DOCSLIB.ORG

Of North America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Of North America UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Ira N. Gabrielson, Director Fishery Bulletin 38 BIOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC MACKEREL (Scomber scombms) OF NORTH AMERICA Part I: Early life history, including the growth, drift, and mortality of the egg and larval populations By OSCAR ELTON SETTE From FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Volume 50 ,, **A UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1943 Kor sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U. S. Gove/nment Printing Office Wa*hington 25. D. C. -- - - - Price 25 ccnti ABSTRACT This portion of a comprehensive study on the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) treats of the early life history from spawning up to about the time the schooling habit develops, with emphasis on the quantitative aspects. Spawning takes place along the Atlantic coast, mostly 10 to 30 miles from shore, from Chesapeake Bay to Newfoundland, with perhaps Yio of the volume between the Chesapeake Capes and Cape Cod; Mo in the southern half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and negligible amounts elsewhere. Embryological development at the temperature usually encountered occupies about 1 week. The pelagic eggs are confined to a surface stratum 15-25 meters thick. Hatching at 3 mm. of length, larvae grow to 10 mm. in about 26 days, and to 50 mm. in an additional 40 days, by which length they approximate the typical form for adult mackerel, and assume the schooling habit. In 1932, it is estimated, 64,000 billion eggs were produced south of Cape Cod by a spawning population estimated at 100 million individuals. That year dominant north- easterly winds (which were abnormally strong) drifted one concentration of larvae, originat- ing off northern New Jersey, and another concentration, originating off southern New Jersey, in a southwesterly direction, to localities abreast of Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Capes, respectively. A reversal of dominant winds, consequently of drift, returned both groups to northern New Jersey, by the 9-mm. stage of growth. Mortality during most of the developmental period was 10 to 14 percent per day, but was as high as 30 to 45 percent per day during the 8- to 10-millimeter period when fin develop- ment we s rapid. Survival from spawning of the eggs to the end of the planktonic phase of life (50 mm.) was in the order of 1 to 10 fish per million eggs spawned. This rale of survival is an abnormally low one since the fish from this spawning season were abnormally scarce in the adult populations of subsequent years. The low survival rate is ascribed to the abnormal amount of southerly drift, coupled with a general scarcity of plankton in the spring of 1932. BIOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC MACKEREL (SCOMBER SCOMBRUS) OF NORTH AMERICA. PART 1: EARLY LIFE HISTORY, INCLUDING GROWTH, DRIFT, AND MORTALITY OF THE EGG AND LARVAL POPULATIONS By Oscar Elton Sette, United Stales Fish and Wildlife Service J- CONTENTS Face l'aKe Introduction 149 Life history— Continued. Account of field work 151 Spawning habits 165 Synopsis of results 152 The egg 166 Significance of results 155 The larva 170 Life history 156 Growth 173 Reproductive age 156 Drift and migration 183 Fecundity 156 Mortality 191 Spawning grounds and spawning sea- Appendix 208 sons 158 Methods of determining size at Coast of southern New England maturity 208 and Middle Atlantic Statrs___ 158 Methods of collecting eggs and larvae. 209 Gulf of Maine 159 Enumeration of eggs and larvae 211 Coast of Nova Scotia 1 (10 Computations of catch per station . 213 Gulf of St. Lawrence 160 Records of tow netting and catches Relative importance of the var- of 1932 219 ious spawning grounds 161 Sizes of youngest post-planktonic Numbers of eggs spawned and size of mackerel 235 spawning stock 164 Literature cited 230 INTRODUCTION The common mackerel, Scomber scombnis, is found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately between the 30th and 50th parallels of north latitude. Although American and European representatives are very much alike in appearance, life history, and habits, their ranges are discontinuous, so that the two populations may be regarded as separate races with no intermigration. Consistent with this view is the observation (Garstang, 1898, p. 284) that the two stocks differ in morphological characters. The American race has from colonial times been caught and marketed in large 1 volume. In the nineteenth century the annual yield occasionally reached 200,000,000 pounds. The present yield is about 60,000,000 to 80,000,000 pounds annually, of which the United States fishery takes about tliree-quarters and the Canadian fishery the remainder (Sette and Needier, 1934, p. 43). 1 The European race, too, is the object of an important commercial fishery, but appears never to have been held as high in esteem or occupied so high a rank among the commercial fishes of Europe as has Its American relative among the fishes of tills side of the Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin 38. Approved for publication May 15, 1939. 