Damien Hirst E Il Mercato Dell'arte Contemporanea: La Carriera Di Un Young British Artist

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Damien Hirst E Il Mercato Dell'arte Contemporanea: La Carriera Di Un Young British Artist Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Economia e Gestione delle Arti e delle attività culturali Tesi di Laurea DAMIEN HIRST E IL MERCATO DELL'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA: LA CARRIERA DI UN YOUNG BRITISH ARTIST Relatore Prof. Stefania Portinari Laureanda Martina Pellizzer Matricola 816581 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 1 INDICE INTRODUZIONE p. 3 CAPITOLO 1 ALCUNE RIFLESSIONI SUL MERCATO DELL'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA: ISTITUZIONI E STRUTTURE DI PROMOZIONE E VENDITA 1 L'Evoluzione del sistema delle gallerie e della figura del gallerista p. 3 2. Il ruolo dei musei p. 19 3 Il ruolo dei collezionisti p. 28 4 Le case d'asta p. 36 CAPITOLO 2 DAMIEN HIRST: DA A THOUSAND YEARS (1990) A FOR THE LOVE OF GOD (2007) 1 Il sistema dell'arte inglese negli anni Novanta: gli Young British Artist …........p. 41 2 Damien Hirst una carriera in ascesa, da “Frezze” alla retrospettiva presso la Tate Modern p. 47 3 I galleristi di Damien Hirst p. 67 CAPITOLO 3 IL RUOLO DEL MERCATO DELL'ARTE NELLA CARRIERA DI DAMIEN HIRST 1 L'asta di Sotheby's: “Beautiful inside my head forever” p. 78 2 Rapporto tra esposizione e valore delle opere dal 2009 al 2012..............................p. 97 CONCLUSIONI p. 117 APPENDICE p. 120 BIBLIOGRAFIA p. 137 2 INTRODUZIONE Questa tesi di laurea magistrale si pone come obiettivo di analizzare la carriera dell'artista inglese Damien Hirst mettendo in evidenza il ruolo che il mercato dell'arte ha avuto nella sua carriera. Il primo capitolo, dal titolo “Alcuni riflessioni sul mercato dell'arte contemporanea”, propone una breve disanima sul funzionamento del mercato dell'arte contemporanea, analizzando in particolar modo il ruolo di collezionisti, galleristi, istituzioni museali e case d'asta, tutti soggetti in grado di influenzare notevolmente la carriera di un artista, anche se in maniera differente. Il secondo capitolo è interamente dedicato a rintracciare i punti salienti della biografia dell'artista in relazione proprio ai vari cambiamenti di prospettiva causati nella sua carriera dall’interazione col mercato dell’arte. Questa sessione è intitolata “Damien Hirst: da A Thousand Years (1990) a For the love of God (2007)” proprio per evidenziare quali passaggi siano intercorsi tra queste sue due opere fondamentali che segnano una serie di eventi attraverso i quali egli si è affermato come artista carismatico e che comprendono la partecipazione a mostre collettive, personali e retrospettive. Si è cercato di comprendere come egli abbia cercato di entrare a far parte delle collezioni pubbliche e private più prestigiose a livello internazionale, partecipando a premi e concorsi e facendo parlare di sé sulla stampa. Come vedremo nella trattazione, Hirst è riuscito a diventare uno degli artisti più conosciuti nel sistema dell'arte contemporanea. Verranno analizzate inoltre alcune delle sue opere più famose come A Thousand Years (1990), The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991) e For The Love of God (2007), il teschio umano ricoperto con più di 8000 diamanti. Il terzo capitolo, dal titolo “Il ruolo del mercato dell'arte nella carriera di Damien Hirst” propone una sintetica analisi sull'andamento del mercato dell'arte dal 2007 al 2012, sulla base dei dati forniti dall'istituto di ricerca Artprice. Si concentra sull'asta tenutasi da Sotheby's a Londra nel settembre 2008 dedicata interamente a Hirst, durante la quale sono state vendute 223 opere, facendo guadagnare all'artista quasi 140.000.000 euro. Viene poi proposta un'analisi sull'andamento delle quotazioni di Hirst dal 2009 al 2012, mettendo in evidenza come il fatturato dell'artista sia in seguito notevolmente diminuito e come le sue quotazioni in asta siano scese dal 30%, attuando infine un confronto tra l'artista appartenente al gruppo degli Young British Artist e altri artisti suoi coevi molto quotati sul mercato dell'arte contemporanea come Jeff Koons, Takashi Murakami, Jean Michel Basquiat e Maurizio Cattelan. 3 Lo scopo di questa tesi è dunque quello di analizzare come l’andamento del mercato delle opere di Hirst sia stato influenzato da vari fattori e quali essi siano, cercando di individuarne ragioni e concause, al fine di indagare come il sistema dell’arte e i suoi protagonisti possano effettivamente condizionare in positivo o in negativo i valori assegnato alle opere e influire sulla notorietà dell’artista. 