DOCSLIB.ORG

Lagerstroemia Species: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lagerstroemia Species: a Review Munish, et al. Int J Pharm 2016; 6(1): 95-98 ISSN 2249-1848 International Journal of Pharmacy Journal Homepage: http://www.pharmascholars.com Review Article CODEN: IJPNL6 LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIES: A REVIEW Munish PAL*, Deepika Thareja, Chandana Majee Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NIET, Plot no.19, Knowledge park-II, Greater Noida, U.P. 201306 - India *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Received on: 04-11-2015; Revised on: 15-12-2015; Accepted on: 22-12-2015 ABSTRACT Lagerstroemia species family Lytharceae, a popular Indian medicinal plant, has long been used in ayurvedic system of medicine. The plant has been found to possess diverse number of pharmacological activities. The present paper gives an account of pharmacological activities. The review reveals that wide range of phytochemical and pharmacological activities. The review reveals that wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant and it possesses important activities like anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti- hyperglycemic, and antioxidant. Various other activities anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antineoplastic and osteoblastic activities has also been reported. These reports are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more extensively for its therapeutic benefits. Clinical trials using Lagerstroemia (Banaba) for variety of combinations in different formulations should also be conducted. Keywords: Lagerstroemia indica, Lythraceae, Phytochemical screening. INTRODUCTION with smooth, flaky bark. The leaves are deciduous, oval to elliptic, 8-15 cm long and 3-7 cm broad, with Lagerstroemia speciosa (Lytharceae) is a shrub to an acute apex. The flowers are produced in erect large tree with multiple trunks or stems diverging panicles 20-40 cm long, each flower with six white to from just above the ground level. The genus purple petals 2-3.5 cm long [7]. Banaba has a long Lagerstroemia was first described by Carlos history of folkloric medical applications that include Linnaeus. The name Lagerstroemia recognizes blood pressure control, urinary dysfunctions (helps Magnus von lagerstroem, a Swedish naturalist who ease urination), controls the cholesterol levels, provided specimens from the east for Linnaeus [1]. treatment of diarrhea, facilitates bowel movement, The Lagerstroemia genus or crape myrtle, which Diabetes and as analgesic [8]. From China, Korea, belongs to the Lythraceae family, Myrtales order Japan and Indian Subcontinent Lagerstroemia indica containing more than 50 species [2]. It is originally is an often multi-stemmed, deciduous tree with a endemic to south East Asia, Indian subcontinent and wide spreading, flat topped, rounded, or even spike northern parts of Australia [3-4]. Banaba is widely shaped open habit. Planted in full sun or under distributed in Philippines, India and Malaysia. The canopy, the tree is a popular nesting shrub for fruits are subglobose capsule type, and they are 2-3.2 songbirds and wrens. Crepe myrtle (দেশিফুরুস), cm long [5]. Banaba extracts possess good Kolkata West Bengal, India. Many hybrid cultivars antiobesity effect, without any adverse effects [23]. have been developed between L. indica and L. faueri The chemical constituents of Lagerstroemia speciosa [9]. include ellagitannins and related compounds in leaves and fruits [6]. It is also widely cultivated as an Synonyms/Common Names/Related Substances: ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. It Banaba extract, banglang (Vietnam), bang-lang is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 20 m tall, (Cambobia), bungor (Malaya, Sabah), Byers www.pharmascholars.com 95 Munish, et al. Int J Pharm 2016; 6(1): 95-98 ISSN 2249-1848 wonderful white crape myrtle, crape myrtle, crepe PLANT DESCRIPTION myrtle, corosolic acid, ellagitannins (flosin B, reginin Shrubs or small trees to 7 m tall. Branchlets slender, A, lagerstroemin), flos-reginae Retz, Glucosol TM, 4-angled or subalate, puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves glucosal, intanin (Thailand), jarul (India), sessile or with petiole to ca. 