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Quality of Yellow Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa Deg.) As Affected by Potassium Nutrition

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Quality of Yellow Passionfruit (Passiflora Edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa Deg.) As Affected by Potassium Nutrition Original article Quality of yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) as affected by potassium nutrition Raunira da Costa ARAÚJOa, Claudio Horst BRUCKNERb*, Hermínia Emília PRIETO MARTINEZb, Luiz Carlos CHAMHUM SALOMÃOb, Victor Hugo ALVAREZc, Adailson Pereira de SOUZAd, Walter Esfrain PEREIRAd, Seiji HIZUMIe a Centro de Formação de Quality of yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) as Tecnólogos, Universidade affected by potassium nutrition. Federal da Paraíba, 58220-000, Bananeiras, Abstract –– Introduction. The yellow passionfruit is consumed mainly as juice and is well PB, Brazil accepted around the world. The nutritional state of the plant influences yield and fruit quality. We studied the particular effect of potassium nutrition on the quality of yellow passionfruit. b Departamento de Fitotecnia, Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Universidade Federal de University of Viçosa, in Brazil, outlined in a randomized block design. The treatments were five Viçosa, 36570-000, concentrations of K [(1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) mmol·L–1] in a modified nutritive solution of Hoagland Viçosa, MG, Brazil and Arnon. The experimental unit consisted of one plant in a 20-L pot containing washed sand. [email protected] The plants were irrigated by a circulating hydroponic system. The nutrients were re-added to the solution based on its electric conductivity and on the K content in each solution. Results c Departamento de Solos, and discussion. The K supply increased yield and average fruit weight up to the concentration Universidade Federal de of (6.43 and 6.24) mmol·L–1, respectively, and linearly increased the number of seeds per fruit, Viçosa, PB, Brazil thickness and relative water content of the pericarp and vitamin C content. The total titratable d Universidade Federal da acid content increased according to a square equation, with the maximum point at 5.27 mmol –1 Paraíba, 58397-000, K ·L . The pulp percentage, pH and total soluble solids content were not influenced by K doses. Areias, PB, Brazil Conclusions. The increase in K supply promoted yield and fruit quality. At 90% of the maximum yield, the fruits had adequate quality traits. e Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado de Brazil / Passiflora edulis / plant nutrition / potassium / fruits / quality / yields Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil Qualité de la grenadille jaune (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) en fonction de la nutrition du plant en potassium. Résumé –– Introduction. La grenadille jaune est consommée principalement en jus et elle est partout bien acceptée. L’état nutritionnel des plants influence le rendement et la qualité des fruits. Nous avons étudié l’effet particulier de la nutrition en potassium sur la qualité de cette grenadille. Matériel et méthodes. Des expériences menées selon un dispositif en blocs randomisés ont été réalisées sous serre à l’université fédérale de Viçosa, au Brésil. Les traitements ont porté sur cinq concentrations de K [(1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) mmol·L–1] testées dans une solution nutritive modifiée de Hoagland et Arnon. L’unité expérimentale a été constituée d’un plant dans un pot de 20 L * Correspondence and reprints contenant du sable lavé. Les plants ont été irrigués par un système d’alimentation hydroponique. Les éléments nutritifs ont été ajoutés aux solutions en fonction de leur conductivité électrique et de leur teneur en K. Résultats et discussion. L’ajout de potassium a augmenté le rendement Received 9 September 2004 et le poids moyen du fruit jusqu’à la concentration de (6,43 et 6,24) mmol·L–1, respectivement, Accepted 21 November 2005 et accru linéairement le nombre de graines par fruit, l’épaisseur et la teneur en eau relative du péricarpe et le contenu en vitamine C. L’acidité titrable totale a augmenté selon une équation quadratique, avec un point maximum à 5,27 mmol K·L–1. Le pourcentage de pulpe, le pH et Fruits, 2006, vol. 61, p. 109–115 la teneur en solides solubles totaux n’ont pas été influencés par des doses de K. Conclusions. © 2006 Cirad/EDP Sciences L’augmentation de l’apport en potassium a favorisé le rendement et la qualité du fruit. À 90 % All rights reserved du rendement maximum, les fruits ont présenté des caractéristiques de qualité adéquates. DOI: 10.1051/fruits:2006009 www.edpsciences.org Brésil / Passiflora edulis / nutrition des plantes / potassium / fruit / qualité / RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 115 rendement Fruits, vol. 61 (2) 109 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.edpsciences.org/fruits or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2006009 R. da