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Health Heat Stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a Matter of Temperature Or ­Inadequate ­Adaptation? – DIE ERDE 145 (1-2): 80-95

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Health Heat Stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a Matter of Temperature Or ­Inadequate ­Adaptation? – DIE ERDE 145 (1-2): 80-95 Vol. 145, No. 1-2 · Research article Health heat stress in the Porto DIE ERDE Journal of the Metropolitan Area – a matter of Geographical Society of Berlin temperature or inadequate adaptation? Ana Monteiro1, Sara Velho2 1 University of Porto, Faculty of Arts, Geography Department, Via Panorâmica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal, ISPUP (Institute of Public Health of Porto), Porto, Portugal, CITTA (Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment), Porto, Portugal, and Research Project FCT – ERA NET URBAN/0001/2009, [email protected] 2 ISPUP (Institute of Public Health of Porto), Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal, and Research Project FCT - ERA NET URBAN/0001/2009, [email protected], Manuscript submitted: 29 June 2013 / Accepted for publication: 12 December 2013 / Published online: 2 September 2014 Abstract The aim of this contribution is to understand the negative outcomes for human health during hot weather in a Mediterranean urban environment. Examining seasonal variations of thermal comfort in Porto, by Physi- ologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), and comparing expected and observed daily mortality (all causes) and morbidity (all causes, respiratory and circulatory diseases), suggests that in southern Europe, people’s adaptation techniques for reducing heat stress and associated health risks need to be developed much fur- ther. Research already done in Porto shows that social and economic vulnerability must be included alongside with individual characteristics, like age, gender or genetics, when defining the thresholds above which nega- tive health impacts begin to become severe. Findings from Porto show that a climate risk map is needed for every metropolitan area, with sufficient detail to give locally appropriate temperature thresholds taking into account both the local climate and the socio-economic conditions of every sector of the urban environment. Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird beabsichtigt, das Verständnis für die negativen Auswirkungen von Hitzeperioden auf die menschliche Gesundheit in einem mediterranen Ballungsgebiet zu verbessern. Die saisonalen Schwankungen des Daraus wurde die erwartete tägliche Mortalitätsrate berechnet und mit der tatsächlichen Mortalitätsrate vergli- chenthermischen (alle Ursachen), Wohlbefindens sowie mit in Porto der Morbiditätsrate wurden ausgedrückt (alle Ursachen durch die von physiologische Atemwegs- Äquivalenztemperaturund K reislauferkrankungen). (PET). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Anpassungstechniken der Bewohner in Südeuropa deutlich weiter entwickelt werden müssen, um Hitzestress und die damit verbundenen Gesundheitsrisiken reduzieren zu kön- nen. Laufende Forschungsarbeiten in Porto (Portugal) zeigen auf, das soziale und ökonomische Verletzlichkeiten der Gesellschaft ebenso berücksichtigt werden müssen wie individuelle Veranlagung, Alter und Geschlecht, um von anderen, nicht bedrohlichen negativen Gesundheitsauswirkungen. Ergebnisse aus Porto zeigen, dass eine Klima-Risikokarterobuste Schwellenwerte für jeden zu definieren Ballungsraum zur Unterscheidungnötig ist, mit ausreichendem der besorgniserregenden Detaillierungsgrad Gesundheitsauswirkungen um lokal angepasste die lokalen sozio-ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen jedes Sektors des städtischen Umfeldes berücksichtigen. Schwellenwerte für Temperaturen bereitzustellen. Diese Risikokarten müssen sowohl das lokale Mikroklima wie Monteiro, Ana and Sara Velho 2014: Health heat stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a matter of temperature or inadequate adaptation? – DIE ERDE 145 (1-2): 80-95 DOI: 10.12854/erde-145-7 80 DIE ERDE · Vol. 145 · 1-2/2014 Health heat stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a matter of temperature or inadequate adaptation? Keywords Health heat stress threshold criteria; mortality and morbidity; PET; Mediterranean cities 1. Introduction - subtropicsis thus influenced and colder by fluctuations and drier from of two the polarmarkedly zone. dif Portugal and the centre of a metropolitan area with ferent types of air masses – warm and humid from the morePorto than– 41° 1.5 N and million 8° W inhabitants. – is the second It is largestlocated cityin the of extreme southwest of the European continent, and it sequence of contrasting, stressful and demanding This climatological context produces a changing daily across the Atlantic Ocean from the west (Fig. 1). (Monteiro 1997, Monteiro et al. 2012a, 2012c, 2013a, is the first part of Europe to face air masses coming thermal conditions potentially affecting human health- 2013b, 2013c). This seasonal, monthly and daily ther The area is affected by varied weather systems related mal irregularity is aggravated by the indoor climatic to the complex air circulation in this zone, the nearby unsuitability severe negative of humanmany buildings health