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic, Lagerstroemia, Lagerstroemia indica, Lagerstroemia oblong, obovate, or suborbicular, typically at least parviflora, Lagerstroemia speciosa, leaf extract, some suborbicular to obovate and mucronate, 2.5–7[– lasubine, Lythraceae (family), lythraceae alkaloids, 10] × 1.5–4 cm, papery to slightly leathery, glabrous Munchausia speciosa, Pride-of-India, pyinma, or with slight indumentum on veins abaxially, lateral Queen’s crape myrtle, Queens flower. veins 3–7 pairs, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute, obtuse with small mucro, or retuse. Taxonomy Panicles subpyramidal,7–20 cm, puberulous, densely Scientific classification flowered. Floral tube 6-merous, 7–11 mm, smooth Kingdom: Plantae walled or obscurely to decidedly 6-ribbed, glabrous; Order: Myrtales sepals 3.5–5.5 mm, adaxiallyglabrous; annulus Family: Lythraceae present; epicalyx absent. Petals purple, fuchsia, pink, Genus: Lagerstroemia; or white, orbicular, 1.2–2 cm including claw 6–9 Species: L. indica. mm. Stamens 36–42, dimorphic. Ovary glabrous. Binomial name: (Lagerstroemia indica (L.) Pers. [9] Capsules ellipsoidal, 1–1.3 × 0.7–1.2 cm, 4–6- valved.Seeds including wing ca. 8 mm [11]. A Close view of the crape myrtle flower. Chemical constituents: Corosolic acid (I) is useful laboratory, corosolic acid is prepared in low yield by as an ingredient in medicines, cosmetics and health chromatographic isolation from plant extracts [10]. foods, is known tobe contained in Eriobotrya The chemical constituents of Lagerstroemia speciosa japonica (loquat), Lagerstroemia spesiosa (banaba), include ellagitannins and related compounds in Rhabdosiajaponicas (IsodonisHerba), leaves and fruits. Extracts of leaves contain alanine, Epilobiumangustifolium (fireweed), isoleucine alpha amino butyric acid and menthionine, Elliottiapaniculata (Hotsutswuji) and many other but no alkaloids or glucosides or sterols orflavonoids. plants and it has been found to have pharmaceutical Leaves also contain lageracetal, amyl alcohol, ellagic actions such as an anti-diabetic action and a blood acid, beta sitosterol, new tannin-lager tannin; 3, 3, 4- glucose level lowering action. In small scale in the tri-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-methyllagic acid www.pharmascholars.com 96 Munish, et al. Int J Pharm 2016; 6(1): 95-98 ISSN 2249-1848 Figure 1.Corosolic acid. inhibition of cough reflex at 90 min after drug PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES administration [17]. The following pharmacological activities have been reported on the genus: Cytotoxic activity: Using the brine shrimp (Artemiasalina) lethality bioassay, the ethanol fruit Antimicrobial activity: The antibacterial activity of extract of L. speciosa showed prominent cytotoxic leaves of L. speciosa has been reported. L. speciosa activity. Lethal concentration (LC50) was 60 µg/ml leaf powder extracts were tested against and LC90 was 100 µg/ml [18]. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with Anti-obesity activity: Significant reduction of body ampicillin as standard [12]. Based on the zone of weight and parametrial adipose tissue weight was inhibition, the water extract was more effective than observed in obese female KK-AY mice when fed the ethanol extract. The inhibitory efficacy of with a hot water L. speciosa leaf extract. Although methanol extract of L. speciosa leaves was tested blood glucose levels and serum lipids were against 12 oral isolates of Streptococcus mutans comparable between the control diet and test diet using the agar well diffusion method [13]. Results groups, the triglyceride content in the liver was showed significant inhibitory activity against reduced, confirming the anti-obesity activity of L. cariogenic isolates with zones ranging from 0.0−0.9 speciosa [19]. cm, 0.8−2.1 cm and 1.0−2.6 cm for extract concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/ml, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibition: Valoneic acid Flowers of L. speciosa have also been reported to dilactone isolated from aqueous leaf extract of L. possess antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of speciosa was reported to have potent inhibitory effect flower was tested against S.mutans and S. aureus onxanthine oxidase (XOD), suggesting its potential in using the agar well diffusion assay [14]. preventing and treating hyperuricemia. The inhibitory effect was non-competitive and stronger than that of Anti-inflammatory activity: The anti-inflammatory allopurinol, a clinical drug. XOD is the key enzyme activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of L. in hyperuricemia as it catalyses the oxidation of speciosa had been examined using the carrageenan- hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently uric acid. induced acute inflammation and formalin-induced [20, 21]. chronic paw oedema assays [15. Antiviral activity: When tested for anti-human Antioxidant: Saumya and basha 2011 worked on the rhinovirus (HRV) activity in HeLa cells, orobol 7-O- antioxidant effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa D-glucoside (O7G) isolated from L. speciosa leaves (banaba) leaf extract in streptozocin induced diabetic showed broad-spectrum anti-HRV activity towards mice. They found that aqueous banaba leaf extract HRV of groups A and B. The inhibitory (150mg/kg body weight) duly reduced STZ generated concentration (IC50) of O7G ranged from 0.58−8.80 reactive intermediate and radical species helping to μg/ml and the cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was regulate normal levels of antioxidative markers like more than 100
