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The Relationship Between Problematic Use of Smartphones and Social Anxiety Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020, 8, 133-141 133 The Relationship between Problematic Use of Smartphones and Social Anxiety Inokentii O. Korniienko* and Beata V. Barchi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Mukachevo State University, 26, Uzhgorodska str., Mukachevo, 89600, Ukraine Abstract: This study investigated the smartphone use as the indicators of smartphone addiction and their associations with social anxiety as related variables. Problematic use of smartphones which is well known to be associated with anxiety might act as a common underlying factor explaining social anxiety disorder. This study aims to analyze the associations between mobile phone dependence and social anxiety disorder and to find possible predictors of social anxiety. Methods: Smartphone addiction assessed using the 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and Smartphone addiction scale (SAS). Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was used to determine social anxiety. The correlational analysis used to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and social anxiety. Linear regression conducted to calculate the predictors of social anxiety based on smartphone addiction parameters. Results: It is revealed that the level of social anxiety and smartphone addiction scales are positively correlated. Linear regression models for male and female participants showed different predictors of social anxiety. Conclusions: The study provides deeper insights into smartphone use and smartphone addiction as predictors of social anxiety in young people and concluded lesser dependence of males’ social anxiety on smartphone addiction level than the females’. Keywords: Smartphone addiction, nomophobia, smartphone dependence, social anxiety. INTRODUCTION Internet access, easy and direct communication features of smartphones [4]. Behaviour addictions, The Internet brings many benefits to our lives. Over including smartphone addiction, are generally difficult the last years, the global internet-using population has to define because they relate not only to physical but grown [1]. It is an undeniable fact that the Internet is also to social and psychological factors [5]. The beneficial for a variety of purposes, such as convenient discussions on mobile phone addiction [6-9] have more electronic commerce, rapid sharing of information and recently evolved into smartphone addiction. contact with other cultures, emotional support and entertainment [2]. The Internet is gradually getting The research [10] showed that some people easier and more accessible at a very early age due to become so attached to their devices that they improvements in mobile technology and the experience high anxiety when they are not with them. It commonness of smartphones. Males and females proofs the fact that smartphones have become an spend about the same amount of time online, and essential part of daily life. Considering the fact that some of that time spent differently. At least ten per cent nomophobia has become very widespread across the of the students exhibit some problematic behaviours world, the importance of the effects of mental anxiety related to spending too much time on the Internet [3]. and the fear on individuals' attitudes and behaviours has increased greatly. We should admit that the A smartphone combines the services of the Internet nomophobia influences and cause sleep disturbance, and a mobile phone. Smartphones offer qualitatively depressive states and the formation of intellectual different services in addition to the benefits that the disabilities of users. According to Scientific American, Internet does. Both portability and accessibility of a the dependence in nomophobia has critical smartphone make it possible to be used anywhere, for psychological consequences. It is reported that the any duration. research on transactive memory finds that when we have reliable external sources of information about Smartphone addiction is similar in many aspects of particular topics at our disposal, this reduces our Internet addiction. However, there are also some motivation and ability to acquire and retain knowledge differences, such as portability, instant and continuous about that specific topic [11]. Concerning mental health, recent studies showed *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Mukachevo State University, 26, Uzhgorodska str., that increased smartphone use might be related to Mukachevo, 89600, Ukraine; Tel/Fax: +380313121109; E-mail: [email protected] sleep disturbances [12]. Additionally, growing E-ISSN: 2292-2598/20 © 2020 Lifescience Global 134 Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020, Volume 8, No. 2 Korniienko and Barchi frequency and time spent on smartphones is closely 1. Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). The NMP- associated with the severity of smartphone addiction [5, Q is a 20-item scale developed by Yildirim and 13]. The survey [14] proved that smartphones are used Correia [19]. The NMP-Q comprises four factors mostly excessively at night, and most of the (Factor 1: not being able to communicate; Factor respondents experienced initial insomnia and 2: losing connectedness; Factor 3: not being symptoms of depression. More studies on smartphone able to access information; Factor 4: giving up addiction prove that the overuse of smartphone may convenience). These factors emerged from become a factor to cause depression [15]. The findings semi-structured interviews during the qualitative of the study investigating the relationship between early phase. More specifically, the four-factor structure maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and smartphone among the 20-item instrument was supported in addiction showed that those who have a higher score the exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s on the EMSs were more likely to become addicted to α was excellent across the entire NMP-Q (α = smartphones [16]. The effects of insomnia on mental .945) and in each factor (α = .814–.939). health is well known. The studies have reported Concurrent validity was achieved through its high bidirectional associations between insomnia symptoms correlation with Mobile Phone Involvement and depression/anxiety [17]. Relationships between Questionnaire (MPIQ; r = .71. A 7-point Likert anxiety, depression and other addictive technological scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 behaviours were also reviewed [18]. Nevertheless, not (strongly agree) is applied to each NMP-Q item much is known about the correlation between leading to a summated total score. The higher problematic use of smartphones and the levels of the score is, the greater is the severity of social anxiety. nomophobia. Additionally, the interpretation of the NMP-Q scores into the level of nomophobia With all above in mind, this paper goal is to analyze (out of a total score between 20 and 140). 20 is the associations and possible predictive effects of corresponding to the absence; 21–59 is smartphone addiction and the levels of social anxiety. corresponding to a mild level; 60–99 is corresponding to a moderate degree; and ≥100 MATERIALS AND METHODS is corresponding to a severe level [19]. Participants 2. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), was Before the experiment, we had obtained the expert originally developed in Korean, but it has also approval for the research procedure and materials from been published in English. It is a contemporary Tetiana Scherban, Dr.Sc. in Psychology, Prof., rector of scale developed to assess problematic Mukachevo State University. Following this, the smartphone use [4]. The short version of SAS Science and Technology University Board of acting as (SAS-SV; [20] is among the most widely used ethics committee gave consent to run the research as instruments with validated translations into they considered it advantageous and as the one which Turkish [21], Italian [22], Spanish, French [23], might have beneficial results. Additionally, we had and Arabic [24], making it a useful instrument for provided the focus group of students with sufficient cross-cultural comparisons and further research. information about the experiment so that they could The SAS-SV contains 10 items, and each uses a make an informed decision whether to get involved in Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly the research or to withdraw from it freely. The agree). The sum of these items gives an overall participation was voluntary. SAS-SV score (range: 10–60) with a higher score indicating PSU. The measure's items were There were 300 (168 females, 132 males) selected from the original Smartphone Addiction participants who were all from Mukachevo State Scale (SAS) based on their validity as University, Ukraine. All participants were asked if they established through review by 7 experts [4]. The were using smartphones before forming a group. SAS-SV addresses the following 5 content Participants' ages range from 15 to 22. The sample areas: (1) ‘daily-life disturbance’, (2) ‘withdrawal’, was selected by using a non-probability sampling (3) ‘cyberspace-oriented relationship’, (4) technique according to accessibility to the researchers. ‘overuse’, and (5) ‘tolerance’. Measures 3. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) is a The data was collected using a self-report clinician-administered scale that assesses fear questionnaire, which consisted of: and avoidance in 24 situations that are likely to The Relationship between Problematic Use of Smartphones Journal of Intellectual Disability
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