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PUBLIC OPINION in SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY Office of West European Studies

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PUBLIC OPINION in SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY Office of West European Studies UNIVERSITY 0F> ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANACHAMPAIGN CENTRAL CIRCULATION AND BOOKSTACKS The person borrowing this material is return responsible for its renewal or before the Latest Date sta.nm-d >^<^1<>^1- Jou ^/:>.UU may be charged a minimum tee ot lost item. for each non-returned or of library materials can Theft, mutilation, or defacement action All materials be causes for student disciplinary Library are the owned by the University of Illinois and are protected by property of the State of Illinois Law and Procedure. Article 16B of Illinois Criminal TO RENEW, CALL (217) 333-8400. at Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois Library SEP 18 FEB 7 2007 due date When renewing by phone, write new below previous due date. PUBLIC OPINION IN SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY Office of West European Studies Published in conjunction with the OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS AND STUDIES PUBLIC OPINION IN SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY The HICOG Surveys, 1949-1955 Edited by ANNA J. MERRITT and RICHARD L. MERRITT With a Foreword by LEO P. CRESPI UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS Urbana Chicago London © 1980 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Merritt, Anna J Public opinion in seniisovereign Germany. Part 2 consists of summaries by the authors of the unpublished reports prepared by the Reactions Analysis Staff, Office of the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany. Continues the authors' Public opinion in occupied Germany. Includes bibUographical references and index. 1. Public opinion-Germany, West. I. Merritt, Richard L., joint author. II. United States. Office of High Commissioner for Germany. Reactions Analysis Staff. 111. Title. HM2bl.M49 301.15'4'0943 78-20995 ISBN 0-252-00731-X For Christopher, GcolTrey, and Tlico —continuing their nmlticulturul journey CONTENTS Acknowledgments xxi Foreword by Leo P. Crespi xxiii List of Abbreviations xxvii PART I: POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY THE HICOG SURVEYS 4 COMING TO TERMS WITH NAZISM 6 Views of the Nazi Past 6 Nazi System 7 World War II 8 Treatment of Jews 9 Removing the Remnants of Nazism 10 War Crimes Trials 10 Denazification 11 Organizations 11 FROM FOREIGN OCCUPATION TO INDEPENDENCE 12 Federal Republic 12 Federal Government 13 Parties and Elections 15 Konrad Adenauer 17 Rearmament 19 Militarism 19 An Independent German Military 20 Atlantic Pact 20 West European Army 22 Rearmament under NATO 23 GERMANY IN THE WORLD 23 West German Foreign Relations 23 Between East and West 24 Reunification 25 West Europe 30 East German Perspectives 31 Interviewing East Germans 32 Life in the GDR 33 The West 34 American Information Policy 35 Press 37 Radio 38 U.S. Information Centers 39 POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SEMISOVEREIGN GERMANY: A BALANCE SHEET 40 viii/Contents PART II: THE HICOG SURVEYS 1. The State of German Nationalism Following 53 the Founding of the West German Republic (30 December 1949) 2. Readers' Evaluation of the U.S. Overt Publications 55 (6 January 1950) 3. West German Republic vs. East German Government: 55 Some Evaluations and Comparisons (18 January 1950) 4. RIAS and Its Listeners in Western Berlin (8 Feb- 56 ruary 1950) 5. West Berliners Appraise Present Economic and 57 Political Situation (20 February 1950) 6. The German Public Views the Conduct of the U.S. 58 Occupation Forces (6 March 1950) 7. The German Public Views the CARE Organization 58 (6 March 1950) 8. Reactions toward the Wijrttemberg-Baden Denazi- 59 fication Affair (17 March 1950) 9. German Attitude toward an Army and Military 59 Training (17 March 1950) 10. Germans View the U.S. Reorientation Program: 60 I. Extent of Receptivity to American Ideas (30 March 1950) 11. Germans View the U.S. Reorientation Program: 61 II. Reactions to American Democratization Efforts (30 March 1950) 12. Germans View the U.S. Reorientation Program: 62 III. Opinions on the Cultural Exchange Program (30 March 1950) 13. Implications of the H-Bomb in the East-West Struggle 62 (1 April 1950) 14. Readership of Heute and Other Illustrated Period- 63 icals (4 April 1950) 15. The German Public Assays Political Democracy 64 (24 April 1950) 16. Reactions and Recommendations of West Berliners 64 in Face of Prospective Whitsuntide March (28 April 1950) 17. Attitudes of Students at Erlangen and Munich 65 Universities (30 April 1950) 17-S. Trends in German Public Opinion: 1946 through 66 1949 (May 1950) 18. West Germans View the East-West Struggle: 68 I. General Evaluations and Extent of Allegiance to the West (19 May 1950) 19. West Germans View the East-West Struggle: 69 II. Trends and Current Attitudes on Withdrawal of the Occupying Powers (22 May 1950) 20. West