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Monopoli10032057.Pdf AUTOMAÇÃO DE PROCESSO DE DIGITALIZAÇÃO FOTOGRAMÉTRICA PARA MEDIÇÃO MECÂNICA NÃO-DESTRUTIVA DE AMOSTRAS PEQUENAS Guillaume Pascal William Lauras Projeto de Graduação apresentado ao Curso de Engenharia Mecânica da Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para à obtenção do título de Engenheiro. Orientador: Flávio de Marco Filho Rio de Janeiro Agosto de 2020 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica DEM/POLI/UFRJ AUTOMAÇÃO DE PROCESSO DE DIGITALIZAÇÃO FOTOGRAMÉTRICA PARA MEDIÇÃO MECÂNICA NÃO-DESTRUTIVA DE AMOSTRAS PEQUENAS Guillaume Pascal William Lauras PROJETO DE GRADUAÇÃO SUBMETIDO AO CORPO DOSCENTE DO CURSO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA DA ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE ENGENHEIRO MECÂNICO. Aprovado por: ________________________________________________ Prof. Flávio de Marco Filho, DSc ________________________________________________ Prof. Geraldo Cernicchiaro, PhD ________________________________________________ Prof. João Alves de Oliveira, PhD ________________________________________________ Prof. Sylvio José Ribeiro de Oliveira, Dr.Ing. ________________________________________________ Prof. Vitor Ferreira Romano, Dott.Ric RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ - BRASIL AGOSTO DE 2020 ii Lauras, Guillaume Pascal William Automação de Processo de Medição Mecânica Não- Destrutiva por Digitalização Fotogramétrica de Amostras Pequenas/ Guillaume Pascal William Lauras. – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica, 2020. XIII, 73 p.: il.; 29,7 cm. Orientador: Flávio de Marco Filho Projeto de Graduação – UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica/ Curso de Engenharia Mecânica, 2020. Referências Bibliográficas: p. 69-71. 1. Metrologia. 2. Estereofotogrametria. 3. Focus-stacking. I. de Marco Filho, Flávio. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Politécnica, Curso de Engenharia Mecânica. III. Automação de Processo de Medição Mecânica Não- Destrutiva por Digitalização Fotogramétrica de Amostras Pequenas. iii Agradecimentos A meus pais que sempre me apoiaram ao longo do meu intercambio do outro lado do mundo e qualquer outra aventura para o qual o meu coração me levou. A meu tutor de estágio e mentor de projeto, Prof. Geraldo Cernicchiaro, pelos inúmeros ensinos que me transmitiu, e para o tempo e a inteligência que investiu nesse trabalho. A meu responsável de estágio, Prof. João Alves de Oliveira por me ter disponibilizado todas as ajudas que ele podia me oferecer e sempre torcer pelo meu sucesso. Aos meu orientador, Prof. Flávio de Marco Filho, pela oportunidade de desenvolver esse projeto para a conclusão dos meus estudos e por ser sempre paciente e solícito. À instituição UFRJ e a seus docentes, por me proporcionarem uma formação de excelência durante esse duplo diploma. Ao Museu Nacional e seus pesquisadores, por me ter oferecido essa oportunidade de estágio e assunto de trabalho de conclusão de curso tão interessante. Ao CBPF por me ter acolhido no seu estabelecimento de excelência a fim de desempenhar o projeto até o fim. A todos meus amigos e os que fiz ao longo dessa jornada, que me acompanharam e ajudaram nos momentos bons e ruins, e dos quais me orgulho pelas pessoas que estão se tornando. iv Resumo do Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Escola Politécnica/UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Engenheiro Mecânico. AUTOMAÇÃO DE PROCESSO DE DIGITALIZAÇÃO FOTOGRAMÉTRICA PARA MEDIÇÃO MECÂNICA NÃO-DESTRUTIVA DE AMOSTRAS PEQUENAS Guillaume Pascal William Lauras Agosto/2020 Orientador: Flávio de Marco Filho Curso: Engenharia Mecânica O presente trabalho apresenta a automação de um processo de aquisição de dados, necessários para digitalização estereofotogramétrica, com o objetivo de efetuar medições mecânicas não-destrutivas de amostras pequenas e frágeis. Essas medições são efetuadas no modelo 3D da amostra, reconstruído a partir de fotos adquiridas com a técnica do focus- stacking. Para sua realização, esse projeto foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira, um protótipo foi desenvolvido a fim de testar o processo com três amostras diferentes. Em um segundo momento, estudou-se os fatores que influenciam a digitalização estereofotogramétrica. Por fim, a calibração das medições 2D e 3D permitiram a caracterização do erro padrão. Palavras-chave: Metrologia, Estereofotogrametria, Focus-stacking. v Undergraduate Project Abstract presented to DEM/UFRJ as a partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the degree of Mechanical Engineer. AUTOMATISATION