Fernanda Farias Friedrich AS MULHERES DA SITCOM: UMA

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Fernanda Farias Friedrich AS MULHERES DA SITCOM: UMA Fernanda Farias Friedrich AS MULHERES DA SITCOM: UMA ANÁLISE DE REPRESENTATIVIDADE DAS PROTAGONISTAS NAS TELAS Tese submetida à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, para obtenção do título de Doutora em Literatura, junto ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Literatura, área de concentração Crítica Feminista e Estudos de Gênero Catarina Linha de Pesquisa: Crítica Feminista e Estudos de Gênero. Orientadora: Profa. Dra, Claudia Junqueira de Lima Costa Florianópolis 2018 À todas as maravilhosas mulheres - reais e ficcionais - que me inspiraram a buscar meus sonhos. AGRADECIMENTOS Meu agradecimento será um pouco não ortodoxo, creio que não seria meu texto se seguisse o padrão formal da academia. Eu tinha seis anos quando meu pai, professor da UFSC, me matriculou no Colégio de Aplicação da UFSC. Estudar em uma escola pública moldou meu caráter. Pensava em contribuir de alguma forma com a sociedade e encontrei no Jornalismo uma forma de retribuir. Fui aprovada em outras instituições, mas segui estudando até passar na UFSC. Não me imaginava em outro lugar. Na época, o curso era extremamente disputado, meus colegas todos vinham escolas particulares. Felizmente, quando me graduei, as cotas mudaram o perfil do curso. Reencontrei até colegas do Aplicação. Graduada e um tanto desiludida com o jornalismo, enxerguei o cinema como uma ferramenta social de mudanças. Decidi me especializar e procurei o mestrado em Letras Inglês da UFSC. Sabia que eles tinham uma vertente de estudos cinematográficos consolidada. Eu, que até então só pensava em fazer filmes, me redescobri na academia. Assim que me tornei mestre, comecei a lecionar em algumas universidades, sempre pensando em retornar à UFSC. No mesmo mês em que fui aprovada no concurso para professora substituta no curso de Cinema UFSC, comecei meu doutorado em Literatura também na UFSC. Voltei em dose dupla. Tenho muito orgulho do meu laço com essa universidade, por tudo que vivi e aprendi aqui. Passei por todos os níveis educacionais e ainda tive a maravilhosa experiência de trabalhar como professora. Antes de me despedir, gostaria de agradecer a todas/os que desde 1992 agraciaram meu caminho com conhecimento. Todas/os foram essenciais na formação da mulher que sou hoje. Contudo, os grandes responsáveis pelo o que me tornei são minha maravilhosa mãe e meu maravilhoso pai. Sempre presentes, me incentivam e motivam a ser o melhor que eu consigo ser. Terezinha e Luis Fernando, amo vocês. Obrigada por sempre estarem ao meu lado. Três meses após meu casamento, eu tive que mudar de cidade para trabalhar 70 horas por semana. Eu tinha um sonho e meu companheiro nunca pestanejou em me apoiar a cada segundo, não me deixando desistir nunca. Ele se desdobrou para ficar ao meu lado cuidando da minha saúde quando eu tive que iniciar um tratamento para as úlceras múltiplas que tive devido à exaustão. No ano do meu doutorado sanduíche, em meio a uma tempestade que parecia não ter fim, cuidou incessantemente de mim. Diego, eu te amo. Sempre. Aos meus amigos que permanecem sendo companheiros mesmo com a minha ausência extrema. Perdi a noção de quantos furos eu dei porque estava trabalhando ou estudando. Um agradecimento especial às duas doutorandas/doutoras parceiras nessa jornada acadêmica: Dra. Gabrielle Bittelbrun que é de peixes também e entende como a gente sofre. E Mah, em breve Dra. Marina Amaral, que acompanha pacientemente meus dramas colégio/cursinho/faculdade/pós-graduação desde 2000. Aos meus colegas da Univali, FURB e do curso de Cinema UFSC, que foram tão importantes no meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Aos meus alunos que me ensinaram que o clichê “o professor aprende tanto em sala de aula quanto o aluno” é realmente verdade. À minha orientadora, Cláudia, que me aceitou quando eu era um patinho feio perdido. À Simone Schmidt que pegou minha mão e me ajudou quando eu estava perdida na PLIT. À Denise Ferreira da Silva que me acolheu carinhosamente na University of British Columbia. Muito obrigada, de coração. Esta tese só foi possível com o apoio de vocês. “Por que sou levada a escrever? Porque a escrita me salva da complacência que me amedronta. Porque não tenho escolha. Porque devo manter vivo o espírito de minha revolta e a mim mesma também. Porque o mundo que crio na escrita compensa o que o mundo real não me dá. No escrever coloco ordem no mundo, coloco nele uma alça para poder segurá-lo. Escrevo porque a vida não aplaca meus apetites e minha fome. Escrevo para registrar o que os outros apagam quando falo, para reescrever as histórias mal escritas sobre mim, sobre você”. Glória Anzaldúa em Falando em línguas: uma carta para as mulheres escritoras do terceiro mundo. RESUMO O presente trabalho revela como representatividade na mídia está vinculada aos debates sociais. Com base nas teorias de gênero e nos estudos