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ESS Instrument Construction Proposal <‌RESPECT‌> 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 ESS Instrument Construction Proposal <‌RESPECT‌> Name Affiliation Main proposer Prof. Peter Böni Physik Department, Prof. Christian Pfleiderer Technische Universität München Dr. Robert Georgii FRM II, Technische Universität München Co-proposers Jonas Kindervater Physik Department, Technische Universität München ESS coordinator Dr. Melissa Sharp ESS Note: All proposals received by ESS will be included as Expressions of Interest for In-kind contribu- tions. ESS will use this information for planning purposes and the proposer or affiliated organization is not obligated to materially contribute to the project. The following table is used to track the ESS internal distribution of the submitted proposal. Name Affiliation Document Ken Andersen ESS reviewer Distribution Dimitri Argyriou, Oliver Kirstein, Arno Hiess, Robert Connatser, Sindra Petersson Årsköld, Richard Hall-Wilton, Phillip Bentley, Iain Sutton, Thomas Gahl, relevant STAP European Spallation Source ESS AB Visiting address: ESS, Tunavägen 24 P.O. Box 176 SE-221 00 Lund SWEDEN 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 www.esss.se 2(61) 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We propose the construction of a REsonance SPin-echo spECtrometer for exTreme studies, RE- SPECT, that is ideally suited for the exploration of non-dispersive processes such as diffusion, crys- tallisation, slow dynamics, tunneling processes, crystal electric field excitations or spin fluctuations. The estimated cost of construction of RESPECT is around 8.8 Million Euros. The following aspects characterise RESPECT as a world-wide unique spectrometer: • RESPECT represents a high-resolution spin-echo spectrometer at a spallation source based on the longitudinal neutron resonance spin-echo (LNRSE) technique. • The energy and momentum resolution of RESPECT will be equivalent to conventional state of the art neutron spin-echo instruments reaching spin-echo times up to 1 µsec. • RESPECT uses Longitudinal Neutron Resonance spin-flipper for Larmor labelling, replacing the precession coils in conventional state-of-the-art neutron spin-echo spectrometers. • The energy densities needed in RESPECT to correct the effects of precession field inhomo- geneities are at least one order of magnitude below those needed for precession coils in conven- tional state-of-the-art neutron spin-echo spectrometers. • The dynamic range of RESPECT reaches up to eight orders of magnitude by means of the so-called field-subtraction method, without need for changes of instrument components or in- strument configurations. • The length of RESPECT is 37 m. Its layout is equivalent to conventional neutron spin-echo spectrometers. • RESPECT can be set up in a conventional experimental hall and does not require zero field shielding or a screened room. • RESPECT will fully exploit the long pulse structure of the ESS. • The LNRSE spin flipper allow easy use of focussing neutron guides, permitting gains of intensity of up to three orders of magnitude as compared with conventional neutron spin echo instruments. • The estimated cost of an additional MIEZE-1 Option for spin-echo spectroscopy at small mo- mentum transfers under depolarising conditions, such as the largest steady-state magnetic fields currently accessible on a laboratory scale, or hydrogenated samples, will be 1.2 Million Euros. • The estimated cost of an additional MIEZE-2 Option, which converts RESPECT into a wide- angle spin-echo spectrometer, will be 5 Million Euros. 3(61) 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INSTRUMENT PROPOSAL 6 1 Scientific Case 6 1.1 Key Scientific Drivers . .6 1.1.1 From Grand Challenges to Materials . .6 1.1.2 From Materials to Neutron Spectroscopy . .9 1.2 Implications for ESS Instrument Suite . 13 1.2.1 Required Instrumentation and Infrastructure . 13 1.2.2 ESS Instrumentation under Construction . 14 1.2.3 Justification for a LNRSE spectrometer . 15 1.3 Expected User Community . 16 2 General Instrument Concept and Performance 16 2.1 Longitudinal Neutron Resonance Spin-Echo Spectroscopy . 17 2.2 Future Options . 18 2.2.1 Spin-Echo Spectroscopy under Depolarising Conditions (MIEZE-1) . 18 2.2.2 Wide-Angle Spin-Echo Spectroscopy (MIEZE-2) . 19 2.2.3 Inelastic Spin-Echo Spectroscopy and Larmor Diffraction . 20 3 Instrument Concept of RESPECT 20 3.1 Overall Layout of the LNRSE Spectrometer . 20 3.2 Primary Spectrometer . 22 3.2.1 Chopper System . 22 3.2.2 Bender 1 and shutter section . 22 3.2.3 Guide System . 23 3.2.4 Polarizing cavities . 24 3.2.5 Bender 2 . 24 3.2.6 Collimation stage . 25 3.2.7 Focusing guides . 25 3.2.8 LNRSE coil system . 26 3.3 Secondary Spectrometer . 26 3.3.1 LNRSE coil system . 26 3.3.2 Analyzer . 26 3.3.3 Detector . 26 3.4 Future Options . 26 4 Comparison of RESPECT with Existing Instruments 28 5 Technical Maturity 29 5.1 LNRSE Spectrometer . 29 5.2 Future Options . 29 5.3 Synergies within ESS Instrument Suite . 