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Lagerstroemia Indica: a Potential Medicinal Plant
    IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219 Volume 9, Issue 6 Series. II (June 2019), PP. 36-42 A Review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A Potential Medicinal Plant Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. Corresponding Author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Abstract: Lagerstroemia indica contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones/ dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic glycosides (strosides A–C). Lagerstroemia indica showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lagerstroemia indica. Keyword: Lagerstroemia indica, pharmacology, constituents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- Date of Submission: 22-06-2019 Date of acceptance: 10-07-2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION Two thirds of the new chemicals identified yearly were extracted from higher plants. 75% of the world’s population used plants for therapy and prevention. In the US, where chemical synthesis dominates the pharmaceutical industry, 25% of the pharmaceuticals are based on
    [Show full text]
  • Method to Estimate Dry-Kiln Schedules and Species Groupings: Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods
    United States Department of Agriculture Method to Estimate Forest Service Forest Dry-Kiln Schedules Products Laboratory Research and Species Groupings Paper FPL–RP–548 Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods William T. Simpson Abstract Contents Dry-kiln schedules have been developed for many wood Page species. However, one problem is that many, especially tropical species, have no recommended schedule. Another Introduction................................................................1 problem in drying tropical species is the lack of a way to Estimation of Kiln Schedules.........................................1 group them when it is impractical to fill a kiln with a single Background .............................................................1 species. This report investigates the possibility of estimating kiln schedules and grouping species for drying using basic Related Research...................................................1 specific gravity as the primary variable for prediction and grouping. In this study, kiln schedules were estimated by Current Kiln Schedules ..........................................1 establishing least squares relationships between schedule Method of Schedule Estimation...................................2 parameters and basic specific gravity. These relationships were then applied to estimate schedules for 3,237 species Estimation of Initial Conditions ..............................2 from Africa, Asia and Oceana, and Latin America. Nine drying groups were established, based on intervals of specific Estimation
    [Show full text]
  • Pride of India [Lagerstroemia Speciosa (L.) Pers.] Forming a Silver Bullet for 21St Century
    IJ International Journal of Forestry and Crop Improvement FC I Volume 6 | Issue 1 | June, 2015 | 79-82 | Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in e ISSN-2230-9411 A REVIEW DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJFCI/6.1/79-82 Pride of India [Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.] forming a silver bullet for 21st century MOHINI UTTAM DHAKANE AND S.G. YADAV KEY WORDS : Silver bullet, Pride of India, Lagerstroemia speciosa HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Dhakane, Mohini Uttam and Yadav, S.G. (2015). Pride of India [Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.] forming a silver bullet for 21st century. Internat. J. Forestry & Crop Improv., 6 (1) : 79-82. ARTICLE CHRONICAL : Received : 04.09.2014;Accepted : 16.05.2015 inches cluster bloom with ruffled and crinkly appearance. NTRODUCTION I Generally, it flowers in spring but summer flowering is Lagerstroemia speciosa awarded as ‘Pride of showy. The upright spreading, vase-shaped stunning India’ propounds a wide spectrum of popularity due to its canopy distribution, bark surface with papery flakes, goudy attractive and scenic prettiness. Its pleasant beauty trunk and light buttressed formation formulates banaba accompanied by a spectacular blooming makes it as center of allurement. It ameliorates road side-avenue highlighted as ‘Queen among the flowers’. Locally it is plantation, gardens, landscapes, parking lots and known as a ‘Jarul’ in Hindi, ‘Taman’ in Marathi, ‘Kramuka’ homesteads. Beside its cosmic adorning potential, it offers in Sanskrit, ‘Kadali’ in Tamil Nadu, ‘Banaba’ in Oriya a huge scope of multipurpose benefits. This article tries and ‘Queen Crape Myrtle’ for trade purpose (Gilman to compile the ornamental character along with invaluable and Watson, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Lagerstroemia Speciosa
    Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2018, 10 [10]: 45-50 [http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html] ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa Leaves Taslima Begum*, Tamanna Sharmin Tonny, Sumsunnahar shifa, Faruquzzaman and Sultana Jahan Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Taslima Begum, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tel: +880 1777-676548; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Lagerstroemia speciosa is locally known as jarul in Bangladesh. Nearly each part of Lagerstroemia speciosa possess diverse considerable biological function. Leaves avail anti-diabetic, antiulcer, antipyretic, analgesic, purgative, stimulant etc characteristics. Therefore the aim of the present study is to investigate Anti-diarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves. Anti-diarrhoeal activity of leaves extract was evaluated using castor oil induced and magnesium sulphate induced method at 250 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg dose and compared with standard drug Loperamide at 3 mg/kg dose. Leaves extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa showed significant anti-diarrhoeal activity. In case of castor oil induced method, % inhibition of defaecation were 40% and 53.33% at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg respectively and 60% inhibition was obtained at 3 mg/kg dose of Loperamide standard drug. In case of magnesium sulphate induced method, % inhibition were 41.67% and 58.33% at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg respectively and 75% at the dose of 3 mg/kg of Loperamide. Lagerstroemia speciosa showed significant Anti-diarrhoeal activity and the present study supports the use of this plant parts to be used traditionally to treat diarrhoea.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeds and Plants Imported
    ' y Issued February 14,1923. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. INVENTORY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1920. (No. 62; Nos. 49124 TO 49796.) WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIC& Issued February 14,1923. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. INVENTORY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1920. (No. 62; Nos. 49124 TO 49796.) WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1923. CONTENTS. Tage. Introductory statement \ 1 Inventory . 5 Index of common and scientific names 87 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. The fire-lily of Victoria Falls. (Buphane disticha (L. f.) Her- bert, S. P. I. No. 49256) 16 II. The m'bulu, an East African shrub allied to the mock orange. (Cardiogyne africana Bureau, S. P. I. No. 49319) 16 III. A latex-producing shrub from Mozambique. (Conopharyngia elegans Stapf, S. P. I. No. 49322) 24 IV. An East African relative of the mangosteen. (Garcinia living- stonei T. Anders., S. P. I. No. 49462) 24 V. A drought-resistant ornamental from Northern Rhodesia. (Ochna polyncura Gilg., S. P. I. No. 49595) 58 VI. A new relative of the Kafir orange. (Strychnos sp., S. P. I. No. 49599) 58 VII. Fruits of the maululu from the Zambezi Basin. (Canthium Ian- cifloruin Hiern, S. P. I. No. 49608) 58 VIII. A fruiting tree of the maululu. (Canthium landflorum Hiern, S. P. I. No. 49608) 58 in INVENTORY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT IN- TRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM JAN- UARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1920 (NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Lagerstroemia Speciosa, the Jarul Flower of Bangladesh Tasnuva Sharmin1*, Md
    Sharmin et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2018) 18:231 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2286-6 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Investigation of biological activities of the flowers of Lagerstroemia speciosa, the Jarul flower of Bangladesh Tasnuva Sharmin1*, Md. Shahidur Rahman2 and Habiba Mohammadi3 Abstract Background: Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Family: Lythraceae) is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhea, diabetes and other diseases. The study was performed to conduct antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antimicrobial, peripheral and centralanalgesicandhypoglycemicactivityassaysand phenobarbitone sodium–induced sleeping time test using crude methanol extract of flowers of L. speciosa and its different partitionates. Method: The antioxidant potential was evaluated by determining the ability of the samples to scavenge 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The cytotoxic potential was examined following the procedures of brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Thrombolytic potential was assayed using streptokinase as standard. The samples were subjected to membrane stabilizing activity assay under heat induced condition. Antimicrobial potential was observed by disc diffusion method. The ability of the extract to inhibit writhing induced by acetic acid was determined in peripheral analgesic activity assay. The extract was also tested for central analgesic and hypoglycemic activities by tail flicking and tail tipping methods in Swiss albino mice model, respectively. CNS depressant activity was evaluated by an assay in which sleep was induced in mice using phenobarbitone sodium. Results: The chloroform soluble fraction of L. speciosa extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 4.20 ± 0.41 μg/ml) while the most prominent cytotoxic potency was showed by hexane soluble fraction (LC50 =2.00± 0.31 μg/ml).