culturais, esta pesquisa avalia a forma como mulheres foram/são retratadas em séries de comédia da televisão. Focando em duas sitcoms, Tapas & Beijos (Brasil) e Parks and Recreation (EUA), o estudo faz um contraponto entre a construção das protagonistas da televisão brasileira e da norte-americana. Ao investigar estereótipos na caracterização de protagonistas de séries de comédia a tese propõe uma forma de popularizar a analise do conteúdo de ficção seriada, ao passo que evidencia a importância de análises do tipo. Palavras-chave: Mulheres protagonistas; Representação; Feminismo; Série de Televisão; Estereótipos; Sitcom ABSTRACT This dissertation highlights how representation on media is attached to social debates. Using Gender Theory and Cultural Studies as a basis, this investigation assesses the way women are portrayed in sitcoms. Focusing on two series, Tapas & Beijos (Brazil) e Parks and Recreation (USA) this study relates the characteristics of the construction of the Brazilian female protagonists and the North American female protagonists. Through the research of stereotypes on the characterization of the protagonists of sitcoms, this work proposes a system of analyzing the content of fictional series, reaffirming the importance of such investigation Keywords: Women Protagonist; Representation; Feminism; Sitcom; Television Series; Stereotypes LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – Séries listadas pelo público na pesquisa do Teste F....204 Tabela 2 – Séries mais repetidas pelo público na pesquisa do Teste F……………..………………………………………….....208 SUMÁRIO CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS...........................................................23 CAPÍTULO 1: SITCOMS E AS MULHERES..................................34 2. CAPÍTULO 2: A MULHER NAS SÉRIES DE COMÉDIA: 70 ANOS DE MUDANÇAS DENTRO E FORA DAS TELAS.............48 2.1 O SURGIMENTO DA TELEVISÃO NA SOCIEDADE DOS ANOS 1940 e 1950................................................................................51 2.2 AS REVOLUÇÕES DOS ANOS 1960 E 1970...............................60 2.3 ESTABELECENDO UMA NOVA LINGUAGEM NOS ANOS 1980 E 1990............................................................................................77 2.4 O NOVO MILÊNIO EM SITCOMS...............................................98 3. CAPÍTULO 3 : ENTRE TAPAS & BEIJOS: UM REFLEXO DAS PROTAGONISTAS NAS SITCOMS BRASILEIRAS..........115 3.1 AS PROTAGONISTAS DE TAPAS & BEIJOS...........................124 3.1.1 Fátima...........................................................................124 3.1.2 Sueli...............................................................................127 3.2 BINARIDADES DE GÊNERO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DAS PERSONAGENS DE TAPAS & BEIJOS...........................................130 3.3 A VIOLÊNCIA VELADA ENTRE TAPAS & BEIJOS.................................................................................................138 3.4 PROPRIEDADE E POSSESSIVIDADE: A PROJEÇÃO DO PODER NA NARRATIVA..................................................................149 3.5 ESTEREÓTIPO NARRATIVOS: COMÉDIA COMO ATO POLÍTICO.........................................................................................157 4. CAPÍTULO 4: A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DA PERSONAGEM FEMINISTA NA SOCIEDADE PATRIARCAL EM PARKS & RECREATION.................................................................................166 4.1 A CONSTRUÇÃO DE LESLIE EM PARALELO AO DESENVOLVIMENTO DAS PERSONAGENS COADJUVANTES.............................................................................169 4.2 LESLIE VERSUS PATRIARCALISMO: AS DIFICULDADES DE SER UMA MULHER EM UM MUNDO DE HOMENS.............................................................................................175 4.3 CARREIRA COMO OBJETIVO, ROMANCE COMO CONSEQUÊNCIA...............................................................................192 4.4 PROBLEMAS NA REPRESENTAÇÃO: LESLIE E O FEMINISMO BRANCO HETEROSSEXUAL...................................205 5. CAPÍTULO 5 : REPRESENTATIVIDADE NAS SÉRIES A PARTIR DO TESTE F: INTERSECCÕES E DIVERGÊNCIAS NO RETRATO DAS PERSONAGENS..........................................210 5.1 ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO E A CONCEPÇÃO DO TESTE F..217 5.2 OS ELEMENTOS E A COMPOSIÇÃO DO TESTE F.................222 5.3 DETALHAMENTO DAS QUESTÕES DO TESTE F................. 225 5.4 APLICAÇÃO DO TESTE F E RESULTADOS...........................229 6. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.........................................................241 7.REFERÊNCIAS..............................................................................245 8. ANEXO 01 (Lista de séries mencionadas nesta pesquisa)..........259 9. ANEXO 02 (relatórios gerais pesquisa Teste F)..........................261 CONSEIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS Discussões sobre representatividade
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