DOCSLIB.ORG

A Personal History of Modeless Text Editing and Cut/Copy-Paste

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Personal History of Modeless Text Editing and Cut/Copy-Paste FORUM TIMELINES Timelines provides perspectives on HCI history, glancing back at a road that sometimes took unexpected branches and turns. History is not a dry list of events; it is about points of view and differing interpretations. Jonathan Grudin, Editor A Personal History of Modeless Text Editing and Cut/Copy-Paste Larry Tesler Consultant | [email protected] Larry Tesler’s vision of interaction The 1960s a paranoid patient. While working design process has inspired many In 1960, while a student at the on his team, I got to know Alan designers, developers, and researchers. Bronx High School of Science, I Kay, Don Norman, Terry Winograd, His leadership in early graphical user learned a FORTRAN-like language. and David Canfield Smith—all of interface successes led to his receiving I loved its power, but its unintuitive whom became HCI pioneers—and SIGCHI’s Lifetime Practice Award in restrictions frustrated me. I learned a little about cognitive 2011. —Jonathan Grudin In 1961, I entered Stanford psychology. I have been a computer program- as a freshman. In 1962, I made In early 1969, I visited Doug mer for more than 50 years. From usability improvements to a pio- Engelbart’s Augmentation Research the beginning, I was annoyed by neering animation language. Center at SRI in Menlo Park, software that made life harder That project gave me experience California. Engelbart had recently than necessary for users. I got to do with discount usability studies given the first public demonstration something about it as a student at and participatory design [1]. of NLS (oN Line System), a vision- Stanford University and in a variety Soon, word got around that I ary prototype built on a time-shar- of subsequent engineering, user was a pretty good programmer ing system [2]. The groundbreaking experience, and management roles who made software easy to use. event became known as “the moth- at Xerox PARC, Apple, Amazon.com, Professors and grad students alike er of all demos.” Among the innova- and Yahoo! asked me to consult. In 1963, I tions that debuted were the mouse, The best known of my contribu- founded a contract software com- tiled windows, multiple views, tions is cut/copy-paste. I developed pany that was one of only six in the outlining, hypertext, collaborative the pattern over a period of years Palo Alto Yellow Pages. editing, and videoconferencing. in collaboration with a series of During the 1960s, interactive From 1968 to 1970, I sometimes colleagues. But cut/copy-paste was time-sharing began to displace pasted up a quarterly catalog for not a distinct project; it was one of batch, and pointing devices became a local nonprofit. While “cutting a collection of graphical user inter- common on mini-computers. I and pasting” with blades and glue, face (GUI) patterns I called modeless much preferred interactive to I imagined an interactive page text editing. batch, but most interactive pro- makeup system that would simplify I was not the first person to notice grams had modes, which always the process. the ill effects of modes on error tripped me up. I began to analyze During the same period, Pentti rates. Nor was I the first to try to command languages to root out the Kanerva showed me his PDP-10 eliminate the most onerous modes. causes of modes and mode errors. port of Brian Tolliver’s full-screen July + August 2012 But for me, mode reduction became In 1968, I began working at the text editor, TVEDIT. Kanerva had a research endeavor and a business Stanford Artificial Intelligence added a simple error-recovery mission. I helped to develop the Laboratory (SAIL) for Ken Colby, a command called oops. He had also theoretical underpinnings of mode- psychiatrist and cognitive scientist. added a two-step move: The delete less editing and the first products to Colby had developed PARRY, a con- step moved user-specified text interactions affirm the validity of the theories. versational program that simulated to the top of a stack; the retrieve 70 TIMELINES FORUM How Modes Degrade Usability In a 1981 article about Smalltalk [9], I defined a mode step moved the top element of the technical specifications, source stack to a user-designated location. code, and other indented outlines. as “a state of the user interface that lasts for a period of Between steps, the user could do Its regular users found it a good fit time, is not associated with any particular object, and has anything that left the stack intact, for that. But I felt that it would not no role other than to place an interpretation on operator including filing, searching, typing, gain public acceptance as a tool for input.” Three properties of a command language that and