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Unit 3 This Publication Forms Part of an Open University Module MU123 Discovering mathematics Unit 3 This publication forms part of an Open University module. Details of this and other Open University modules can be obtained from the Student Registration and Enquiry Service, The Open University, PO Box 197, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, United Kingdom (tel. +44 (0)845 300 60 90; email [email protected]). Alternatively, you may visit the Open University website at www.open.ac.uk where you can learn more about the wide range of modules and packs offered at all levels by The Open University. To purchase a selection of Open University materials visit www.ouw.co.uk, or contact Open University Worldwide, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom for a brochure (tel. +44 (0)1908 858779; fax +44 (0)1908 858787; email [email protected]). The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA. First published 2010. Copyright c 2010 The Open University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS (website www.cla.co.uk). Open University materials may also be made available in electronic formats for use by students of the University. All rights, including copyright and related rights and database rights, in electronic materials and their contents are owned by or licensed to The Open University, or otherwise used by The Open University as permitted by applicable law. In using electronic materials and their contents you agree that your use will be solely for the purposes of following an Open University course of study or otherwise as licensed by The Open University or its assigns. Except as permitted above you undertake not to copy, store in any medium (including electronic storage or use in a website), distribute, transmit or retransmit, broadcast, modify or show in public such electronic materials in whole or in part without the prior written consent of The Open University or in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Edited, designed and typeset by The Open University, using the Open University TEX System. Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Printed in the United Kingdom by Martins the Printers, Berwick-upon-Tweed.. ISBN 978 1 84873 ?????? ?.? Contents Contents UNIT 3 Numbers 5 Introduction 6 1 Natural numbers 6 1.1 Multiples 7 1.2 Factors 8 1.3 Prime numbers 10 1.4 Prime factors 12 1.5 Powers 17 2 Rational numbers 22 2.1 What is a rational number? 22 2.2 Adding and subtracting fractions 24 2.3 Multiplying and dividing fractions 26 2.4 Negative indices 29 2.5 Scientific notation 31 3 Irrational numbers and real numbers 34 3.1 What is an irrational number? 34 3.2 Roots of numbers 37 3.3 Surds 38 3.4 Fractional indices 43 3 Contents 4 Ratios 45 4.1 What is a ratio? 45 4.2 Aspect ratios 49 Learning checklist 54 Solutions and comments on Activities 55 INDEX 61 4 UNIT 3 Numbers Unit 3 Numbers Introduction This unit is all about numbers. You use numbers in many different ways every day; for example, you might use them to tell the time, look for a particular page in a book, find the price of an item that you want to buy, check your bank balance or make a measurement. You probably don’t think about the numbers themselves, and the interesting properties that ‘Why are numbers beautiful? they have, but these properties have fascinated many people for thousands It’s like asking why is of years. This unit will give you just a glimpse of the many properties of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony numbers. beautiful. If you don’t see why, someone can’t tell you. In particular, you will learn about some properties of prime numbers, and I know numbers are beautiful. about different types of numbers, such as rational and irrational numbers, If they aren’t beautiful, and how they differ from each other. nothing is.’ Paul Erd¨os (1913–1996), Numbers are of course an important part of mathematics, and it is Hungarian mathematician. essential that you are able to work with them confidently and perform calculations with them, both by hand and by using your calculator. These Paul Erd¨os was one of the most unusual and prolific skills will underpin much of your later work in the module, so this unit also mathematicians in history. gives you an opportunity to revise and practise some of your skills in He travelled constantly, living working with numbers, and to learn some new number skills. If you are a out of a suitcase, and little rusty on some of the basic number skills, such as adding fractions, collaborated with other then you may find that you need more detail than is provided in this unit. mathematicians wherever he went. If so, then you should find it helpful to consult Maths Help via the link on the module website. In the final section of the unit, you will look at how numbers in the context of ratio are useful in all sorts of everyday situations. In particular, you will learn about aspect ratio, which provides a way to describe the shapes of rectangles. Many forms of media involve rectangular shapes; for example, computer and television screens, photographs, printed pages and video pictures are all usually rectangular. Aspect ratio is important in determining, for example, how well different shapes of rectangular picture fit on different shapes of rectangular screen. The calculator section of the MU123 Guide is needed for two of the Activities 27 and 35, on activities in this unit. If you do not have the MU123 Guide to hand when pages 34 and 45, respectively, you reach these activities, then you can omit them and return to them are in the MU123 Guide. later. 1 Natural numbers As you saw in Unit 1, the integers are the numbers ..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .... − − − This section is about the positive integers, 1, 2, 3, ..., which are also known as the natural numbers. The natural numbers are the first numbers that people learn about, and you might think of them as rather uninteresting. In fact, they have many intriguing properties that continue to fascinate mathematicians, and are an important part of the branch of mathematics known as number theory. Their properties also have many important applications in the real world. 6 1 Natural numbers 1.1 Multiples When you use a cash machine to withdraw money, it gives you options for the amount of money that it will dispense. The options might be 1 x 6 = 6 £20, £30, £40, £50, £100, £200. 2 x 6 = 12 These amounts are all multiples of £10. Most UK cash machines dispense 3 x 6 = 18 only multiples of £10, because they contain only £10 and £20 notes. 4 x 6 = 24 5 x 6 = 30 In general, a multiple of a natural number is the result of multiplying it 6 x 6 = 36 by a natural number. For example, the multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 7 x 6 = 42 and so on, because 8 x 6 = 48 9 x 6 = 54 1 6 = 6, × 10 x 6 = 60 2 6 = 12, × 3 6 = 18, × and so on. Figure 1 The first ten Another way to think of the multiples of 6 is that they are the numbers multiples of six are the into which 6 divides exactly. For example, 324 is a multiple of 6 because answers in the six times table 324 6 = 54, and 54 is a whole number, ÷ but 472 is a not a multiple of 6 because The numbers 0, 6, 12,... can also be considered− to− be 472 6 = 78.666 ..., which is not a whole number. ÷ multiples of 6. However, this section is all about positive integers; so, for example, ‘the Activity 1 Multiples of natural numbers first four multiples of 6’ means the first four positive multiples: 6, 12, 18 and 24. (a) Write down the first five multiples of 7. (b) The tickets for an event cost £11 each, and all the ticket money is put in a cash box that is initially empty. After the event, the cash box is found to contain £4183. Is this a correct amount? Common multiples Look at these lists of the first few multiples of 6 and 8: multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, . , multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, . Notice that the number 24 appears in both lists. We say that it is a common multiple of 6 and 8. There are other common multiples of 6 and 8: the number 48 also appears in both lists, and if the lists were extended, then you would see that other numbers, for example 72, 96 and 120, also appear in both lists. In fact there are infinitely many common multiples of 6 and 8. The common multiple 24 is special, however, as it is the smallest. We say that it is the lowest common multiple of 6 and 8. These ideas are summarised in the box below. A common multiple of two or more numbers is a number that is a multiple of all of them.
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