek to offer viable and independent counter-discourses to the dominant European cultural models—new, non-nationalist narratives of historical destiny based on culture and economics rather than on any overarching political- historical destiny, as the epics of Europe's nations had been told in the era. This dissertation hopes to contribute to the scholarship that questions the essentialist notions of race and nation, as they were conceived on the plantation in rural regions of the New World. This project recovers a transnational tradition of political opposition—a tradition that roots itself in the anthropology of experience rather than in the determinism of origin and inheritance. It will also argue for disciplinary realignments in the literature of the Americas, by proposing that further efforts be made to study the New World plantation and its effective geography. On the basis of the discussion on Faulkner, Southern literature ought to observe a new division between the Upper South and the Lower South, demarcated by the border between North and South Carolina, on the basis of the demographics, economics, and, in turn, self-understanding of these respective regions. viii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:...…………………………………...………………………….…….1 Robinson Crusoe in Brazil………………………………………………………6 Mercantilism and the Plantation………………………………………………11 Barbados: A Revealing Case-Study…………………………………...............13 The United States and the Plantation Complex………………………………18 Freyre: The Blended Nation and Its Strength…………………………...……20 Faulkner: Reconstructing Southern History in terms of Regional Experience rather than Historical Determinism………………………………………...…25 Significance of Dissertation and Discussion of Method………………………28 CHAPTER 1: The Context of Brazilian Nationalism……...........................................31 Pre-Modern Roots of Freyre's Plantation…………………………………….32 Building Brazil in the Nineteenth Century……………………………………43 Change in the World of the Late Empire……………………………………..50 New Currents about Indigenous Brazil……………………………………….54 Conclusion: Conflicted National Descent……………………………………..66 CHAPTER 2: Casa-grande & senzala: Miscegenation and the National Brazil…....68 Structuring the Essay as Dramatic Fate………………………………………74 Setting the Stage...................................................................................................78 Engaging the Fate of Brazil.................................................................................83 The Indigenous: The First Attempt at Subjection……………………………88 The African Slave: The Strong Arm of Patriarchy in Brazil………………...91 Resolving Fate: The Emergence of Brazil.........................................................94 ix From Cultural Identity to Identity Politics………………………………….102 Emerging Dualities…………………………………………………………….109 Food: The National Cuisine as Symbol for National Essence………………110 Conclusion: The National Epic, Rewritten by Historical Anthropology…..114 CHAPTER 3: The Myth of Southern Aristocracy: Building Blocks for Faulkner's South…………………………………………………………………………………...119 Origin Myths and the Role of the Plantation………………………………..120 The Southern Plantation in the Literature of the Old South……………….125 The Southern Plantation Appropriated by Northern Writers……………..143 The Prospect of Amalgamation and Miscegenation………………………...152 A Glimmer of Critical Voices in the Post-Bellum South…...……………….164 The Cult of the Lost Cause……………………………………………………176 The Southern Agrarians: The Myth of the Old South Lives On…………...180 Conclusion: The Plantation as a Political Figuration……………………….185 CHAPTER 4: Absalom, Absalom!: Miscegenation in the Plantation World….…...188 Sutpen and the Bildungsroman of the South………………………………...195 Returning from the Diaspora: Why Haiti is not Mississippi……………….213 Moving Toward Southern Immolation………………………………………221 Conclusion: The Southern Plantation Reconfigured….…………………….231 CONCLUSION………………………………...…………………………...................236 The Closed Door of Modernism and the Dynamics of Race in Faulkner and Freyre ……………………………………………………………………...…..236 The Plantation and Social History…………………………………………...242 Parting Thought………………………………….……………………………247 x BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………....………………..…………………………250 VITA…………………………………………………………………………..……….271 xi Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living. And just as they seem to be occupied with revolutionizing themselves and things, creating something that did not exist before, precisely in such epochs of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service, borrowing from them names, battle slogans, and costumes in order to present this new scene in world history in time-honored disguise and borrowed language. —Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte” 1852 INTRODUCTION: My dissertation project approaches as its centerpieces Gilberto Freyre’s Casa-grande & senzala (1933) (The Masters
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