Sexting Among University Students: Links to Internet Addiction and Psychological Variables
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Ashdin Publishing Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research ASHDIN Vol. 9 (2020), Article ID 236105, 16 pages publishing doi:10.4303/jdar/236105 Research Article Sexting among University Students: Links to Internet Addiction and Psychological Variables Gerardo Gómez-García1, José-María Romero-Rodríguez1,2*, Carmen Rodríguez-Jiménez1 and Magdalena Ramos Navas-Parejo1 1Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, Granada, Spain 2Association for Research and Promotion of Education in the Digital Society-PROMOEDUCA, Granada, Spain *Address Correspondence to José-María Romero-Rodríguez, [email protected] Received 16 September, 2020 ; Accepted 29 October, 2020; Published 05 November, 2020 Copyright © 2020 José-María Romero-Rodríguez, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Internet use has increased to such an extent that it has Sexting is increasingly common among university students, while become excessive for many people [9], leading to levels of Internet addiction are rising in this population. This has the emergence of new types of addictions related to caused students to present certain risk behaviors that are linked to the development of psychological variables that affect health such inappropriate behaviour, such as nomophobia or fear of as low self-control, depression, anxiety and stress. In this paper it not being connected to the mobile device continuously was proposed as objective of the study to analyze the links that are [10], Internet addiction or Problematic Internet Use established between the practice of sexting, Internet addiction, self- (PIU) [11,12]. Furthermore, DSM-V talks about internet control, depression, anxiety and stress. For this purpose, an online survey was applied to a sample of 1013 university students from a gaming disorder and defines it as "recurrent and persistent Spanish university, which collected four standardized instruments to participation for many hours in video games, usually in measure the constructs of the study. The results showed that students groups, leading to clinically significant impairment or who practiced sexting were associated with low self-control and higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as problematic Internet discomfort for a period of 12 months" [13]. use. Furthermore, gender, living with parents, and daily Internet use The youth population is especially attracted and were predictors of sexting. Finally, the main implications derived from the study in relation to the links of sexting and Internet addiction were influenced by the Internet, as they get quick answers, collected. instant rewards and have a very effective interactive mode Keywords capable of overcoming the barriers of space and time. Sexting, Computer-mediated sexual communication, Internet addiction, Through the Internet young people have found an ideal University students, Depression, anxiety means of communication, relationship and satisfaction of curiosity [14]. So much so, that they use social networks to build their social identity, as well as a relational bond, 1. Introduction tending to stay connected for long periods of time [15]. Some 30 years ago, the Internet began to spread around For this reason, it is also the youngest who are most the world and has today become a fundamental element exposed to the risks involved in this phenomenon [16], in the lives of young people [1]. Today, there is a great becoming classified as at risk [17,18]. diversity of devices that have revolutionized the way of Young people also use ICT to provide each other with working, relating, having fun [2-4], and learning [5], intimate information by exchanging sexual content and through the use of communicative applications such messages, making use of the practice known as sexting as chats, online games or social networks [6]. There is [18]. This practice has increased in recent years due to no doubt about the many advantages that Information the ease of access to cameras and the Internet through and Communication Technologies (ICT) have brought mobile devices [19] and the need to get more attention to society [7], highlighting the speed, accessibility, among friends [20]. The experience itself would not overcoming of barriers and real-time intercommunication be a problem if it were not used to damage the image from anywhere in the world [8]. of the agents involved [21], and as long as no adults 2 Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research are involved with minors, which would become child of resources to control stress and communication skills, pornography [22]. tendency to depression, cognitive distortions, feeling of loneliness and propensity to isolation [42-44]. From these Therefore, this work carried out an analysis on the aspects, it can be deduced that the problems arising from phenomenon of sexting and Internet abuse in the the PIU are similar to those that push youth to express university student population. It was also of interest to themselves. Concern about this phenomenon has even check the influence of certain socio-demographic factors led to the need to design prevention programmes [45]. on the practice of sexting, Internet addiction and on psychological variables such as self-control, depression, A study conducted by Necmi-Uçar [46], showed that anxiety and stress. adolescents with depression, had significantly higher scores for bullying and cyber-victimization, as well as 2. Literature review addictions to digital games and the Internet, also used The results of the Spanish Observatory of Drugs and chat and social networks more than the control group. Drug Addiction (2017), indicate that 18% of Spanish On the other hand, parents in the group with depression adolescents use social networks in an addictive way, spent more hours on social networking than those who 3.7% more than those who consume illegal drugs in didn't. Like depression, negative family environment is Spain (14.3%). Despite these data, there are no diagnostic associated with problematic Internet use and time spent criteria to define this problem and there is a confusion online by young people (Sela, 2020). Likewise, Faghani between considering this fact as an addictive pathology [47] found that the emotional and cognitive model or as an environmental, psychological, sociological and/ explains 57% of PIU variance. or socio-political explanation [23]. Sexting is defined as the intimate exchange of sexually Therefore, these technological advances bring many explicit nude or semi-nude images, text messages or advantages, but they are also accompanied by a series videos via mobile phones or other communication of dangers derived from misuse, possible addiction devices [20, 48]. and other risks such as cyberbullying, grooming and The problem arises when information is misunderstood or identity theft among many others [8]. Kożybska [24] used. These facts often lead to harmful experiences with define dysfunctional use of the Internet or PIU as online negative psychological effects [18]. Therefore, sexting activity that, instead of providing benefits, degenerates is a potential risk, which starts as a fun and opportunity into disruptive behaviour, which can lead to physical and for sexual exploration, but can end up in a serious, psychological health and social problems. out-of-control situation with serious social, physical, Excessive use of the Internet, reflected in the amount psychological and even legal consequences [48]. of time spent on online activities, especially for leisure According to Skenarova [49] women and adolescents and social communication purposes, is associated are the groups most at risk of being victims of this type with problems of [25-31], obesity [32] and other of non-consensual sexual practices through the Internet. eating disorders [33]. Aznar-Díaz [34] add obsessive- Authors such as Gámez-Guadix [50] to study and prevent compulsive disorder, alcohol abuse, sleep disorders, this problem, developed a tool to measure online sexual and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder to this set of victimization, which covers three dimensions: sex- problems linked to PIU. Numerous studies support this related insistence, threats and coercion, and unwanted negative relationship between PIU and mental health dissemination of intimate content. These same authors [35,36]. A relationship has also been found between PIU have noted that this practice is increasingly widespread and declining academic self-efficacy [37], lack of self- among minors and young people, being more frequent esteem and verbal fluency problems [38]. in young adults, and even stating that two out of three Hurwitz and Schmitt [39] highlight the risks involved adults have participated in sexting practices. Van in making inappropriate content accessible, reducing Ouytsel [51] found a relationship between sexting and time spent on other more educational or enriching psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, activities, the danger of contacting strangers, addiction emotional disturbance and substance use. In contrast, to online gambling, sexting, loss of privacy, encouraging Van Oosten and Vandenbosch [52] concluded their study narcissistic behaviour, feelings of loneliness and even by stating that young adolescents are more willing to distortions of reality [40]. engage in non-consensual sending of sexually explicit images