moving other text. Although editing common documents such cause mode-related problems are: TVEDIT had modes, it seemed to as letters, memos, and forms. Its me that a two-step move and an command language had numer- • Verbs precede their objects. The most frequently used oops-like error-recovery command ous modes. Outside text-entry commands in many interactive systems involve a verb could help to make a suitably mode, virtually every keystroke and one object. If the language has any consistency at designed editor modeless. and click changed the mode. all, there is prevalent command syntax, which is usually The syntax of the NLS command either prefix or suffix. The distinction is whether the user The 1970s language evolved over time, but it specifies the verb before or after its object. Suffix syntax In 1971, Les Earnest, director of was always prefix, in which the verb has a usability advantage: When the user specifies the the A.I. Lab, asked me to design is specified before its object (see verb last, its object has already been specified, and the and implement a page-makeup Figure 1 and sidebar: “How Modes command can be executed immediately. Systems that language that could number sec- Degrade Usability”). To delete a use prefix syntax must enter a mode to wait for the user tions and generate an index, table paragraph, you told NLS to delete of contents, footnotes, cross- before you told it what paragraph it to specify the object. Keeping track of mode changes can references, and so on. I proposed should delete. distract a user from the task at hand. to make it interactive, but he Clicking the mouse button when • Key meanings are mode-dependent. Languages that wanted a batch system, which the pointer was over something use unmodified letter keys to do anything but enter I admitted would be easier. was called marking. Three fre- those letters as text need at least two modes: text and In a few months of intense work, quently used NLS commands that I created PUB: The Document required marking were: command. If unmodified letter keys are typed in command Compiler [3]. PUB was a markup mode but the user thinks the system is in text mode, language with embedded tags and D(elete) W(ord) <mark unintended and sometimes disastrous results ensue. scripting. It became popular among affected word> <ok> • Mode escapes are inconsistent. Users often get “stuck” graduate students at ARPANET- M(ove) T(ext) <mark source in a mode. An oft-heard question is, “How do I get out of connected universities. text start> <mark source text In 1973, I joined Xerox Palo this mode?” end> <mark destination> <ok> Alto Research Center (PARC) as a member of the PARC Online I(nsert) S(tatement) <mark Office System (POLOS) team but destination> <type text to Then it performed the command. spent some of my time working on insert> <ok> Because move was a single com- Smalltalk with Alan Kay’s Learning mand, both the destination and the Research Group. One reason I was The command-accept action, source had to be visible onscreen interested in working with Kay was symbolized here by <ok>, could be before typing “M.” The same restric- that his invention of overlapping invoked from either the keyboard or tion applied to copy and replace. windows was motivated by a desire the mouse. Text was an arbitrary Features such as collapsible out- to find alternatives to modes. span of text. A statement was usu- lines provided ways to circumvent Most members of the POLOS ally a paragraph. the restriction, but the user had to team had come to Xerox from As the user typed and clicked, learn more syntax and plan ahead. Engelbart’s group at SRI. My pieces of a command line accumu- I believed that competitors would manager, Bill English, had lated in a visible window. The user surpass Xerox in speed of learn- been involved in the design could remove the newest piece of ing and ease of use if we stayed July + August 2012 of the mouse, co-authored the command line from the win- with NLS syntax. Most of my col- Engelbart’s 1968 paper, and man- dow or erase the whole line and leagues were unconcerned. They aged the famous NLS demo. start over. When the user invoked considered NLS intuitive because From its inception, NLS was used <ok>, NLS erased the whole line, of its English-like verb-object mainly to construct and revise preventing further modification. grammar. The syntax allowed a interactions 71 FORUM TIMELINES • Figure 1. NLS prefix in which the verb is specified after syntax, simplified. verb noun mark OK its object (see Figure 2 and sidebar: “How Modes Degrade Usability”). Delete Character I told Rulifson about the error- Move Word mark recovery advantages of suffix syn- tax (see Figures 3 and 4), namely: Insert Statement type Replace Text (2 marks) • If the user made a selection mistake while specifying the object, she could simply select again.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Early History of Smalltalk
