MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ARTS AND PAPERS OF THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS SCIENCE ARTS AND LETTERS EDITORS VOLUME XX EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CONTAINING PAPERS SUBMITTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING IN 1934 ALFRED H. STOCKARD UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN he annual volume of Papers of the Michigan VOLUME XX T Academy of Science, Arts and Letters is issued under the joint direction of the Council of the Academy “Pusilla res mundus est nisi in illo and of the Executive Board of the Graduate School of quod quaerat omnis mundus habeat.” the University of Michigan. The editor for the Academy —SENECA, Naturales Quaestiones is Alfred H. Stockard; for the University, Eugene S. McCartney. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS Previous publications of The Michigan Academy of 1935 Science now known as The Michigan Academy of All rights reserved Science, Arts and Letters, were issued under the title, Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Twenty-two volumes were published, of which those numbered 1, 21 and 22 are out of print. Copies of the Set up and printed, other volumes are still available for distribution and will April, 1935 Published, May, 1934 be sent on exchange so long as the editions last. Applications for copies should be addressed to the PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Librarian of the University of Michigan. BY THE PLIMPTON PRESS · NORWOOD · MASS. The Annual Reports which are now being published contain the proceedings of the Academy. Applications OFFICERS FOR 1934 for copies should be addressed to the Librarian of the President University of Michigan. HENRY A. SANDERS The prices of previous volumes of the Papers and of University of Michigan other University of Michigan publications are listed at the Vice-President end of this volume. W. A. KELLY Michigan State College Volumes may be ordered by addressing the Librarian of Section Chairmen the University of Michigan. ANTHROPOLOGY, Wilbur L. Marshall, South Lake High School BOTANY, Bessie B. Kanouse, University of Michigan ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Shorey Peterson, University of Michigan FORESTRY, W. F. Ramsdell, University of Michigan GEOGRAPHY, Edward C. Prophet, Michigan State College GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, A. J. Eardley, University of Michigan HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, H. M. Dorr, University of Michigan LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, William A. McLaughlin, University of Michigan MATHEMATICS, T. O. Walton, Kalamazoo College PHILOSOPHY, DeWitt H. Parker, University of Michigan PSYCHOLOGY, T. M. Carter, Western State Teachers College, Kalamazoo SANITARY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE, Howard B. Lewis, University of Michigan ZOÖLOGY, E. C. O'Roke, University of Michigan Secretary L. J. Young, University of Michigan Treasurer E. C. Prophet, Michigan State College Editor Alfred H. Stockard, University of Michigan Librarian W. W. Bishop, University of Michigan Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 20 2 – Page 1 of 49 CONTENTS MAPS GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY 22. Southwestern France, showing major physiographic THE CENTRAL PYRENEAN PIEDMONT OF FRANCE. Henry divisions and limits of the Pays du Gers...........................3 Madison Kendall................................................................ 3 23. Landforms of the Pays du Gers.........................................3 NOTES ON THE ASSEMBLY OF AIRPLANE PHOTOGRAPHIC MOSAICS. Harold Underhill ............................................. 19 24. Drainage and woodland of the Pays du Gers and the surrounding area ..............................................................4 GEOLOGY 25. Population of southwestern France according to the ABANDONED CHANNELS ON THE LOWER HURON RIVER, census of 1926.................................................................7 MICHIGAN. James William Bay........................................ 27 26. Distribution of population of the Department of Gers ........7 VALLEY-TRAIN DEPOSITS IN THE NORTHERN PENINSULA OF 27. Commune of Lectoure: A. Surface configuration and main MICHIGAN. Stanard G. Bergquist..................................... 28 streams; B. Distribution of houses....................................8 DISCOVERY OF ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS AMERICANUS IN THE 28. The Plateau of Lannemezan: A. Surface configuration; B. BED OF GLACIAL LAKE MOGODORE, IN CASS COUNTY, Distribution of houses.......................................................8 MICHIGAN. Ermine C. Case, Irving D. Scott, Byrne M. 29. Types of agglomeration sites of the Central Pyrenean Badenoch, and Theodore E. White................................. 