OF PHOTOGRAMETRIC DIGITALISATION PROCESS FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASURING OF SMALL SAMPLES Guillaume Pascal William Lauras August/2020 Advisor: Flávio de Marco Filho Course: Mechanical Engineering This work presents the automation of a data acquisition process, necessary for stereophotogrammetric digitalization, with the purpose of making non-destructive mechanical measurements of small and fragile samples. These measurements are made in the 3D model of the sample, reconstructed from photos acquired with the focus-stacking technique. For its realization, this project was divided into three stages. First, a prototype was developed in order to test the process with three different samples. In a second step, the factors that influence the stereophotogrammetric digitalization were studied. Finally, the calibration of 2D and 3D measurements enabled the characterization of the standard error. Keywords: Metrology, Stereophotogrammetry, Focus-stacking. vi Sumário Agradecimentos ................................................................................................................ iv Lista de Figuras ............................................................................................................. viii Lista de Tabelas ................................................................................................................ xi Lista de Abreviações e Siglas ........................................................................................ xiii Introdução ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivação ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objetivos ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Apresentação ..................................................................................................... 4 Fundamentação Teórica ........................................................................................... 6 2.1 Metrologia ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Estereofotogrametria ......................................................................................... 7 2.3 Técnica do Focus-stacking ............................................................................. 11 Revisão Bibliográfica ............................................................................................ 14 Materiais e Métodos ............................................................................................... 19 4.1 Concepção do Protótipo de aquisição de dados .............................................. 19 4.2 Digitalização estereofotogramétrica ............................................................... 36 4.3 Protocolo de Calibração do Protótipo ............................................................. 42 Resultados e Discussões ........................................................................................ 49 5.1 Análise da Automatização do Processo de Aquisição de Dados .................... 49 5.2 Análise dos Elementos Influenciando a Digitalização ................................... 57 5.3 Análise da Calibração do Protótipo ................................................................ 60 Conclusões ............................................................................................................. 67 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................ 69 Anexos ................................................................................................................... 72 vii Lista de Figuras Figura 1: Na esquerda, a montagem para digitalização 3D no Museu Nacional – UFRJ (MN) utilizada antes do projeto, e na direita a nuvem de pontos densa obtida (LOBO, GELFO, et al., 2019). .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Figura 2: Diagrama SADT (structured analysis and design technique) do processo de medição mecânica não-destrutiva por digitalização estereofotogramétrica. Os quadrados representam as diferentes funções do processo. As setas entrando e saindo horizontalmente representam respetivamente as entradas e saídas. As setas verticais entrando por cima representam as coerções de controle. As setas verticais entrando por baixo representam os mecanismos de controle. ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Figura 3: Medição de um prédio com fotogrametria (Aimé Laussedat: La Métrophotographie, 1899, Hrsg. Gauthier-Villars, Paris) ........................................................................................... 8 Figura 4: Figura de base da geometria estereoscópica ..............................................................
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