30 5.3.1 Instrument Specific Aspects . 30 5.3.2 General Infrastructure . 30 6 Costing 31 6.1 LNRSE Spectrometer . 31 6.2 Future Options . 33 4(61) 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 34 A Simulations of Performance for RESPECT 41 A.1 Mean brilliance of the cold pancake moderator of ESS . 41 A.2 Beam properties . 43 A.3 Homogeneity of field integrals . 47 B Proof of principle experiments 49 C First Scientific Highlights 57 5(61) 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 INSTRUMENT PROPOSAL 1 Scientific Case The scientific mission of the ESS are major advances in the Grand Challenges faced by human mankind. The perhaps most important technical aspect to achieve these advances is undoubtedly the progress made in material specific questions. The same materials classes are thereby pivotal for different grand challenges. The presentation of the key scientific drivers of our proposal begins therefore in section 1.1.1 with an account of the materials classes associated to different grand challenges. Starting then from each materials class in section 1.1.2, we illustrate the importance of neutron spectroscopy with ultra-high energy and momentum resolution and, in particular, the outstanding role played by direct measurements of the intermediate scattering function, and how they allow to resolve these material specific questions and advance the frontiers of science. Following a short account in section 1.3 of the diverse user community active in this area, as well as new user communities for which the types of experimental studies addressed here will become essential in the future, the presentation turns to the implications of the key science drivers for the ESS instrument suite in section 1.2. In view of the required instrumentation and infrastructure, specified in 1.2.1, and the ESS instrumentation under development and review in 1.2.2, the justification for a neutron spin-echo instrument based on the longitudinal resonance spin-echo technique is presented in section 1.2.3. 1.1 Key Scientific Drivers 1.1.1 From Grand Challenges to Materials In the light of the rapid growth of world population, as well as increasing average age and living stan- dards Humanity faces Grand Challenges of supply and sustainability. To address the issues associated with these Grand Challenges it is intuitive and helpful to distinguish the following areas: (i) Energy, (ii) Environment, (iii) Health, (iv) Agriculture, (v) Mobility, and (vi) Digital Society. As the binding element of these areas there is great need for major advances in materials specific questions. In the following the strong link between the grand challenges and some of the most prominent questions in specific materials classes are illustrated in terms of selected examples. Energy Technological progress pursued to overcome the energy crisis yields several facets: increase of renewable energy sources, new concepts for energy transportation, reduction of waste energy, ef- ficient energy storage. Major efforts are, for instance, dedicated to the development of fuel cells, where unresolved questions concern the detailed mechanism controlling diffusion of hydrogen in solids. Another prominent area of research pursues novel energy sources such as solar cells or exploitation of sea-based-stored methane. The detailed structural dynamics, e.g., in recently discovered clathrate hydrates, is here key. Conversion of solar energy as another potential route forward concerns major advances in solar cells or catalytic converters, where the slow dynamics and diffusive processes at the interfaces are topics of ongoing research. Another important example is the conversion of waste heat into electrical power using novel ther- moelectric materials. Optimisation of the ratio of thermal to electrical transport properties based on the precise microscopic understanding of lattice and electronic excitations and their mutual coupling are here center stage. Similarly, great efforts are made to advance magnetic cooling methods based on high spin-entropy materials, in which a magnetic field is used for entropy reduction of a suitably designed spin system. Major challenges concern the detailed magneto-elastic and magnet-electronic coupling, which require high resolution studies of the low lying dynamics. Advances in efficient energy transportation may be achieved with both conventional and uncon- ventional superconductors. For instance, the pinning of superconducting flux lines by defects and 6(61) 2014/2015 Instrument Construction Round Proposal Revision Date 4/16/2015 the associated mechanisms of flux lattice melting require an in-depth understanding of the associated low lying excitations. Intense research is also dedicated to the superconductive pairing mechanism in conventional and unconventional superconductors which requires high resolution spectroscopic studies of the fluctuation spectra of both lattice and spin degrees of freedom. These superconductors are important for efficient and fast switches in high power electrical devices.
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