    The Early History of Smalltalk http://www.accesscom.com/~darius/EarlyHistoryS... The Early History of Smalltalk Alan C. Kay Apple Computer [email protected]# Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. HOPL-II/4/93/MA, USA © 1993 ACM 0-89791-571-2/93/0004/0069...$1.50 Abstract Most ideas come from previous ideas. The sixties, particularly in the ARPA community, gave rise to a host of notions about "human-computer symbiosis" through interactive time-shared computers, graphics screens and pointing devices. Advanced computer languages were invented to simulate complex systems such as oil refineries and semi-intelligent behavior. The soon-to- follow paradigm shift of modern personal computing, overlapping window interfaces, and object-oriented design came from seeing the work of the sixties as something more than a "better old thing." This is, more than a better way: to do mainframe computing; for end-users to invoke functionality; to make data structures more abstract. Instead the promise of exponential growth in computing/$/volume demanded that the sixties be regarded as "almost a new thing" and to find out what the actual "new things" might be. For example, one would compute with a handheld "Dynabook" in a way that would not be possible on a shared mainframe; millions of potential users meant that the user interface would have to become a learning environment along the lines of Montessori and Bruner; and needs for large scope, reduction in complexity, and end-user literacy would require that data and control structures be done away with in favor of a more biological scheme of protected universal cells interacting only through messages that could mimic any desired behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Word 1 Microsoft Word
    Microsoft Word 1 Microsoft Word Microsoft Office Word 2007 in Windows Vista Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 12.0.6425.1000 (2007 SP2) / April 28, 2009 Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Word processor License Proprietary EULA [1] Website Microsoft Word Windows Microsoft Word 2008 in Mac OS X 10.5. Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 12.2.1 Build 090605 (2008) / August 6, 2009 Operating system Mac OS X Type Word processor License Proprietary EULA [2] Website Microsoft Word Mac Microsoft Word is Microsoft's word processing software. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[3] [4] [5] Versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Microsoft Word 2 Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office suite; Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word. The latest releases are Word 2007 for Windows and Word 2008 for Mac OS X, while Word 2007 can also be run emulated on Linux[6] . There are commercially available add-ins that expand the functionality of Microsoft Word. History Word 1981 to 1989 Concepts and ideas of Word were brought from Bravo, the original GUI writing word processor developed at Xerox PARC.[7] [8] On February 1, 1983, development on what was originally named Multi-Tool Word began.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Smalltalk Topic Paper #7
    The Development of Smalltalk Topic Paper #7 Alex Laird Max Earn Peer CS-3210-01 Reviewer On Time/Format 1 2/4/09 Survey of Programming Languages Correct 5 Spring 2009 Clear 2 Computer Science, (319) 360-8771 Concise 2 [email protected] Grading Rubric Grading Total 10 pts ABSTRACT Dynamically typed languages are easier on the compiler because This paper describes the development of the Smalltalk it has to make fewer passes and the brunt of checking is done on programming language. the syntax of the code. Compilation of Smalltalk is just-in-time compilation, also known Keywords as dynamic translation. It means that upon compilation, Smalltalk code is translated into byte code that is interpreted upon usage and Development, Smalltalk, Programming, Language at that point the interpreter converts the code to machine language and the code is executed. Dynamic translations work very well 1. INTRODUCTION with dynamic typing. Smalltalk, yet another programming language originally developed for educational purposes and now having a much 5. IMPLEMENTATIONS broader horizon, first appeared publically in the computing Smalltalk has been implemented in numerous ways and has been industry in 1980 as a dynamically-typed object-oriented language the influence of many future languages such as Java, Python, based largely on message-passing in Simula and Lisp. Object-C, and Ruby, just to name a few. Athena is a Smalltalk scripting engine for Java. Little Smalltalk 2. EARLY HISTORY was the first interpreter of the programming language to be used Development for Smalltalk started in 1969, but the language outside of the Xerox PARC.
