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Can Open Access Solve the E-Journal Problem?

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Can Open Access Solve the E-Journal Problem? National Institute of Informatics News ISSN 1883-1966 (Print) ISSN 1884-0817 (Online) NII Interview Can Open Access Solve the E-Journal Problem? Takashi Hikihara [Director-General of Kyoto University 68 Library Network / Director of Main Library, Kyoto University] Dec. 2018 Tomorrow’s Scholarly Information Systems Jun Adachi [Deputy Director General, NII] Dialog Key Initiatives for Promoting Open Access Midori Ichiko [Administrative Director, Keio University Mita Feature Media Center / Chair of JUSTICE Steering Committee] Koichi Ojiro [Project Researcher, Research Center Roads to Open Access for Open Science and Data Platform, NII] Commentary Putting Journals Back Considering Future Systems into the Hands of Academia Miho Funamori [Associate Professor, Information and for Distributing Academic Information Society Research Division, NII] This English language edition NII Today corresponds to No. 82 of the Japanese edition │ NII Interview │ Can Open Access Solve the E-Journal Problem? Kyoto University’s eorts to improve the research environment Takashi Hikihara Professor, Graduate School of Engineering / Director-General of Kyoto University Library Network and Director of Main Library, Kyoto University Interviewer: Jun-ichi Taki Senior Staff Writer, Editorial Bureau, Nikkei Inc. Publishing and reading research results in academic journals are essential for researchers. Concern about researchers losing access to journals is becoming a reality due to steep price rises for electronic journals offered by major international publishers, in addition to cuts in university operating subsidies. Will moves to collect articles and make them freely available in the electronic archives of institutions such as universities (institutional repositories) change the situation? I asked Professor Takashi Hikihara, Director-General of the Kyoto University Library Network. Taki What do you think about the impact of soaring prices of decreasing every year, and the increase in journal subscription e-journals on research at universities? fees is putting pressure on university finances. The Japan Alliance Hikihara Due to regular price hikes by the oligopoly of publishers, of University Library Consortia for E-Resources (JUSTICE) is having currency fluctuations, and so on, prices are constantly increasing. some success in negotiations with international publishers, but Meanwhile, subsidies for university operating expenses are has not yet managed to put a stop to the price increases. Subscriptions to e-journal package deals start at the same price as when the journals were purchased in print form. Consequently, they have the benefit of allowing access to more journals than before digitization. It is possible to change the contract dynamically when the package price increases and subscribe to many inexpensive journals. There are universities that actually do this, but it has a downside in that they lose access to journals that were once available to them thanks to digitization. Also, with the privatization of national universities, independent responses by each university have become the norm, and the details of their respective contracts cannot be disclosed. This has fragmented the response from national universities. Furthermore, the switch to HTTPS has made information on who has downloaded which articles confidential, and it is becoming impossible to acquire this information even within a university. When transparency about the use of articles is lost, it makes negotiations with publishers difficult, and it also makes it difficult to determine how to divide subscription costs between departments within universities. Taki As interdisciplinary research increases, new journals will be required in addition to existing subscriptions. Questions will be raised about which journals are really necessary and who should pay for them. Hikihara Publishers say that they will make an article open access so that anyone can read it, if the author pays an article Takashi Hikihara processing charge (APC). If researchers are told that making their Withdrew with Research Guidance Approval from the Doctoral Program of the article open access is good for increasing citations, then they will Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto probably pay the APC from their own research fund. From the University in 1987. Doctor of Engineering, Kyoto University. Worked at Kansai universities point of view, this means that they are paying twice. University before becoming an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University in Universities and researchers have to change their perspectives 1997. Became a professor in the same department in 2001 and has served as and financial operations regarding journals, but the system that Director-General of the Kyoto University Library Network and Director of the Main Library since 2012. Engaged in research on nonlinear dynamics and their divides universities and researchers is invisible so that no one engineering applications, power electronics, and electrical energy systems. knows what is fair and what isn’t. They can’t keep up with the changes. what we can into the repository, but if researchers don’t want to Taki Is open access (OA) the answer to this problem? put their research in, they don’t have to and we allow them to Hikihara OA has advanced by way of making articles that have opt out. This is because it would become an evaluation if they already been published but are only accessible to subscribers had to put their research into the repository. At Kyoto University, openly available. More broadly speaking, by making academic there are many faculty members in the humanities, and they journals available to people who could not access them in order cannot gain an equal footing with the sciences. Open access to share and disseminate scientific results, OA is consistent with allows people to view each other’s research, regardless of whether the essence of science, which is to promote the spread of it is in the humanities or the sciences, and a major aim is to knowledge. One method of OA is to register the author’s edition expand interdisciplinary research. of an article after peer review but before publication in a journal, Taki Traditionally, journals have taken on the job of assuring the as well as articles that have the consent of the publisher, into an quality of articles and distributing them, but that way of doing institutional repository belonging to a university or other things has changed. institution. Another method is to make articles prior to peer Hikihara At the stage when journals were simply converted into review (preprints)[1] accessible on a server. electronic form, the journal’s name was still attached and the Institutional repositories and preprint servers may not be very publisher held the information. Publishers who owned many attractive to researchers who want the added value of a journal’s journals were strengthened by a belief in the numbers. Citations name or indicators such as citations and impact factor (IF)[2], but and impact factors took on a life of their own, and while there is open access in the broad sense is desirable when one considers no doubt that excellent articles appear in prestigious journals, the the scientific community as a whole. upside-down logic that if an article appears in a prestigious Kyoto University adopted its open access policy in April 2015. It journal, then it is a good article started to become accepted. The stipulates that open science will be developed to protect question of how best to assure the quality of academic information researchers and research, and proactively secure sources of new and distribute it should, under normal circumstances, be considered knowledge. Young researchers have a positive understanding of by universities. this policy. The electronic publication of academic dissertations Looking at the USA, the Gates Foundation has started publishing was made compulsory in 2013, and this was important because it the equivalent of academic papers on the Internet and having gives people a sense that open access is a matter of course. As a experts review them. Google is participating in preprint servers result, more than 10,000 articles are deposited into the repository for artificial intelligence (AI) research. People are increasingly every year. deciding to judge for themselves, without relying on journal Taki What triggered the creation of the policy? evaluations. The paradigm is changing. Hikihara In the Research University 11 (RU11) consortium, (Photography by Mito Takahashi) formed of eleven Japanese universities, there were calls to take another look at the situation regarding foreign e-journal Note contracts, and I traveled to the USA in 2014. On that trip, [1] A manuscript, written with the aim of being published as an academic paper in a journal, that is uploaded to an Internet server when it is complete, prior to peer review. something someone involved with American libraries said about Well-known servers include arXiv.org, established in 1991. OA made an impression on me. They said that “access to articles [2] A measure of the influence of an academic journal. Reflects how often, on average, is not being opened up because journals are expensive, it is being articles published in a certain journal were cited in a given year. opened up in order to rebuild the research community.” OA connects people who weren’t connected before. It allows young A Word from the Interviewer people to access the research of more experienced researchers, Professor Hikihara says that he was told not to read academic papers not just within a university, but from anywhere in the world. If I when he was a student. What this advice was warning against was think about it, when I was young, I learned by reading preprints “popular papers.” It was implying that papers should be read not in order handed out by older researchers at seminars and the like. That to follow the fashion of the day but to understand what thoughts re- practice is dying out now. I realized that OA is an opportunity to searchers that have come before you have had on your subject and what kind of data they have collected.
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