C. Araújo et al. 1. Introduction The treatments consisted of five concentra- tions of K [(1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) mmol·L–1] in a The yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. modified number 1 Hoagland and Arnon [9] flavicarpa) is consumed mainly as juice. nutritive solution. The experimental units The fruit and the juice, as well as other were composed of a 20-L pot containing one industrialized products, are well accepted plant. The pots were spaced at (0.5 × 1.0) m. around the world. The juice is much appre- Hybrids were used to reduce the genetic ciated due to its exotic flavor and nutritional variability among the plants. A different value. It is a good source of provitamin A, hybrid was used in each block to avoid hin- niacin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid [1, 2]. dering fructification due to self-incompati- The juice can be consumed pure or mixed bility [10]. with other fruit juices [3]. The experiment was conducted in a The nutritional status of the plant influ- hydroponic system, consisting of five 80-L ences yield and fruit quality. Among the reservoirs, destined to store the treatment nutrients, N and K are the ones that most solutions. One plot in each block was irri- influence fruit quality. Fruit quality consists gated by gravity by the respective nutritive of several attributes, including physicochem- solutions, at 10 L per h. Sand washed with ical characteristics, nutritional value, purity, NaOH and HCl was used as substrate. The appearance, flavor, smell and consistency. drained volume from each plant pot was Fruit quality is associated with the cultivar, collected and pumped back into the original the climate, the harvesting time and fertili- treatment reservoir. The consumed water zation, among other factors [2, 4, 5]. was replaced daily. Potassium is considered the nutrient of The salts were re-added to the solutions quality in horticulture. It plays a fundamen- based on the electric conductivity and on tal role in proteins, carbohydrates, sugars the K content in each solution. From January and organic acid synthesis, which are sub- to June, a maximum depletion of 60% was stances related to fruit quality. It participates adopted. After June, the re-additions were in biochemical processes closely related to based on depletion of 20%. From January to the photosynthesis and the inter-conversion July, nutritive solutions of one ionic strength of sugars [6]. were used, and after that the ionic strength of the solution was raised to 1.2. The solu- The nutritional status influences external tions were changed every 15 days. The pH fruit traits, such as appearance, size, color of the nutritive solution was adjusted daily and peel rugosity, and internal characters to 6.0, using HCl or NaOH. such as juice content, soluble solids content, acidity and physiological disorders. These The vines were arranged vertically with effects are variable among the species [7, 8]. metal wire. Each plant was guided as a sin- gle stem onto the wire, and then into two The objective of our paper was to assess horizontal branches in opposite directions, the role of potassium on the yield and qual- along the wire. Each secondary horizontal ity of the yellow passionfruit. branch was pruned after four shoots. Five flowers of each of the eight pending shoots were hand-pollinated with a mixture of pol- 2. Materials and methods len from the four hybrids. The evaluated variables were: The experiment was conducted in a green- – Yield (kg per plant). house covered with polyethylene film and – Fruit weight (g) obtained from ten sam- lateral screen walls in the Plant Crop Depart- pled fruits per plant. ment of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from January to – Number of seeds per fruit, obtained from October 1999. ten sampled fruits per plant. A randomized block design with five – Pericarp thickness measured at two treatments and four replications was used. points of the pericarp after a transversal cut. 110 Fruits, vol. 61 (2) Quality of yellow passionfruit Figure 1. – Pulp percentage obtained from the ratio ^ [weight of the pulp without the seeds / YXXX= 2.7820 – 0.4420 + 0.1509*23 –0.0121* Production of fruit per plant, 2 weight of the fruit], of ten sampled fruits per 3.2 R = 0.99 mean fruit weight and average plant. 3.0 number of seeds per fruit of the yellow passionfruit plant grown 2.8 – Relative water content of the pericarp, in a nutritive solution, in relation determined according to Catsky [11], using 2.6 to doses of K. the following equation: φ = [(FM – DM) / 2.4 (TM – DM)] × 100, in which FM is the mass Yield per plant (kg) 2.2 of fresh material (g), DM is the mass of dry 2.0 material (g), and TM is the mass of turgid 012 4 68 material (g). Four 7-mm-diameter pericarp ^ 2 disks were used per fruit. The disks were 160 YXX= 96.6916 + 11.9092* – 0.9464* R2 = 0.88 removed from the equatorial region of the 140 fruit, immediately weighed to obtain FM, then put on a water-saturated sponge for 14 h to 120 obtain TM.
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