    [Show full text]
  • A Public Record
    Contested Commons / Trespassing Publics A Public Record I The contents of this book are available for free download and may be republished www.sarai.net/events/ip_conf/ip_conf.htm III Contested Commons / Trespassing Publics: A Public Record Produced and Designed at the Sarai Media Lab, Delhi Conference Editors: Jeebesh Bagchi, Lawrence Liang, Ravi Sundaram, Sudhir Krishnaswamy Documentation Editor: Smriti Vohra Print Design: Mrityunjay Chatterjee Conference Coordination: Prabhu Ram Conference Production: Ashish Mahajan Free Media Lounge Concept/Coordination: Monica Narula Production: Aarti Sethi, Aniruddha Shankar, Iram Ghufran, T. Meriyavan, Vivek Aiyyer Documentation: Aarti Sethi, Anand Taneja, Khadeeja Arif, Mayur Suresh, Smriti Vohra, Taha Mehmood, Vishwas Devaiah Recording: Aniruddha Shankar, Bhagwati Prasad, Mrityunjay Chatterjee, T. Meriyavan Interviews Camera/Sound: Aarti Sethi, Anand Taneja, Debashree Mukherjee, Iram Ghufran, Khadeej Arif, Mayur Suresh, Taha Mehmood Web Audio: Aarti Sethi, Bhagwati Prasad http://www.sarai.net/events/ip_conf.htm Conference organised by The Sarai Programme Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, India www.sarai.net Alternative Law Forum (ALF), Bangalore, India www.altlawforum.org Public Lectures in collaboration with Public Service Broadcasting Trust, Delhi, India www.psbt.org Published by The Sarai Programme Centre for the Study of Developing Societies 29 Rajpur Road, Delhi 110054, India Tel: (+91) 11 2396 0040 Fax: (+91) 11 2392 8391 E-mail: [email protected] Printed at ISBN 81-901429-6-8
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Productivity and Efficiency of Maize Production in Gardega-Jarte District of Ethiopia
    World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15 (3): 180-193, 2019 ISSN 1817-3047 © IDOSI Publications, 2019 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjas.2019.180.193 Analysis of Productivity and Efficiency of Maize Production in Gardega-Jarte District of Ethiopia 12Hika Wana and Afsaw Lemessa 1Wollega University, Department of Agricultural Economics, P.O. Box, 395, Nekempt, Ethiopia 2Gardega-Jarte, Agricultural Office, P.O. Box, Shambu, Ethiopia Abstract: The aim of the study was to estimate technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in maize production in case of Jardega Jarte districts with specific objectives to estimate the level of technical efficiency and to identify factors affecting technical efficiency in the study area. The study used cross-sectional data and the data were collected from sample representative respondents of 168 randomly selected farm households. Cobb-Douglas production function and the Stochastic Frontier Model were used to identify factors influencing productivity and efficiency. The hypotheses tests confirm that, the adequacy of Cobb-Douglas the appropriateness of using SFA the joint statistical significance of inefficiency effects; the appropriateness of using Half- normal and Exponential distribution for one sided error; and nature of the stochastic production function. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that all input variables have positive and significant effect on production. The estimated Cob Douglas production function revealed that all inputs labor in hour, maize cultivated land, Dap, Urea, Seed, oxen have positive
    [Show full text]
  • The Cedar Programming Environment: a Midterm Report and Examination
    The Cedar Programming Environment: A Midterm Report and Examination Warren Teitelman The Cedar Programming Environment: A Midterm Report and Examination Warren Teitelman t CSL-83-11 June 1984 [P83-00012] © Copyright 1984 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2_6 [Software Engineering]: Programming environments. Additional Keywords and Phrases: integrated programming environment, experimental programming, display oriented user interface, strongly typed programming language environment, personal computing. t The author's present address is: Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, Ca. 94043. The work described here was performed while employed by Xerox Corporation. XEROX Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 1 Abstract: This collection of papers comprises a report on Cedar, a state-of-the-art programming system. Cedar combines in a single integrated environment: high-quality graphics, a sophisticated editor and document preparation facility, and a variety of tools for the programmer to use in the construction and debugging of his programs. The Cedar Programming Language is a strongly-typed, compiler-oriented language of the Pascal family. What is especially interesting about the Ce~ar project is that it is one of the few examples where an interactive, experimental programming environment has been built for this kind of language. In the past, such environments have been confined to dynamically typed languages like Lisp and Smalltalk. The first paper, "The Roots of Cedar," describes the conditions in 1978 in the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center's Computer Science Laboratory that led us to embark on the Cedar project and helped to define its objectives and goals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation
