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He Pleiostigma Warb. the Latter, Since (Stone 1967A). Warburg's Original

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He Pleiostigma Warb. the Latter, Since (Stone 1967A). Warburg's Original Materials for a monograph of Freycinetia Gaud. IV. Subdivision of the genus, with fifteen new sections Benjamin+C. Stone School of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Abstract The previous subdivision of Freycinetia Gaud. (Pandanaceae) into two parts, Sect. Oligostigma Warb. and Warb. called because of Sect. Pleiostigma (now Sect. Freycinetia) has numerous additions to our knowl- sections edge of the genus become obsolete. Fifteen new are proposed, based on natural species-groups, and the sections restricted and redefined. known be termed originaltwo are Species not yet adequately may when staminate or incertae sedis. A the Freycinetiae imperfectae, only specimens are known, map showing distribution of the genus is included. Introduction Hitherto the only attempt at subgeneric classification of Freycinetia Gaud, has been that of in divided the into Warburg the Pflanzenreich (1900). He genus two groups, which he named Sect. Oligostigma Warb. and Sect. Pleiostigma Warb. The latter, since the of the arborea be it includes type-species genus, F. Gaud., must now called Sect. Freycinetia in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , (Stone 1967a). The distinction between Warburg's original two sections lay in the number of stigmas berry. In Sect. Oligostigma there were supposed to be only or per , 1, 2, 3 stigmas per berry; while in Sect. Pleiostigma there were 3 or more (as as 10, or even more) , many the this distinction did per berry. However, even at time of writing (1900) not always and since than been added the of hold, then, more 100 species have to genus, some which fit either divaricata cannot reasonably into section. For example, Freycinetia Merr. & Perry produces fruits with from two to five stigmas per berry. The heads of fruit, which may of from than consist anywhere less a dozen to more than 1,000 berries, in various species, do uniform number of head not show a stigmas per berry. In one of fruit, therefore, evidence be found that the should in both of may suggesting species belong Warburg's sections. Such variationin stigmatic number makes complete dependence on this character it is in allied irrational, just as the closely genus Pandanus (Stone, 1967b). * Supporting taxonomic papers in this series will continue to appear. The author's gratitude is here institutions in expressed to the many which so generously offered facilities for study, and particular to Dr. G. Moggi (University of Firenze), Prof. C. G. G. J. van Steenis (Rijksherbarium, Leiden), Mr. L. Forman and Mr. P. Green (Kew), Mr. B. L. Burtt (Edinburgh), Dr. W. T. Steam and Mr. R. Ross (British Museum of Natural History), Dr. J. A. R. Anderson (Kuching, Sarawak), Dr. W. Meijer (Sandakan, Sabah), Mr. H. M. Burkill (Singapore), and the staffof the Indian Botanic Gardens (Howrah). To Prof, van and Steenis Mr. E.J. H. Comer (CambridgeUniversity) continuingthanks for encouragement. BLUMEA VOL. No. 362 XVI, 2, 1968 B. C. Stone: Freycinetia IV 363 Discrediting the basis for and the utility of the earlier sections has, however, been considerably easier than establishing a new infrageneric classification. That such a classi- fication is is in and delimitation desirable unquestioned, as any large genus, and recognition of smaller groups is beneficial, provided that they are reasonably natural. Such classi- fications provide improved bases for further taxonomic work, for routine identifications, and for phytogeographic analysis, so that they clearly have both theoretical and practical value. other unless On the hand, infrageneric groups may be somewhat ephemeral For a broad and intensive survey of the entire genus has been undertaken. this reason, although my studies of Freycinetia have been in progress for several years, it did not the of after examination appear advisable toattempt piecemeal proposal sections, and only the collections and detailed of greater part of the numerous studies of living plants in have several regions I felt that a fairly complete infrageneric classification was possible. This that all known that all known have been is not to say species are as yet, nor species of assigned to a section. But, as the following discussion shows, a large proportion known be The scheme fifteen species can properly placed. outcome is a with newly proposed of for sections, plus the two original ones Warburg (redefined), and a program com- the section there well pleting the classification. Among species not yet assigned to a may be some further natural which deserve formal groups recognition as sections. At present, be no subgenera are acknowledged; all the sections are given equal rank. This might subject later to alteration. KEY TO THE SECTIONS I. Inflorescence a terminal raceme of well-spaced cephalia I. Racemosiflorae if i. Inflorescence an umbel, or a solitary cephalium, or more than 3 cephaliatogether then the cephalia spirally crowded; inflorescence either terminal or lateral. i.e. 2. Inflorescence lateral, terminating a short prophyllate bracteate side-shoot devoid of normal and terminal foliage leaves, usually axillary on older stems; or, inflorescences both lateral on the same plant. 