33 Piedmont of France..........................................................9 THE LOWER CHEEK TEETH OF THE FOSSIL HARE 30. Transportation of the Pays du Gers and the surrounding PALAEOLAGUS HAYDENI. Lee R. and Dora S. Dice........... 35 area................................................................................10 A STUDY OF THE BAYPORT CHERT. Fred Dustin ............... 38 31. Distribution of crops in southwestern France ..................12 A STUDY OF UNDERGROUND WATERS BEARING ON THE 32. Distribution of animals in southwestern France...............13 SOURCE OF "BIG SPRING," SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY, 33. Cover and surface of a small area near the northeastern MICHIGAN. O. Floyd Poindexter ...................................... 43 limit of the Pays du Gers ................................................13 GEOLOGY OF THE HART OIL FIELD. C. Harbold Riggs....... 45 34. Cover and surface of a small area on one of the northward projections of the dissected edge of the plateau of Lannemezan ..................................................................13 ILLUSTRATIONS GEOLOGY 36. Geological map showing surface formations of Iron County PLATES .......................................................................................29 GEOGRAPHY 37. Moraines of southern Michigan and northern Indiana .....34 LXXXI - LXXXVI. Landscape features of the Central Pyrenean 38. A portion of Cass County, Michigan, showing the site of Piedmont of France ........................................................16 glacial lake Mogodore and the find of Elephas primigenius americanus.....................................................................34 LXXXVII - LXXXIX. Examples of airplane photographic mosaics and methods of assembly ................................26 39. “Red Rock” structure, western Michigan .........................46 GEOLOGY 40-42. Detailed structure contour maps of the Hart Oil Field 47 XC - XCII. Valley ways and valley-train deposits in the 43. Probable limits of producing area of the Hart Oil Field ....47 Northern Peninsula of Michigan .....................................32 XCIII. Lower cheek teeth of Paleolagus haydeni ...................38 XCIV. View of the “Big Spring,” Palms Book State Park, near Manistique, Michigan......................................................43 FIGURES IN THE TEXT GEOLOGY 7. Teeth of Palaeolagus haydeni. ..........................................35 8-26. Enamel patterns of lower deciduous molars and lower cheek teeth of Palaeolagus haydeni...............................35 27. Section to illustrate nature of dolomitic declivities in the Hart Oil Field ..................................................................48 28. Production curves of wells in the Hart Oil Field ...............49 Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 20 2 – Page 2 of 49 THE CENTRAL PYRENEAN PIEDMONT OF FRANCE HENRY MADISON KENDALL HOUGH the Aquitain Basin (Map 22)1 of southern TFrance is commonly regarded as one of the major geographic units of the European continent,2 it can in no way be thought of as an undifferentiated lowland of uniform landscape. Morphologically, it is distinctly set apart by Brittany and the Massif Central on the north and east, by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, and by the high rampart of the Pyrenees on the south. One opening to the north, the Gate of Poitou (Poitiers), and one to the southeast, the Gate of Carcassonne, break through the otherwise well-defined rim of this saucer of land, half- MAP 22. Southwestern France. Explanation of symbols: 1, covered by the Atlantic Ocean. In spite of these outlets, limits of major physiographic regions; 2, limits of the Pays du the land looks westward to the open ocean, whence Gers come the rain-bearing winds which make it well watered. MAP 23. Based in part on a map by L. A. Fabre, “Le Front nord Some of its area is without a dense population and is des Pyrénées centrales et les hautes vallées gasconnes,” on a admirably adapted to pastoral pursuits. Other portions scale of 1 : 200,000, in La Géographie, 11 (1905), Plate 3. with a greater density of population have characteristics Explanation of symbols: 1, undissected surface of the plateau eminently fitted to agriculture. It is not a land of industry, of Lannemezan; 2, zone of asymmetrical valleys; 3, zone of for it lacks the natural resources upon which modern mature interfluves and mature valleys; 4, northern and eastern industry is based. It is dominantly rural, though its major limit of youthful valleys; 5, northern and eastern limit of youthful interfluves; 6, limits of the Pays du Gers cities are born of the importance of commerce. From this point of view the Aquitain Basin is a clearly recognizable unit. When detail is examined, however, Surface configuration and hydrography the variety of landscape expression becomes evident, and sectional differences assume paramount There is a continuous gradation of surface and drainage importance. forms from the Pyrenean front to the Garonne