Germans View the East-West Struggle (25 May 70 1950): III. Defense of Western Germany 21. Views of the German Public in the U.S. Zone on 71 Chancellor Adenauer's Proposal of a Franco-German Union (31 May 1950) Contents/ix 22. The Problem of Unemployment in Western Germany: 71 I. German Appraisal of Its Causes and Conse- quences (5 June 1950) 23. The Problem of Unemployment in Western Germany: 72 II. Comparative Views of the Bavarian Unemployed and the Bavarian and U.S. Zone Public (5 June 1950) 23-S. Reactions of a Munich Movie Audience to an Animated 73 Film Based on the Races of Mankind (14 June 1950) 24. German Youth in Five Cities Give Their Impression 73 of the Supplement Jugend in der Freien Welt (30 June 1950) 25. Post Mortem on the Whitsuntide March: A Survey of 74 West Berliners' Evaluations (6 July 1950) 26. Trends and Current Attitudes Regarding the "Voice 74 of America" Broadcasts (26 July 1950) 27. Trend in German Opinions on Socialization of 75 Industry (27 July 1950) 28. Trends in Opinions on the West German Federal 76 Republic (31 July 1950) 28-S. Rumors in West Germany Following the Korean Out- 77 break (51 July 1950) 29. German Reactions to the American-Sponsored Newsreel 77 Welt im Film (4 August 1950) 30. Have , the Western Occupying Powers Furthered or 78 Hindered German Reconstruction? (8 August 1950) 31. Trends in Awareness and Patronage of the U.S. 78 Information Centers in the U.S. Zone, West Berlin, and Bremen (8 August 1950) 32. Germans View the Korean Outbreak: I. Urban Trends 79 in U.S. Occupied Areas (14 August 1950) 33. Germans View the Korean Outbreak: II. Urban 80 Opinions in West Germany (23 August 1950) 34. A Summary of Trends in Radio Listening in West 81 Berlin (28 August 1950) 34-S. Further Study of Post-Korean Rumors in Germany 81 (29 August 1950) 35. Observers Evaluate Effectiveness of Communist Press 82 in West Germany (8 September 1950) 36. The Question of Remilitarization in Western 82 Germany (15 September 1950) 37. Germans, View the Korean Outbreak: III. Overall 83 Opinions and Group Differences in the U.S. Occu- pied Areas (28 September 1950) 38. German Youth View the American Program: I. Some 84 General Evaluations (9 October 1950) 39. The Effectiveness of the ERP Information Program 85 in Western Germany (12 October 1950) 40. German Youth View the American Program: II. Amer- 86 ican Reorientation Efforts (23 October 1950) 41. German Youth View the American Program: III. The 87 "Voice of America" and General Radio (23 October 1950) 42. German Youth View the American Program: IV. Aware- 87 ness and Patronage of Amerika Hauser among Youth (25 October 1950) x/Contents 43. German Youth View the American Program: V. 88 Audience of U.S. Overt Magazines and U.S. Docu- mentary Film Program (25 October 1950) 44. German Youth View the American Program: VI. The 88 German-American Exchange Program (30 October 1950) 45. Trend in Opinion on West German Remilitarization 89 (31 October 1950) 46. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Urban 89 Opinion in Western Germany (10 November 1950) 47. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Further 90 Findings and Some Limitations on Majority Approval (18 November 1950) 48. An Analysis of Possible Determinants of Opposition 91 to German Participation in the Defense of Europe (22 November 1950) 49. A Test of Reader Reaction to Third Reich and De- 93 featist Articles (27 November 1950) 50. German Youth View the American Program: VII. 94 Acceptance of Democratic Responsibility and Re- lated Political Issues (30 November 1950) 51. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Pre- 95 Election Trend and Further Findings (1 December 1950) 52. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: New 96 Korean Trend and Further Analysis of Opposition (7 December 1950) 53. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Reac- 97 tions to Korean Reverses and Associated Issues (14 December 1950) 54. German Youth View the Adult Education System 98 (21 December 1950) 55. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Year- 98 End Developments and the Present Status of Neutralism (28 December 1950) 56. West German Opinions on Political Parties and 99 Election Issues (29 December 1950) 57. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Has 101 Western Policy Changed on German Militarism?-- and Present-Day Attitudes on Nuremberg (12 Jan- uary 1951) 58. Germans View the Remilitarization Issue: Further 102 Trends on Neutralism, Defense Participation, and Associated Issues (18 January 1951) 59. Public Appraisal of Effectiveness of Communist 103 Activity in West Germany (25 January 1951) 60. New Light on German Neutrality Sentiments 103 (31 January 1951) 61. Defense Participation Sentiments and the Extent 104 of "Ohne Mich": With Other Current Developments on Issues Related to German Defense Participation (22 February 1951) 62. Franco-German Relations as Viewed by Residents of 105 the U.S. Zone, Berlin, and Bremen (28 February 1951) Contents/xi 63. West German Reactions to the Landsberg Decisions 106 (6 March 1951) 63-S.
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