149 150 FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Among the commercial fishes, the mackerel is remarkable for its spectacular changes in yield. To illustrate this, only a few records need be selected (Sette and Needier, 1934, p. 25). From 116,000,000 pounds in 1834 the United States catch dropped to 23,000,000 pounds in 1840, only to rise again to 137,000,000 pounds in 1848. From its peak of 179,000,000 in 1884, the catch dropped to 30,000,000 in 188(3, o;dy 2 years later. More recently it increased from 13,000,000 pounds in 1922 to 08,000,000 pounds in 1926. For the United States and Canada together the largest catch, 234,000,000 pounds, was landed in 1884, the lowest, 12,600,000 pounds in 1910. Although these fluctuations had profound effects both on the economic welfare of the fishermen and on the business of the fish markets, and although speculation, both popular and scientific, as to the causes of these sharp changes in returns from the fishery, has been indulged in for many years, no satisfying explanation has been forthcoming. This is not particularly surprising, for the scientific research concerning work on this species has been of desultory nature and unsuited to the solution of a problem as intricate as is presented by the fluctuations in fish populations. None- theless, from the fragmentary records then available, Bigelow and Welsh (1925, pp. 198-199) found evidence suggesting that the mackerel, like the Norwegian herring, was subject to marked inequalities in the annual success of reproduction or of survival to commercial size of the various year classes, and attributed the intermittently good and poor years of fishing to intermittently good and poor seasons of spawning or survival. This hypothesis, being the most reasonable one thus far advanced, determined the method of approach in the present investigation. Obviously, its pursuit required two basic series of observations: (1) An estimate of changes in abundance, and (2) determination of changes in age composition. Carried through a number of years, these observations should provide material for measuring the relative numerical strengths of year classes arising from each season's spawning, for tracing the influence of the annual increments afforded by each year class and their subsequent mortality on the success of the commercial fishery, and conversely for examining the influence of the commercial fishery both on the reproductive success and on the mortality. Accordingly, after some preliminary field work in 1925 at Woods Hole and Boston, Mass., in which various techniques of sampling and measuring were developed, a routine program of observations was commenced at the principal mackerel fishing ports. For the estimation of changes in abundance, pertinent details covering the landings by mackerel vessels were recorded to form the basis for computing catch per unit of effort for the determination of of mackerel fishing ; and age-composition, samples were drawn daily from each of a number of the fares landed. These basic observations began in 1926 and have continued to the present time. In addition, inquiries were pursued into the natural history and habits of the mackerel, since more adequate knowledge of these was required for interpretation of the data derived from the commercial fishery. During the 10 years, 1926 to 1935, sufficient material has accumulated to provide substantial contributions to the understanding of the life history of the mackerel, with special reference to its fluctuations in abundance; and, accordingly, a series of papers, 2 of which this is the first, is to be published. The present paper deals with features of the early life history, with particular reference to the understanding of variations in the annual replenishment of the commercial stock. It summarizes present knowledge 1 Results, of preliminary nature, previously published are to be found in Sette, 1931, 1932, 1933, and 1934. Also see Sette and Needier, 1934. BIOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC MACKEREL 151 of the course of events from the time the eggs are spawned until the young mackerel attain the juvenile phase and closely resemble the adults in form and habits. Other deal with habits and papers in this series, now in course of preparation, (1) migrations, fluctuations in abundance of the commercial stock. (2) age and rate of growth, and (3) Acknowledgments.—The entire portion of the mackerel's life considered in this paper is passed suspended in the waters of the sea, hence as a member of the plankton community. Accordingly, the data were secured by towing fine-meshed plankton nets through the waters of the spawning grounds. A preliminary cruise in Massa- chusetts Bay was taken in 1926 on the U.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Life Stories an Oral History of British
    NATIONAL LIFE STORIES AN ORAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SCIENCE Professor Bob Dickson Interviewed by Dr Paul Merchant C1379/56 © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk This interview and transcript is accessible via http://sounds.bl.uk . © The British Library Board. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7412 7404 [email protected] Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators. © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk British Library Sound Archive National Life Stories Interview Summary Sheet Title Page Ref no: C1379/56 Collection title: An Oral History of British Science Interviewee’s surname: Dickson Title: Professor Interviewee’s forename: Bob Sex: Male Occupation: oceanographer Date and place of birth: 4th December, 1941, Edinburgh, Scotland Mother’s occupation: Housewife , art Father’s occupation: Schoolmaster teacher (part time) [chemistry] Dates of recording, Compact flash cards used, tracks [from – to]: 9/8/11 [track 1-3], 16/12/11 [track 4- 7], 28/10/11 [track 8-12], 14/2/13 [track 13-15] Location of interview: CEFAS [Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science], Lowestoft, Suffolk Name of interviewer: Dr Paul Merchant Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661 Recording format : 661: WAV 24 bit 48kHz Total no.