3. Inflorescence invariably lateral. 4. Cephalia oblong-cylindric; stigmas usually 3 —12 per berry 2. Lateriflorae Solmsiella 4. Cephaliasubglobose; stigmas usually 1—3, sometimes 4 —6, per berry. 3. Inflorescence either lateral terminal both 3. or or 4. Sarawakenses Inflorescence 2. invariably terminal. 5. Leaves pseudopetiolate 5. Pseudopetiolosae Leaves 5. never pseudopetiolate. 6. Auricles with a free apical lobe 6. Auriculifoliae 6. Auricles rounded, tapered, or truncate at apex. the 7. Cephalia quaternate or more numerous, pedicels very closelyspiralled 7. Polystachyae 7. Cephalia ternate (or fewer) or rarely quaternate. almost 8. Berry linear-filiform, numerous; stigmas always 2 per berry; leaves rather broadly strap-shaped with broad, elongate, usually entire auricles. Cephalia cylindric. 8. Filiformicarpae Map 1. Distribution of the genus Freycinetia Gaud. Thick solid black line shows the total limit of the Double-dash line in Indo-China and area genus. (as is in doubt. thick Queensland) indicates probable or possible boundary which, however, locally Broken black line between Hawaii and S.W. Polynesia (Samoa) indicates relationship of Hawaiian and Norfolk Island — New Zealand species. Thinner dash lines extending to Hawaii show weaker affinities. The number (such as 2 atCeylon, 8 at Malaya, etc.) indicates the approximatenumber ofspecies existing both Exact in the region (including endemic and wide-spread species). figures for endemism are not yet available for the whole ofthe but it that the and area genus, appears probable Borneo, Philippines, especially the New Guinea — Solomon Islands area (Melanesia) will have the highest percentages, while Malaya, and Sumatra, Java have few or none. 364 BLUMEA VOL. XVI, No. 2, 1968 8. Berry usually broader than linear; not with above character combination. 9. Stigmas usually 1—3, or rarely to 6, per berry; cephalia globosetoellipsoid or short- oblong; berry succulent throughout when ripe (no rigid apex). 10. Leaves elliptic or broadly oblanceolate. II. Cephalia globose; stigmas 1—3 (rarely 5) per berry. 9. Oligostigma II. Cephalia short-oblong; stigmas mostly 3—6 (or more) per berry. 10. Warburgiella 10. Leaves linear-ensiform, less than 1 cm wide 11. Ridleyella when not succulent 9. Stigmas 1—3 or up to 12 or moreper berry; berry ripe throughout but with a rigid pileus (apex); cephalia various. auricles 12. Leaves stiffly ensiform, abruptly narrowed at base at top of auricle; deeply pectinate-spinulose; leaf margin sometimes revolute; cephalia small, cylindric 13. Hemsleyella 12. Not as above. 13. Stigmas 2, sometimes 3, per berry; cephalia long-cylindric; robust plants. 12. Blumeella 13. Stigmas 4 to many (only in § 16, 2—5, but there cephalia are globose). 14. Berry flat-topped, flat-sided, not rostrate; stigmas numerous, 4—12 or berries more, per berry; cephalia long cylindric; laterally compressed; robust plants with gradually attenuateor acuminate leaves. 15. Auricles entire 14. Freycinetia 15. Auricles denticulate; pedicels minutely roughened all around. 15. Taiwaniella 14. Berry rostrate. 16. Cephalia globose; leaves short, elliptic-ensiform. 16. Devrieseella 16. Cephalia oblong-cylindric; leaves elongate, attenuate. 17. Gaudichaudiella DESCRIPTION OF THE SECTIONS Racemosiflorae I. § B. C. Stone, sect. nov. breve- Inflorescentia terminalis racemosa, cephaliis pluribus 3—6 bene separatis pedicellatis. Type-species: Freycinetia angustifolia Bl. Included species: F. jagorii Warb. Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines. The and conspicuous racemose inflorescence characterizes this section abruptly distinguishes it, and the two species it includes, from all other Freycinetiae. While the of the majority species in the genus produce cephalia in groups of three (i.e. ternate) at the apex of what has been termed the 'main peduncle' (actually a continuation of stem proper) in an umbel, or produce only one or two heads similarly disposed, there are clusters cases of supernumerary cephalia (in species normally ternate), and some species borne (see Sect. Polystachyae, below) with the cephalia regularly in groups of 4, 5, 6, 7, or the and (very rarely) even more. In these, however, pedicels are very close together appear be different from the of to spiralled, very well-separated pedicels Freycinetia angustifolia and F. jagorii. Lateriflorae 2. § B. C. Stone, sect. nov. Inflorescentia
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