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Pathology Circular No. 171 Fla. Dept. Agr. & Consumer Serv
    Plant Pathology Circular No. 171 Fla. Dept. Agr. & Consumer Serv. October 1976 Division of Plant Industry CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT OF CRAPE MYRTLE, LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA S. A. Alfieri, Jr. Crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L., is a deciduous shrub, attaining a height of 10 to 20 ft, with smooth brown bark and white, pink, or red flowers occurring in clusters. It is found as an introduction in the American tropics and in the southeastern United States but is native to Asia and northern Australia. The genus Lagerstroemia contains approximately 30 species in south and east Asia and Australia (1). Cercospora lythracearum Heald & Wolf is the causal fungus of a leaf spot on Lager- stroemia indica (2,3). In Florida the leaf spot disease was severe in 1976, es- pecially on the pink-flowering variety 'Near East'. Of the 3 flowering varieties Fig. 1. Cercospora leaf spot of crape myrtle beginning as tiny flecks on lower surface of 4 uppermost leaves and large irregular, brown spots coalescing and causing distortion of the larger lower leaves on the right. Contribution No. 422, Bureau of Plant Pathology, P. O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602. utilized in landscape plantings in Gainesville, it was noted that 'Near East' was the most susceptible in terms of greatest leaf infection and defoliation. The red or lavender variety was less susceptible, and the white flowering variety or 'Far East' least susceptible with only a very few Cercospora lesions on the leaves. Heavy infections with Cercospora can cause severe defoliation with a debilitating effect on the plant. SYMPTOMS. The leaf spots incited by Cercospora lythracearum are distinct, dark brown, irregular, and up to 5 mm in diameter with no yellow margin.
    [Show full text]
  • Spraying and Other Controls for Diseases and Insects That Attack Trees and Shrubs
    TREE PRESERVATION BULLETIN^6^ Spraying and other controls for diseases and insects that attack trees and shrubs TREE PRESERVATION BULLETIN SIX Spraying and other controls for diseases and insects that attack trees and shrubs Horace V. Wester Plant Pathologist National Park Service Revised 1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE George B. Hartzog, Jr., Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 35 cents Contents Page 1. Importance of Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests 2. Growing Threat of Diseases and Insect Pests 4. Mist Blowers and Hydraulic Sprayers 5. Precautions 5. Pesticide Hazards 6. Pesticide Use by the Department of the Interior 6. Pesticide Toxicity 7. Toxicity of Sprays Reduced by Dilution 8. Safety of Humans and Other Forms of Animal Life 9. Safety of Plants 9. Protection of Property 10. Disease and Insect Control 52. Selected Bibliography Tables I Pesticides and Mammalian Toxicity II Water Quantities for Wettable Powder and Emulsifiable Concentrate HI Control of Diseases and Insects Affecting Trees and Shrubs Spraying and Other Controls for Diseases and Insects That Attack Trees and Shrubs Importance of Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests Trees and shrubs represent an important part of the wealth and beauty of this country. They constitute our forests and beautify our parks, residential areas, city streets, highways, estates, and cemeteries. In many parks, forest and cultivated plantings are the most attractive features. To keep trees and shrubs healthy and attractive, special measures are often necessary to protect them against diseases and insect pests—the most important causes of plant decline and failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Crapemyrtle Scientific Name: Lagerstroemia Indica Order
