Planning Strategies to Reduce Rural-Urban Disparities In
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22-' \t . PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE RI]RAL.TIRBAN DISPARITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO IRAN Ati A. Taghvaee, B.Sc. (Hons) (Shiraz), MRP (Kansas) Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design University of Adelaide June 1995 f\**n d.o\ lqq6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vll LIST OF FIGURES x ABSTRACT xll1 DECLARATION XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvi PREFACE xviii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I A REVIEW OF THEORIES AND 10 APPROACHES TO RURAL.URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1.1. BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Philosophical background 10 I.I.2 Learning from other countries l7 1.1.3 Some lessons of experience 22 I.2. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO 33 RURAL-URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1.2.1 Basic human needs 33 t.2.2 Friedmann and Douglas' Agropolitan 34 Development Approach 1.2.3 Christaller's Approach to Central Place 35 Theory 1.2.4 Rondinelli's Growth Pole Approach 39 t.2.5 Lipton's Theory of Urban Bias 43 r.2.6 Stohr and Taylor: Bottom-Up Development 44 1.2.7 Sustainable development 45 11 Page 1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS IN RURAL-URBAN 48 DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1 Development 48 I.3.2 Underdevelopment 53 1.3.3 Integrated rural development 54 1.3.4 Integrated rural-urban development 55 1.3.5 Social justice and social equity 56 1.3.6 Socio-economic welfare 57 1.3.7 Quality of life 58 1.3.8 Socio-economic indicators of 58 develoPment 1.4 CONCLUSIONS 59 CHAPTER II THE RURAL AND URBAN 6I DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT 2.1 BACKGROUND 6T 2.2 RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES 63 2.3 RI.]RAL AREAS OF THE WORLD 69 2.4 RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 70 2.5 RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 72 2.6 RURAL AREAS IN IRAN 74 2.7 RURAL BACK}VARDNESS IN IRAN AND 76 OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.8 RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION 80 2.9 THE IMPLICATIONS OF URBANISATION 82 2.t0 THE REASONS FOR PRACTISING URBAN BIAS 85 POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.tl RURAL PEOPLE'S EXPECTATIONS 86 2.12 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND TTIE IMPACT 88 OF POLITICAL FACTORS ON INTEGRATED RURAL-URB AN DEVELOPMENT 2.t3 VARIOUS POLICIES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 92 IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ltl Page 2.13.1 Socio-economic development policies 94 2.13.2 Physical development policies 95 2.T4 INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE POLICIES FOR 100 RURAL-URB AN DEVELOPMENT 2.15 CONCLUSIONS 101 CHAPTER III GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND 104 IRANfHE IRANIAN CASE STUDY 3.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 104 3.2 SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS 108 3.2.1 Population 108 3.2-2 Education 113 3.2.3 Health 115 3.3 IRAMAN VILLAGES 116 3.3.1 Spatial features 116 3.3.2 The 1962 L'anian Land Reform It7 3.3.3 Lessons of experience from the land rcform t24 3.3.4 Socio-economic context of Iranian villages t25 before the land rcform 3.3.5 Iran's National Development Plans before 131 the Islamic Revolution of 1978 3.3.6 The 1978Islamic Revolution and land 134 question 3.4 THE IRANIAN CASE STUDY: the Korbal rural region 136 3.4.1 Geography 136 3.4.2 Socio-economic situation 140 3.5 ACTION RESEARCH PROGRAM 149 3.5.1 Summer field-work training 1973-197 4 156 3.5.2 Implementation of theplojecs 1974-1978 158 and 1980-1981 1V Page 3.6 THE RESULTS OF THE ACTION RESEARCH 159 3.7 CONCLUSIONS t7r CHAPTER IV LEARNING FROM AUSTRALIA 173 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION r73 4.2 INSTITUTIONS WHICH SUPPORT 180 RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS 4.2.r Commonwealth health services 180 4.2.2 The Royal Flying Doctor Service 181 4.2.3 Countrylink 183 4.2.4 Education 184 4.2.5 Other schemes designed to assist rural 185 people 4.2.6 Housing 186 4.2.7 Job-finding 187 4.2.8 Finance 188 4.2.9 Rural research 191 4.2.t0 Australian Rural Research in Progress r93 database 4.2.rr Natural resources and energy: soil and 194 water conservation programs 4.2.r2 Communications 194 4.3 THE IMPACT OF RURAL SUPPORTING r97 INSTITUTIONS ON RURAL LIFE: the Yorke Peninsula as an Australian example 4.4 SERVICES AND FACILITIDS ON THE YORKE 208 PENINSULA 4.5 CONCLUSIONS 2t4 V CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND 2t5 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 BACKGROUND 2t5 5.2 CONCLUSIONS 2t9 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 APPENDICES 255 APPENDX A : The Korbal rural region questionnaire. 