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TAXON:Combretum Indicum SCORE:10.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Combretum indicum SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Combretum indicum Family: Combretaceae Common Name(s): Burma creeper Synonym(s): Quisqualis indica L. (basionym) quisqualis Rangoon creeper Assessor: Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 12 Sep 2014 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Liana, Naturalized, Thorny, Suckers, Water-dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 12 Sep 2014 (Combretum indicum) Page 1 of 15 TAXON: Combretum indicum SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 12 Sep 2014 (Combretum indicum) Page 2 of 15 TAXON: Combretum indicum SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Combretum indicum is native to Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2013. Plant tropical Asia. There is still doubt whether it is indigenous to East Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 2. Africa or was introduced there long ago. It is nowadays widely PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics, mainly as an ornamental plant, and has become naturalized in many localities." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Rain forests, low woods, thickets, hedges, mountains, dry hillsides, riversides, roadsides, wasteland, also cultivated; below 1500 m. Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, S Jiangxi, China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan; cultivated in Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Cambodia, India (including Andaman Islands), Indonesia, Laos, Louis Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; coastal E Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Pacific islands" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis Creation Date: 12 Sep 2014 (Combretum indicum) Page 3 of 15 TAXON: Combretum indicum SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes [Elevation range in tropical climates exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2013. Plant environmental versatility] "Combretum indicum occurs in shrub and Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 2. tree savanna, forest margins, along stream banks, also in disturbed PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands habitats, including roadsides, waste places, rice fields and railway tracks, from sea-level up to 1800 m altitude." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Rain forests, low woods, thickets, hedges, mountains, dry hillsides, riversides, roadsides, wasteland, also cultivated; below 1500 m. Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, S Jiangxi, China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan; cultivated in Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Cambodia, India (including Andaman Islands), Indonesia, Laos, Louis Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; coastal E Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Pacific islands" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "introduced to other parts of tropical Africa and Central and South Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. America; widely cultivated and often naturalized in the tropics" Louis 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Appendix 1 Exotic vascular plant species naturalized in Singapore, with habit, region of origin, probable reason for introduction (orn. Corlett, R.T. 1988. The Naturalized Flora of Singapore. =as ornamental), date of first record in Singapore (R=first record in Journal of Biogeography 15(4): 657-663 Ridley (1922-25) and current status (c=common, l=local, r=rare)." [Quisqualis indica included in list as rare] Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "introduced to other parts of tropical Africa and Central and South Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. America; widely cultivated and often naturalized in the tropics" Louis "Quisqualis indica L. New naturalized record. Quisqualis indica, a rampant climber native to Malaysia and possibly Africa (Staples & Herbst 2005), was found spreading sparingly outside a home site and Frohlich, D.& Lau, A. 2014. New plant records for the at a nearby wetland, where it reached over 7 m into the canopy of a Hawaiian Islands ϮϬϭϮʹϮϬϭϯ͘Bishop Museum Occasional tree. This species can be differentiated from other members of the Papers 115: ϳʹϭϳ Combretaceae family in Hawai͚i by its climbing habit and tube- shaped flowers, which start out white and turn red with age (Staples & Herbst 2005). Material examined. O͚AHU: Kailua, near 1659 Kanapu͚u Dr., Jul 2013, US Army 319." Creation Date: 12 Sep 2014 (Combretum indicum) Page 4 of 15 TAXON: Combretum indicum SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Queensland Government. 2014. Weeds of Australia - "This species is occasionally naturalised in northern Queensland and Rangoon creeper - Quisqualis indica. the northern parts of the Northern Territory. It is possibly also http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800- naturalised in south-eastern Queensland. Naturalised overseas in 0b07-490a-8d04- New Caledonia, south-eastern USA (i.e. Florida) and the Caribbean 0605030c0f01/media/Html/Quisqualis_indica.htm. (e.g. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands)." [Accessed 12 Sep 2014] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Source(s) Notes "Q.indica is a semi-climbing shrub possessing heads of sweetly scented flowers. Introduced as an ornamental, it has shown invasive Dunlop, E., Hardcastle, J. & Shah, N.J. 2005. Cousin and tendencies, climbing onto the crowns of Ficus, Euphorbia and Cousine Islands Status and Management of Alien Invasive Pisonia trees. Through vegetative propagation it has the potential to Species. World Bank / GEF funded project: ͚Improving dominate large areas as it has in regions of Mahe and Praslin management of NGO and privately-owned Nature (Schumacher and Wuthrich, 2000).
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