    Common Name: Crapemyrtle Scientific Name: Lagerstroemia indica Order: Myrtales Family: Lythraceae Description Crapemyrtle is a popular deciduous ornamental plant chosen for its thin, delicate, crinkled petals, which bloom quite largely in pinnacles and come in shades of white, purple, lilac, pink, and (true) red. The bark of this favorable woody plant has a smooth texture, and is the base of beautiful thick foliage composed of leaf blades measuring from 2-4 inches in length in opposite arrangement and pinnate venation. They are oval shaped and green during the summer and change to orange, red, and yellow in fall months. Crapemyrtle produces a small fruit, less than .5 inches, which is hard, tan/brown, and round in shape. Growth Habit Crapemyrtles can be used as a shrub or a small tree. They can come in a variety of sizes from 18 inches to around 30 feet. Hardiness Zone(s) Crapemyrtle can grow in the USDA zones 7 through 9. It is native to southern China, Japan, and Korea, but has been introduced mainly to the southern United States. They need plenty of heat to bloom, thus most start blooming between the middle of May and early June when the weather is consistently warm, flowering for 90-120 days. Culture Crapemyrtles require full sun, at least 8 hours of sun a day, to grow to their best potential. They are heat tolerant, and bloom well in the summer heat, and continue into fall. As well as being heat tolerant, they are also drought resistant, growing best in moist, well-drained soil. Overwatering is often detrimental to the crapemyrtle, especially when planted in the summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Arboretum Guide 2.Pmd
    Acknowledgments An arboretum is a place for the study, display and preservation of trees. Thanks to the foresight and devotion of members of the Guada Coma Garden Club, Landa Park was designated as an arboretum in 1982. Nestled on 51 acres of river front park land, this arboretum acts as a living library of trees. Developed by Harry Landa in 1898 as a private park, Landa Park was opened to the public in 1936. Since that time, residents have worked to preserve the natural beauty that exists here. The arboretum was named after two such individuals, William and Delores Schumann, in 2007 in honor of their endless devotion to this botanical jewel. Species 1 Ginkgo 29 American sycamore 2 Goldenrain tree 30 Arizona walnut 3 Possum-haw 31 Bald cypress 4 Canary Island date palm 32 Huisache 5 Texas red oak 33 Jerusalem thorn 6 Deodar cedar 34 Catalpa 7 Cedar elm 35 Texas persimmon 8 Sugar hackberry 36 Chitalpa 9 Gum bumelia 37 Mexican white oak 10 American elm 38 Arroyo sweetwood 11 Texas live oak 39 Honey mesquite 12 Chinese tallow 40 Eve’s necklace 13 Chaste tree 41 Flameleaf sumac 14 Chinese pistache 42 Lacey oak 15 Anaqua 43 Bigtooth maple 16 Ashe juniper 44 Mexican plum 17 Berlandier ash 45 Desert willow 18 Pecan 46 Crape myrtle 19 Cottonwood 47 Pomegranate 20 Ligustrum spps. 48 Mexican olive 21 Windmill palm 49 Mexican bird of paradise 22 Sabal palm 50 Mustang grape 23 Southern magnolia 51 Black willow 24 Mexican buckeye 52 Texas mountain laurel 25 Texas redbud 53 Chinkapin oak 26 Yaupon holly 54 Torrey yucca 27 Weeping willow 55 Anacacho orchid 28 Bur oak Map located at centerfold Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba 1 he ginkgo tree is one of the oldest living tree species and Thas been known to live over 1,000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Phenology of Lagerstroemia Speciosa (Lythraceae) in Southern Western Ghats, India
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271531209 Reproductive phenology of Lagerstroemia speciosa (Lythraceae) in Southern Western Ghats, India Article · January 2015 CITATION READS 1 453 3 authors: Deepu Sivadas A G Pandurangan Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Centre for Innovation in Science and Social Action 30 PUBLICATIONS 32 CITATIONS 112 PUBLICATIONS 270 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Padmesh Pillai Central University of Kerala 51 PUBLICATIONS 332 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Development of Quality Human Resource in Plant Taxonomy View project Conservation Assessment of Endemic plants View project All content following this page was uploaded by Deepu Sivadas on 31 January 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Volume-5, Issue-1, Jan-Mar-2015 Coden: IJPAJX-USA, Copyrights@2015 ISSN-2231-4490 Received: 19th Oct-2014 Revised: 22nd Nov-2014 Accepted: 23rd Nov-2014 Research article REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (LYTHRACEAE) IN SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA Deepu Sivadas1, Pandurangan A. G.1* and P. Padmesh2 1Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Science Division 2Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Karimancode P.O., Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India – 695 562 * Corresponding author: [email protected] tel – 9446422458; fax - +91(0)472 2869646 ABSTRACT: Lagerstroemia speciosa known as “natural plant insulin” effective on the treatment of diabetes due to its insulin-like activity, and because of other bioactive components has been widely exploited from its natural habitat and hence shows a decline in population along with low regeneration.
    [Show full text]