Quantum Dynamics and Isotope Effects of Hydrogen in Physico

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Quantum Dynamics and Isotope Effects of Hydrogen in Physico Quantum dynamics and isotope effects of hydrogen in physico-chemical systems studied with Neutron Compton Scattering vorgelegt von Diplom-Chemiker Tyno Abdul-Redah aus Dresden Von der Fakult¨atII - Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften - der Technischen Universit¨atBerlin zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. M. Lerch Berichter: Prof. Dr. C.A. Dreismann Berichter: Prof. Dr. G. Renger Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 04. Juli 2005 Berlin 2005 D83 To my family, my friends and to everybody who suffered from the lack of time I had during the becoming of this Thesis. To whom it may concern "In science, new ideas are at first completely neglected, later fiercely attacked, and finally regarded as well known." Konrad Lorenz (after: H. D. Zeh, ”The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time”, Springer, 3. edn., 1999, p. 99). Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurde auf experimentellem Wege das Gesamtstreuverm¨o- gen von Wasserstoffkernen in verschiedenen chemischen Umgebungen in fl¨us- sigen und festen Verbindungen mit der inelastische Neutronen-Compton- Streuung (NCS) untersucht. Die Experimente wurden am VESUVIO Spek- trometer an der Neutronenspallationsquelle ISIS am Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Großbritannien durchgef¨uhrt. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durch theoretische Arbeiten ¨uber die m¨ogliche Existenz von dynamischen Quantenverschr¨ankungenin der kondensierten Materie motiviert. Diese The- orie hat zur Voraussage gef¨uhrt,dass wenn das Zeitfenster, w¨ahrenddessen das System beobachtet wird, kurz genug ist, die quantenverschr¨anktenTeil- chen das elektromagnetische oder Materiefeld nicht so streuen, wie wenn sie sich als individuelle Teilchen verhalten w¨urden. Dabei gilt das Wasser- stoffatom wegen seiner geringen Masse und der daraus resultierenden relativ großen thermischen de Broglie-Wellenl¨angeals besonders geeignet, solche quantenverschr¨anktenZust¨andeaufzuweisen. Die den Untersuchungen zu- grunde liegenden chemischen Verbindungen enthielten Wasserstoff in unter- schiedlichen Bindungsverh¨altnissen:(1) Wasserstoffbr¨uckenbindungen, in de- nen der Wasserstoff einem raschen Austausch unterliegt, (2) C-H Bindun- gen, bei denen der Wasserstoff keinen Austausch erf¨ahrt,und (3) Metall- Wasserstoff-Verbindungen, in denen der Wasserstoff interstitiell oder ion- isch gebunden vorkommt. Die unterschiedlichen Bindungsverh¨altnisseim- plizieren, dass der Wasserstoff verschiedene chemische und elektronische Um- gebungen hat und somit in jeder Umgebung einer speziellen Quantendynamik (Dekoh¨arenz)unterliegt. Es hat sich zum einen gezeigt, dass der Wasser- stoffkern eine Anomalie, die sich als starke Abnahme seines Streuverm¨ogens ¨außert,aufweist. Zum anderen verursachen die verschiedenen chemischen Umgebungen unterschiedliche Anomalien. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen findet die oben genannte theoretische Voraussage eine eindeutige Best¨atigung. In den meisten eingesetzten Verbindungen wurde durch Ersatz der Protonen durch Deuteronen der Isotopeneffekt auf das Streuverhalten untersucht. Es zeigte sich, (1) dass in fl¨ussigemH2O/D2O das Streuquerschnittsverh¨altnis σH /σD des Protons und des Deuterons kleiner ist als nach der konventionellen Streutheorie zu erwarten w¨areund (2) dass σH /σD sehr stark von der H/D- Zusammensetzung der Probe abh¨angt. Dieses Experiment hat erstmalig den direkten Beweis f¨urdie Existenz quantenverschr¨ankterKernzust¨ande erbracht. W¨ahrenddie Anomalien der H2O/D2O-Mischungen auf einen in- termolekularen Effekt hindeuten, scheint der Effekt bei einigen organischen Molek¨ulenvon intramolekularen Wechselwirkungen herzur¨uhren. Dar¨uber i hinaus zeigte sich bei einigen der Metallhydride eine starke Abh¨angigkeit des σH von der Streuzeit, was stark auf die dynamische Natur des Effek- tes hindeutet. Weiterhin konnten starke Hinweise daf¨urgefunden werden, dass die elektronische Umgebung des Wasserstoffs in der jeweiligen chemis- chen Verbindung eine wesentliche Rolle f¨urden Effekt spielt. Diese exper- imentellen Resultate verletzen eine fundamentale Annahme der Streuthe- orie, n¨amlich die der strengen Proportionalit¨atzwischen Teilchenzahldichte und Streuintensit¨at.Insbesondere spricht man bei der Neutronenstreutheorie von der Verletzung der Summenregel des nullten Moments des dynamischen Strukturfaktors. Deshalb wurden die experimentellen Daten einer einge- henden theoretischen und experimentellen Pr¨ufungunterzogen. Es gilt als gesichert, dass der vorliegende neue Effekt weder auf experimentelle Arte- fakte zur¨uckzuf¨uhrenist, noch eine auf einer konventionellen Theorie der kondensierten Materie basierde Erkl¨arunghat. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die experimentellen Resultate nur im Rahmen einer wesentlichen Erweiterung der Neutronenstreutheorie eine Intrepretation finden. Es wird vermutet, dass der vorliegende neuartige Quanteneffekt f¨urdie Chemie in der kondensierten Materie eine fundamentale Rolle spielt. Diese Vermutung wird dadurch un- terst¨utzt,dass die Zeitskala des Experiments im Femtosekunden- und Sub- femtosekunden-Bereich liegt und dass bei der NCS Methode aufgrund der hohen Energie¨ubertr¨ageauf das Proton beim Streuprozess die chemischen Bindungen gebrochen werden. Diese Zeitskala ist n¨amlich vergleichbar mit der f¨urdie Umverteilung der Elektronendichten bei chemischen Prozessen. D.h., dass das in der Quantenchemie oft verwendete Born-Oppenheimer- Schema f¨urdie Berechnung von Energiehyperfl¨achen in dieser Zeitskala seinen Sinn verliert, da sich nun die Dynamik der Elektronen nicht mehr von der der Kerne trennen l¨asst. Demnach ist die Verwendung dieser Hyperfl¨achen f¨urdie Beschreibung des Ablaufs chemischer Reaktionen nicht so generell anwendbar wie allgemein angenommen wird. ii Abstract This work deals with the experimental investigation of the scattering be- havior of hydrogen nuclei in different chemical environments in liquid as well as solid compounds. The experimental method used is the inelastic tech- nique of neutron Compton scattering (NCS) as applied on the VESUVIO spectrometer at the neutron spallation source ISIS of the Rutherford Apple- ton Laboratory in UK. The present work has been motivated by previous theoretical work on the possible existence of dynamical quantum entangle- ment in condensed matter which lead to the prediction that, if the time window of an experimental method is short enough, then the quantum en- tangled particles would not scatter electromagnetic or matter field in the way they would do if they would behave individually. The proton is considered to be particularly suitable to exhibit such quantum entangled states because of its relatively low mass and the resulting long thermal de Broglie wavelength. The compounds investigated in the present work comprise a wide range of different bonding conditions the proton is involved in: (1) H-bonds in which the protons experience rapid exchange, (2) C-H bonds, in which the pro- tons do not experience such an exchange, and (3) metal hydrogen systems, in which the protons occupy interstitial sites or are involved in ionic bonds. These different bonding conditions imply that the proton is involved in dif- ferent chemical and electronic environments and is consequently subject to different quantum dynamics (decoherence). The experimental results showed that the proton exhibits an anomaly which manifests itself in a strong de- crease of its ability to scatter neutrons. In addition, the different chemical environments cause different anomalies. These experimental findings con- firm the above mentioned theoretical prediction. In most cases, the protons have been partly exchanged by deuterons in order to investigate the effect of isotope exchange on the scattering behavior. It has been found that (1) the ratio σH /σD of the scattering cross sections of H and D in liquid H2O/D2O is significantly smaller than expected according to conventional scattering theory and (2) that σH /σD is strongly dependent on the H/D composition of the mixture. This experiment provided for the first time a direct evidence for the existence of nuclear quantum entanglement in condensed matter. While the anomalies in the H2O/D2O mixtures indicate an intermolecular origin of the effect, it seems to be of intramolecular origin in some of the organic systems. Furthermore, some metal hydrogen systems exhibited a strong de- pendence of σH on the scattering time, which indicates the dynamical nature of the effect. It has also been found that the electronic environment of the proton in the compound does play a significant role for the anomalous effect. iii These experimental results violate a fundamental assumption of any scatter- ing theory, i.e., the strict proportionality of the particle number density and the scattering intensity. Expressed in the terms of neutron scattering theory, it is the zeroth moment sum rule of the dynamic structure factor which is violated. Therefore, the experimental data have been subject to a thorough experimental and theoretical scrutiny. It can be safely said that the under- lying novel effect is neither caused by experimental artifacts nor can it be explained in terms of a conventional theory of condensed matter. Rather, it has been shown that the experimental results can be interpreted only by a considerable extension of the neutron scattering theory. It is anticipated that the underlying novel quantum effect plays a fundamental role for chem- istry in condensed matter. This anticipation is supported by the facts that the time scale of the experiment
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