4 CAPITOLO 1 ALCUNE RIFLESSIONI SUL MERCATO DELL'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA: ISTITUZIONI E STRUTTURE DI PROMOZIONE E VENDITA 1. Le gallerie e l'evoluzione della figura del gallerista dalla fine del XIX secolo al XXI La rete delle gallerie d'arte ha un ruolo fondamentale a livello internazionale nella promozione e nella vendita dell'arte contemporanea. A partire del XIX secolo, la figura del gallerista acquista via via un'importanza sempre maggiore, tanto che negli ultimi anni, alcuni galleristi di fama internazionale possono portare al successo o intralciare il cammino dei giovani artisti. Negli ultimi decenni dell'Ottocento, in Francia, la struttura del mercato dell'arte subisce un notevole cambiamento che getta le basi per il sistema dell'arte contemporanea attuale: i mercanti d'arte smettono di essere dei semplici ambulanti e allo stesso tempo iniziarono le grandi mostre e il collezionismo privato. L'Accademia di belle arti, fondata nel 1648 da Gustave Coubert, è il cuore del sistema, composta da insegnanti dell' Ecole des beux arts, dal direttore dell'Accademia di Francia e da quello di Roma1. Essa domina l'intera organizzazione dell'arte: dalla formazione artistica (supervisione che riguardava anche le scuole di provincia), alle direttive estetiche da rispettare nell'esecuzione delle opere fino alla scelta degli artisti meritevoli di riconoscimenti ufficiali. L'acquisto dei dipinti e delle sculture da parte dei musei e delle istituzioni pubbliche è notevolmente influenzato dai membri dell'Accademia, i quali fanno parte delle commissioni artistiche della Direzione delle belle arti. Ai singoli artisti non è permesso vendere direttamente le loro opere, infatti devono affidarsi alla figura del mercante d'arte, il quale possiede una o più gallerie venditrici di quadri e sculture antiche2. Uno dei più importanti mercanti è Alphonse Goupil il quale apre la sua galleria a Parigi nel 1825. All'inizio vende solo stampe di quadri di successo, ma con l’incremento di rilievo, nel 1848 apre una succursale a New York, per poi espandersi in Europa: L'Aia, Bruxelles, Londra, 1 F. Poli, Il sistema dell'arte contemporanea, Edizioni Laterza, Milano1999, p. 35. 2 Ibidem. 5 Berlino. Per lui lavorano Vincent Van Gogh dal 1869 al 18763, ma anche artisti italiani come Boldini, De Nittis, Michetti, Palizzi, Morelli e Mosè Bianchi. Le gallerie di Goupil saranno un modello per Luigi Pisani, il titolare della più importante galleria italiana del 1800, aperta a Firenze nel 1870. Un altro esempio è la galleria di Boussod et Vladon che dal 1879 sarebbe stata diretta da Theo Van Gogh. Queste sedi espositive vendono soprattutto, in quanto solo gli artisti usciti dell'Accademia sono premiati ai Salon. I compratori, sopratutto ricchi borghesi e aristocratici, non discutono mai il prezzo delle opere degli artisti ufficiali, contribuendo così a dimostrare la loro minima influenza sull'intero sistema. I quadri di Fortuny ad esempio arrivano a costare anche settecentomila franchi. La situazione cambia quando i giovani artisti iniziano a protestare contro questo sistema dell'arte: non si riconoscono più nelle istituzioni, ormai obsolete, dell'Accademia e dei Salon, contrarie al cambiamento e alle innovazioni. Così nel 1863 Napoleone III accoglie le proteste e decide di istituire il Salon des Refuses, per permettere agli artisti esclusi dal Salon ufficiale di esporre: ma la giuria selezionatrice è la stessa e pubblico e critica considerarono falliti gli artisti che vi partecipano. Coraggiosamente Manet espone Les dejeuner sur l'herbe (1862) diventando la figura di riferimento degli artisti indipendenti. Compare così il gruppo degli impressionisti e questi cambiamenti portano alla nascita di un nuovo corso artistico, tra cui l’affermarsi degli impressionisti, e con esso l'esigenza di un nuovo sistema dell'arte, libero dai vincoli e dalle istituzioni ufficiali4. Nel 1884 nasce il Salon des indipendant, senza premi e giuria selezionatrice, ma il vero punto di svolta è il Salon d'automne, nato nel 1903, indipendente e con una giuria selezionatrice. Durante questa manifestazione si cerca di andare incontro al gusto del pubblico e di suscitare l'interesse di nuovi collezionisti, come André Level, a capo dell'Associazione La Peu de l'Ours, Leo e Gertrude Stein e Daniel Henry Kahnweiler.5 Verso la fine del secolo perciò, il sistema dell'arte contemporanea non è più legato solamente alle istituzioni pubbliche, ma anche a nuove manifestazioni. Così i collezionisti privati aumentano e il ruolo del gallerista acquista maggior rilievo. Gli artisti per farsi conoscere e avere successo non devono più passare attraverso una serie di tappe obbligatorie come in precedenza: cioè ricevere ad esempio, per quanto riguarda gli artisti francesi, la menzione d'onore e la medaglia, vincere il Prix de Rome e trascorre un periodo di tempo a Roma, vendere le proprie opere allo Stato e infine essere eletti come membri dell'Accademia. Affinché lo Stato o i collezionisti privati, solitamente la nobiltà e l'alta borghesia, comprassero 3 E. Van Gogh, Vincent, mio fratello, titolo originaleVincent van Gogh. Persoonlijke herinneringen aangaande een kunstenaar, traduzione di Luca Lamberti Skira, Milano 2010, p. 90. 4 G.C.Argan, L'arte moderna, 1770-1970. L'arte oltre il Duemila di A. Bonito Oliva, Sansoni 2007. 5 F. Poli, Il sistema dell'arte..., op. cit., p. 43. 6 le opere di un artista, prima era essenziale il successo nei Salon, ricevendo i riconoscimenti ufficiali. Quando il gruppo impressionista inizia a farsi conoscere viene affiancato da un gruppo di critici amici, dai collezionisti sostenitori e da alcuni galleristi innovatori, si pongono le basi per il sistema dell'arte contemporanea attuale.
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