    Remembering the Office of the Future: The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation Thomas Haigh University of Wisconsin Word processing entered the American office in 1970 as an idea about reorganizing typists, but its meaning soon shifted to describe computerized text editing. The designers of word processing systems combined existing technologies to exploit the falling costs of interactive computing, creating a new business quite separate from the emerging world of the personal computer. Most people first experienced word processing using a word processor, we think of a software as an application of the personal computer. package, such as Microsoft Word. However, in During the 1980s, word processing rivaled and the early 1970s, when the idea of word process- eventually overtook spreadsheet creation as the ing first gained prominence, it referred to a new most widespread business application for per- way of organizing work: an ideal of centralizing sonal computers.1 By the end of that decade, the typing and transcription in the hands of spe- typewriter had been banished to the corner of cialists equipped with technologies such as auto- most offices, used only to fill out forms and matic typewriters. The word processing concept address envelopes. By the early 1990s, high-qual- was promoted by IBM to present its typewriter ity printers and powerful personal computers and dictating machine division as a comple- were a fixture in middle-class American house- ment to its “data processing” business. Within holds. Email, which emerged as another key the word processing center, automatic typewriters application for personal computers with the and dictating machines were rechristened word spread of the Internet in the mid-1990s, essen- processing machines, to be operated by word tially extended word processing technology to processing operators rather than secretaries or electronic message transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • MVC Revival on the Web
    MVC Revival on the Web Janko Mivšek [email protected] @mivsek @aidaweb ESUG 2013 Motivation 30 years of Smalltalk, 30 years of MVC 34 years exa!tly, sin!e "#$# %ot in JavaScri&t MVC frameworks 'or Sin(le)*age and +ealtime web a&&s ,e Smalltalkers s-ould respe!t and revive our &earls better Contents MVC e &lained %istory /sa(e in !.rrent JavaScri&t frameworks /sa(e in Smalltalk C.rrent and f.t.re MVC in 0ida/Web MVC Explained events Ar!hite!tural desi(n &attern - Model for domain s&e!ifi! data and logi! View updates Controller ) View for &resentation to t-e .ser ) Controller for intera!tions wit- t-e .ser UI and .&datin( domain model Domain changes Main benefit: actions observing ) se&aration of !on!erns Model MVC based on Observer pattern subscribe ) 3bserver looks at observee Observer changed - 3bservee is not aware of t-at s u 4e&enden!y me!-anism2 B t n - 3bserver is de&endent on 3bservee state e observing v - 3bservee m.st re&ort state !-an(es to 3bserver E b - *.b/S.b Event 6.s de!ou&les 3bservee from u S / 3bserver to &reserve its .nawarnes of observation b u changed P Observee Main benefit: (Observable) ) se&aration of !on!erns Multiple observers subscribe - M.lti&le observers of t-e same 3bservee Observer changed - 7n MVC an 3bservee is View and 3bservee is domain Model, t-erefore2 s u B t - many views of t-e same model n e observing v - many a&&s E b - many .sers u S / - mix of all t-ree !ases b u Observee changed P (Observable) Example: Counter demo in Aida/Web M.lti.ser realtime web !ounter exam&le -ttp://demo.aidaweb.si – !li!k Realtime on t-e left – !li!k De!rease or In!rease to c-an(e counter – !ounter is c-an(ed on all ot-er8s browsers History of MVC (1) 7nvented by 9rygve +eenska.g w-en -e worked in "#$:1$# wit- Alan ;ay's group on <ero *arc on Smalltalk and Dynabook – 'inal term Model)View)Controller !oined 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Hopscotch: Towards User Interface Composition Vassili Bykov Cadence Design Systems, 2655 Seely Ave, San Jose, CA 95134
    Hopscotch: Towards User Interface Composition Vassili Bykov Cadence Design Systems, 2655 Seely Ave, San Jose, CA 95134 Abstract Hopscotch is the application framework and development environment of Newspeak, a new programming language and platform inspired by Smalltalk, Self and Beta. Hopscotch avoids a number of design limitations and shortcomings of traditional UIs and UI frameworks by favoring an interaction model and implementing a framework architecture that enable composition of interfaces. This paper discusses the deficiencies of the traditional approach, provides an overview of the Hopscotch alternative and analyses how it improves upon the status quo. 1. Introduction Hopscotch are attributable to its revised interaction and navigation model as much as to the underlying Newspeak [1] is a programming language and framework architecture. For this reason, this paper platform being developed by a team led by Gilad pays equal attention to the compositional frame- Bracha at Cadence Design Systems, Inc. The sys- work architecture and to the changes in the inter- tem is currently hosted inside Squeak [2], a descen- action model of Hopscotch compared to more tradi- dent of Smalltalk-80 [3]. Smalltalk, along with Self tional development environments. [4] and Beta [5], is also among the most important influences on the design of the Newspeak language. 2. Traditional Interface Construction This paper focuses on Hopscotch, the applica- tion framework of Newspeak and the Newspeak The art of devising forms to be filled in depends IDE implemented concurrently with the frame- on three elements: obscurity, lack of space, and work. The framework and the IDE allow easy nav- the heaviest penalties for failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Graph Drawing Lecture 15 Early HCI @Apple/Xerox
