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Muscidae: Diptera): Taxonomia, Filogenia E Contribuição Da Espectroscopia No Infravermelho Próximo

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Muscidae: Diptera): Taxonomia, Filogenia E Contribuição Da Espectroscopia No Infravermelho Próximo JAIME IVÁN RODRÍGUEZ FERNÁNDEZ COENOSIINI NEOTROPICAIS (MUSCIDAE: DIPTERA): TAXONOMIA, FILOGENIA E CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA ESPECTROSCOPIA NO INFRAVERMELHO PRÓXIMO Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de concentração em Entomologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Claudio José Barros de Carvalho Co-orientador: Mauricio Oswaldo Moura Curitiba 2008 ii Dedico este trabalho esta dedicado à memória de Gabriel 2006-2007, e Jorge 1965-2007. iii “Sueña y serás libre de espiritu, lucha y serás libre en la vida” Che Guevara iii iv AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar para toda minha família, mesmo de longe estão aqui. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Claudio José Barros de Carvalho por encaminhar meu desenvolvimento acadêmico e cuidar de não me aproximar vertiginosamente aos abismos do entusiasmo. Ao meu co-orientador Dr. Mauricio Oswaldo Moura por deixar fluir (demais) qualquer novo desafio. Ao doutor Silvio Nihei que desde o primeiro dia que cheguei foi um grande amigo e colega de trabalho como depois o doutor Antonio Aguiar. A Kelly Cristine............ Especialmente agradeço a amizade de Leslie, Gregório, Juanico e Amélia, Piru, Ude e Pedro, não só nos momentos mais difíceis que passei, mais pela verdadeira amizade neste capitulo da minha vida. A Carmen e Oswaldo, sempre de braços abertos e pelas boas salteñas. Ao meu amigo Álvaro, um verdadeiro jilakata e toda sua família. Ao meu amigo Juan, grande músico e diretor do projeto Inti Pacha. Ao Jaime Meruvia e os amigos dos viernes de solteros na casa do Cumpa e em geral a bolivianada de Curitiba. Aos camaradas do Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Biogeografia de Diptera: Elaine, Peter, Mauren, Alessandre, Danilo, Jéssica (grande acroceridóloga), Cecília, Karine, Melisse e Beatriz (cientistas forenses...se preparem), Ana (como El clave bien temperado) e Lyca minha revisora e editora oficial. E desculpas pelo monopólio do computador. Também aos amigos da sala 356 e todos os amigos e colegas do Curso de pós- Graduação em Entomologia e toda a comunidade do Departamento desde os professores sempiternos e os que não tanto, ao secretario do curso, Jorge sempre sem burocracias, v ao pessoal da biblioteca por facilitar nossas procuras, ao pessoal que chega ainda na madrugada para manter a limpeza de nosso dia a dia (como Cida e os cafezinhos quentinhos) e ao técnico Saturnino que sempre tive disposição para colaborar. A Dra. Márcia Couri, Dra. Valeria Cid Maia e o pessoal do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro pelo apoio incondicional. v vi SUMÁRIO CAPÍTULO 1 - Notas de revisão sobre alguns Coenosiini Neotropicais (Diptera, Muscidae. Coenosiinae). .............................................................................................................. 1 Resumo ....................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract........................................................................................................................ 2 Introdução.................................................................................................................... 3 Material e métodos ...................................................................................................... 3 Resultados e discussão ............................................................................................... 4 Agradecimentos......................................................................................................... 14 Literatura citada ......................................................................................................... 15 CAPÍTULO 2 - Análise cladística de Coenosiini (Diptera, Muscidae): novas hipóteses sobre o relacionamento dos gêneros ......................................................................... 18 Resumo ..................................................................................................................... 18 Abstract...................................................................................................................... 19 Introdução.................................................................................................................. 20 Material e métodos .................................................................................................... 22 Material examinado.............................................................................................. 22 Terminologia morfológica ..................................................................................... 23 Táxons terminais.................................................................................................. 23 Caracteres ........................................................................................................... 23 Análise cladística ................................................................................................. 24 Resultados e discussão ............................................................................................. 24 Lista de caracteres............................................................................................... 24 vii Análise cladística ................................................................................................. 28 Agradecimentos......................................................................................................... 31 Referências bibliográficas .......................................................................................... 32 CAPÍTULO 3 - Análise cladística de Neodexiopsis, grupo-ovata (Coenosiinae, Muscidae) .................................................................................................................................. 51 Resumo ..................................................................................................................... 51 Abstract...................................................................................................................... 52 Introdução.................................................................................................................. 53 Material e métodos .................................................................................................... 55 Material examinado.............................................................................................. 55 Terminologia morfológica ..................................................................................... 55 Táxons terminais.................................................................................................. 56 Caracteres ........................................................................................................... 56 Análise cladística ................................................................................................. 56 Resultados e discussão ............................................................................................. 57 Lista de caracteres............................................................................................... 57 Análise cladística ................................................................................................. 58 Referências bibliográficas .......................................................................................... 61 CAPITULO 4 O barcoding da vida sem DNA? Espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo e aplicações em sistemática e ecologia de Coenosiinae Neotropicais .......................... 69 Resumo ..................................................................................................................... 69 Abstract...................................................................................................................... 71 Introdução ............................................................................................................ 72 NIRS e taxonomia biológica ................................................................................. 76 viii NIRS e Entomologia............................................................................................. 76 NIRS e filogenia ................................................................................................... 77 Justificativa ................................................................................................................ 78 Objetivo...................................................................................................................... 79 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................... 79 Material e Métodos .................................................................................................... 79 Insetos ................................................................................................................. 79 Instrumentação .................................................................................................... 80 Pré-processamento.............................................................................................. 80 Análise estatística ................................................................................................ 80 Resultados................................................................................................................. 82 Linhagens de Diptera ........................................................................................... 84 Muscidae/Coenosinae.........................................................................................
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