255 APPENDIX B: The Yorke Peninsula Farmers' 266 questionnaire. APPENDD( C: A proposed health care system 268 for the Korbal rural region. vl LIST OF TABLES Page l. GNP per capita and the percentåge of the Average 19 Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) in a number of developed and developing countries, 1990. 2. Classification of major linkages in spatial development. 42 3. Rural and urban populations, Estimates for 1980, 1985, 69 1990 and 20ffi (in millions), more and less developed regions. 4. Estimated population change in the largest cities in 84 developing countries between 1985 and 2000. 5. Number of households and population in four 108 respective censuses in Iran (1956-86). 6. Population oflran by age and sex (1986). 110 7. A comparison of population structure for Iran, 111 Australia, Japan, and France in 1986. 8. Number and percentage of literate people - urban 113 and rural areas of Iran - (1,000 persons), 1956-86. 9. Percentage of literate people, urban and rural, rt4 1956-86. 10. Number and type of health personnel needed in Iran, 115 1986. 11. Production costs per hectare, in rials, for the major t4t crops of the KRR in 1992. 12. Average production in kilograms per hectare t42 for crops in 1992. vll 13. Average cost/benefit in rials of each crop per hectare in 1992. 14. The villages of the KRR and their populations, 1992 15a. The KRR population sttucture, IÙ;4'arch 1992. 15b. Table 15a simplified 16. KRR general situation in 1973. 17. Population changes in the villages of the KRR 1956-1992. 18. Population changes in the Group A villages of the KRR, 1956-1992. 19 Population changes in the group B villages, t956-7992. 20. Population changes in the Group C villages, t956-1992. 2t Population changes in Groups A, B and C villages, 1956-1992. 22.Literacy ratio for the villages of the KRR, 1973 and 1992. 23.Infant mortality rate (per 1,000live births) in the KRR at the national level, 1973 and 1992. 24. Annual household income ($US¡ in the KRR, 1973 and 1992. 25. KRR socio-economic situation before and after the provision of services and facilities (i-e-,1973 and 1992). vlll Page 2ía.Inærcensual population growth rates (PGR) for 202 South Australia and the Yorke Peninsula, r97r-r991. 26b.Table 26a simplified. 203 27a. Acomparison of the annual family income on the 206 Yorke Peninsula and South Australia, 1991. 27b. T able 27 a simplified. 206 D( LIST OF FIGIJRES Page 1. A Chinese village. A river is used not merely for 15 irrigation, but also as a means of transportation. 2. An Iranian village. The river is used solely for 15 irrigation. 3. A Chinese village under the direct support and 16 supervision of the local authority. 4. An Iranian village awaiting fulther improvement. 16 5. A Chinese village. 67 6. A perspective of a Chinese village. 67 7. Map of lran. 107 8. Rural and urban population growth in four respected 109 censuses in lran, 1956 -1986. 9. Population of Iran by age and sex (1986) 110 10. A comparison of population age-composition for 111 Iran, Australia, Japan and France in 1986. 11. Changes in the literacy ratio in rural and IT4 urhan areas, 1956 to 1986. 12. Map of lran, location of Fars Province. r37 13. Fars Province, the location of Shiraz, Marvdasht 138 and the Korbal rulal tegion. x Page 14. The Korbal rural region, location of the villages. r39 15. Percentage ofdifferent types ofcrop in the r4l KRR, 1992. 16. The KRR Population Structure, IVlarch 1992- 145 17. The KRR, types of rotd,1992 148 18. The KRR, location of the three pioneer villages. r52 19. The KRR, location of the 17 volunteer villages. 153 20. The KRR, access to the ba.sic services and 155 facilities, 1973. 21. The KRR,location of the groups A, B and C 160 villages. 22. Population changes comparison for the r64 three groups of villages. 23. Changes in literacy ratio for the three groups 165 of the villages, L973 and 1992. 24. A comparison between the infant mortality rates 166 in l9l3 and 1992 tbr Iran and Korbal villages. 25. Comparison of annual household income for the t67 three groups of the villages, 1973 and 1992. 26.The KRR, access to the basic services and t70 facilities, 1992. 27 .Map of Australia. t75 28. Map of South Australia and the location of the 198 Yorke Penin.sula. XI Page 29.The Yorke Peninsula's major towns. r99 30. The Yorke Peninsula's major localities and 2m populations. 3l.Intercensual population growth rates for South 203 Australia and the Yorke Peninsula, l97l-L991 32. A comparison of the annual family incomes on the 207 Yorke Peninsula and South Australia and , 1991. 33. The Yorke Peninsula's public bus route. 210 34. The Yorke Peninsula's roads and railways. 2rt 35. The Yorke Peninsula's health facilities. 2t2 36. The Yorke Peninsula's schools. 213 Appendix C: Flow chart of proposed health service 276 system for the Korbal rural region.