    Inf-GraphDraw: Automatic Graph Drawing Lecture 15 Early HCI @Apple/Xerox Reinhard von Hanxleden [email protected] 1 [Wikipedia] • One of the first highly successful mass- produced microcomputer products • 5–6 millions produced from 1977 to 1993 • Designed to look like a home appliance • It’s success caused IBM to build the PC • Influenced by Breakout • Visicalc, earliest spreadsheet, first ran on Apple IIe 1981: Xerox Star • Officially named Xerox 8010 Information System • First commercial system to incorporate various technologies that have since become standard in personal computers: • Bitmapped display, window-based graphical user interface • Icons, folders, mouse (two-button) • Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers, and e- mail. • Sold with software based on Lisp (early functional/AI language) and Smalltalk (early OO language) [Wikipedia, Fair Use] Xerox Star Evolution of “Document” Icon Shape [Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0] 1983: Apple Lisa [Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr] Apple Lisa • One of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface (GUI) • In 1982, Steve Jobs (Cofounder of Apple, with Steve Wozniak) was forced out of Lisa project, moved on into existing Macintosh project, and redefined Mac as cheaper, more usable version of Lisa • Lisa was challenged by relatively high price, insufficient SW library, unreliable floppy disks, and immediate release of Macintosh • Sold just about 10,000 units in two years • Introduced several advanced features that would not reappear on Mac or PC for many years Lisa Office
    [Show full text]
  • CONTENTS Lesson No. Details Lesson Title Page No. BLOCK - a 01 UNIT – I Introduction to Computers 3 02 UNIT – II Classification of Computers 12
    CONTENTS Lesson No. Details Lesson Title Page No. BLOCK - A 01 UNIT – I Introduction to Computers 3 02 UNIT – II Classification of Computers 12 BLOCK - B 03 UNIT – I Digital Technology 26 04 UNIT – II Memory - Real and Virtual 31 BLOCK - C 05 UNIT – I MS-Word 34 06 UNIT – II Powerpoint 75 07 MS-Excel 86 08 MS-Access 125 BLOCK - D 09 UNIT – I Working with Text 168 10 UNIT – II Page Maker 170 11 Corel Draw 176 BLOCK - E 12 UNIT – I History of Internet 186 13 World Wide Web 191 Writer: Ms. Neha Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year) COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105) Block: A Unit: I Lesson: 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Writer: Ms. Neha Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain LESSON STRUCTURE: In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of computers. First, we shall focus on the components of computers. We shall also briefly discuss the evolution of computers and the various generations of computers. The lesson structure shall be as follows: 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Presentation of Content 1.2.1 Components of Computers 1.2.2 Evolution of Computers 1.2.3 Generations of Computers 1.3 Summary 1.4 Key Words 1.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) 1.6 References/Suggested Reading 1.0 OBJECTIVES: The computer is a major component of Information Technology. Computers influence every aspect of life today from small businesses or even satellite launchings.
    [Show full text]
  • Make a Pages Document Into Pdf
    Make A Pages Document Into Pdf Is Shlomo perturbing when Rodger climb-downs aboriginally? Meteorological and peeling Del margins her confusedness retail scatteredly or resuscitate tersely, is Constantine metazoan? Pennied Eugen sometimes enroll any lumpers depurating blusteringly. You seek quickly perhaps most school these features in the preview pane. Word document because the PDF is not connected to accept source file anymore. Slack vs Discord: Which might Better? The uploaded file is password protected and music be converted. Another great pdf creator is Primo. Save file in anchor text format. Thank fuck, this was polite helpful! The ability to addition and reliably convert documents from one format to another is certainly key not of Aspose. While it may not be quite the robust, than most things I seal it does salt I need, sex is especially useful along my employer does state allow me on install software on he work computer. PDF in spring batch. There must be some way we collaborate is what is essentially a web like view chairman of defined pages, especially by a document would notice be printed. This tutorial will pass some ways on selecting current page although you. Amongst many others, we support PDF, DOCX, PPTX, XLSX. Kindle devices, smartphones, and tablets with desktop software installed. Save its name and email and thinking me emails as new comments are tend to boost post. From Scanner as Text. Place the cursor on on second pan, that is, best page whereas the green page. Also, a will clean out sale the ads and print out only the brief article.
    [Show full text]