outcomes and, with for high some socio- sec- Azores Anticyclone and rapidly advancing depressions economic inequality, leads to a high probability of associated with movements of the Polar Front. The city Fig. 1 Porto and Porto Metropolitan Area: geographical location DIE ERDE · Vol. 145 · 1-2/2014 81 Health heat stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a matter of temperature or inadequate adaptation? tors of the population during hot weather. However, the criteria for issuing a hot weather health warning adopt- increase in Mediterranean areas like Porto (Planton et al.the 2008; duration Rooney and et intensity al. 1998; of Gaffin extreme et al. heat 2008; events Metzger will et al. 2010; Monteiro et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2013a). ed by the Portuguese authorities are either the WMO’s- definition of a heat wave: a sequence of at least 6 days With this climatic prediction and recognising the irregu- with more than 5 °C above the average of the homolo gous period (WCDMP-No 47, WMO-TD, No 1071); or the Portuguese Meteorological Office’s thresholds of days lar and episodic behaviour of the climate system, it seems in Porto, when the maximum temperature is from 32 °C relevant for cities like Porto to evaluate, as accurately to 36 °C (yellow), from 37 °C to 38 °C (orange) and above Europeanand completely areas as(Rooney possible, et al.the 1998, negative Calado human et al. health2004, and38 °C the (red). means However, of communicating both the considered the risk demonstratetemperature outcomes,Grize et al. as2005, has Fouilletalready been done, sinceD’Ippoliti 1990, et foral. other2010, that,thresholds in south for European triggering urban public areas health like warning Porto, extremesystems Monteiro et al. 2012b, 2013a). It is worth remembering, - to cite just one example, etthat al. the2006, well-known 2003 heat - - heat events are an underestimated hazard. The appar ently moderate fluctuations of the temperature indi wave did not meet the official criterionMonteiro of the et required al. 2012b, se disregardcated by the the analysisu rban impact of the on 100-year local and means regional obscure tem- quence of daily temperatures but provoked a significant peraturethe day-to-day (Monteiro variety 1997, of thermalEndlicher conditions and totally morbidity and mortality excess ( the2013b). extreme This heatindicates event the thresholds, importance considering of trying tothe select par- Moreover, Porto is located in a globalet al. zone 2006). where most the best, most efficient and reliable criteria for defining the built environment of each individual urban area. Dessai 2002, ticular socio-economic and biophysical characteristics of 2003;21st century Díaz GCM’s scenarios anticipateMeehl a considerable and Tebaldi 2004,temperature Monteiro increase during this century ( 2. Materials and methods in the Portoet dataal. 2002a, series 2002b, (Monteiro 2006; et al. 2012c). Even if the rate of increaseet al. 2013a), has not which been issimilar already during evident all months and seasons it is reasonable to anticipate that - The basic data sets employed in our analysis of Porto were yearly, monthly, daily and hourly cli Fig. 2 Monthly average temperature and monthly total average rainfall in Porto, 1901-2007 82 DIE ERDE · Vol. 145 · 1-2/2014 Health heat stress in the Porto Metropolitan Area – a matter of temperature or inadequate adaptation? Tab. 1 Extreme monthly and daily temperature records in Porto, 1901-2007 Highest monthly average temperature Lowest monthly average temperature Month T(1901 °C -2007) Year Month T(1901 °C -2007) Year Jan Jan Feb 12.0 1966 Feb 6.5 1945 Mar 13.1 1998 Mar 6.2 1956 Apr 16.2 1997 Apr 9.2 1916 May 17.1 1997 May 10.0 1986 Jun 18.6 1922 Jun 12.8 1984 Jul 21.2 2004 Jul 15.0 1972 Aug 22.7 2006 Aug 17.2 1912 Sept 23.4 2006 Sept 17.0 1912 Oct 21.8 1926 Oct 16.2 1927 Nov 18.8 1989 Nov 12.4 1974 Dec 17.5 1902 Dec 8.5 1971 YEAR 13.2 1989 YEAR 6.2 1933 16.3 1997 13.6 1932 Highest monthly average daily maximum Lowest monthly average daily minimum Month temperatureT °C (1901-2007)Year Month temperatureT °C (1901-2007)Year Jan Jan Feb 15.1 1982 Feb 1.6 1954 Mar 18.4 1998 Mar 1.0 1956 Apr 23.3 1997 Apr 3.9 1970 May 22.1 1997 May 5.7 1932 Jun 23.7 1922 Jun 8.6 1972 Jul 26.0 1981 Jul 10.6 1972 Aug 28.1 1990 Aug 12.6 1965 Sept 29.3 2006 Sept 13.0 1963, 1978 Oct 28.3 1926 Oct 10.7 1952 Nov 23.8 1962 Nov 7.1 1974 Dec 21.4 1902 Dec 3.7 1934 YEAR 16.9 1953 YEAR 1.5 1933 20.7 1997, 2006 8.9 1932, 1935 heat extreme events using different criteria. Por- matic varia bles, daily hospital admissions and- (Lindberg et al. 2008, Lindberg and Thorsson 2009), daily mortality data. The available daily and hourly to’s PET was estimated by SOLWEIG 2.3 software- andclimate solar data radiation) (temperature, of the twohumidity, main climatologiwind veloc- - cality andstations direction, Porto-Pedras atmospheric Rubras pressure, and Porto-Serra insolation appliedolds were to establishedPorto-Pedras according Rubras climate to the internation hourly var- iables,al thermal from (dis)comfort2002 till 2007. classes The P orto(Matzarakis PET thresh and Mayer 2000, Matzarakis and Amelung 2008, Nastos do Pilar were compared to define: i) the 100-year and Matzarakis 2008, Monteiro et al.
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