    [Show full text]
  • Oscar Elton Sette
    I MINA'TRENTA NA LIHESLATURAN GtiAHAN 2010 (SECOND) Regular Session Resolution No. 324-30 (COR) Introduced by: R. J. Respicio Judith P. Guthertz, DPA T. C. Ada F. B. Aguon, Jr. V. Anthony Ada F. F. Bias, Jr. E. J.B. Calvo B. J.F. Cruz J. V. Espaldon T. R. Mufia Barnes Adolpho B. Palacios, Sr. v. c. pangelinan Telo Taitague Ray Tenorio Judith T. Won Pat, Ed.D. Relative to recognizing and commending the Scientists, Commanding Officer and Crew of the NOAA Ship, Oscar Elton Sette, and to extending Un Dangkolo na Si Yu' OS Ma' ase' to them for their important work in investigating fishery resources and examining oceanographic and ecological characteristics of the oceans surrounding Guam, the CNMI and Micronesia. 1 1 BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON RULES OF I 2 MINA'TRENTA NA LIHESLATURAN GuAHAN: 3 WHEREAS, prominent scientists from the National Marine Fisheries 4 Service, the University of Hawaii, the University of Washington, Scripps 5 Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Western 6 Washington University, Macalester College, Cascadia Research and the 7 University of Guam, along with independent scientists, are undertaking 8 important work to study the resources and oceans surrounding Guam, the 9 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and Micronesia; and 10 WHEREAS, the Captain and Crew of the NOAA vessel, Oscar Elton 11 Sette, which is home-ported in Hawaii, provide shipboard services for the 12 scientific investigation during the fifty-eight (58) day scientific cruise; and 13 WHEREAS, the first phase
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Life History of Fish
    Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. 1989 Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking P. Solemdal and M. Sinclair Solemdal, P., and Sinclair, M. 1989. Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking. - Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. A description of some major scientific controversies prior to 1914 that influenced the development of Hjort's thinking is presented. Particular attention is given to the difficulties encountered with the migration theory (which explained interannual fluctuations in fisheries landings in the North Atlantic) and the debate on local populations, overfishing, and the role of hatcheries in increasing yields from marine fisheries. The steps leading to his classic 1914 paper are summarized and highlights of the 1914 paper are discussed. It is concluded that Hjort’s work between 1893 and 1917 led to a shift in emphasis from adult migration to early life history processes in the study of interannual fluctuations in yield. P. Solemdal: Institute o f Marine Fisheries Research, P.O. Box 1870, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. M. Sinclair: Department o f Fisheries and Oceans, Halifax Fisheries Research Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 257, Canada. Introduction Problems in the 1890s The great fluctuations in the fisheries of northern The major scientific problem facing marine biologists Europe at the end of the last century had enormous and oceanographers in the latter half of the 19th century influence on the economy. It was at this time that was an explanation of the interannual fluctuations in the question of overfishing was formulated.
    [Show full text]
  • David W. Johnston, Ph. D
    135 DUKE MARINE LAB RD. BEAUFORT, NC 28516 TEL 252-504-7593 FAX 252-504-7648 EMAIL [email protected] WEB http://fds.duke.edu/db/dwj2 DAVID W. JOHNSTON, PH. D. PROFILE I am a broadly skilled biological oceanographer and conservation biologist who’s research focuses on the foraging ecology and habitat needs of marine animals in relation to pressing conservation issues. At present I have active projects in the following areas: population assessments and the oceanographic drivers of foraging ecology of marine vertebrates, the design and utility of marine protected areas; the effects of climate variability and global change on marine animals and the sustainability of incidental mortality and directed harvests of marine animals. I am also involved in projects addressing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals and the suitable application of new technological approaches to marine ecology and conservation. I have experience working in a variety of marine ecosystems - from the highly productive waters of the California Current and Bay of Fundy, to the oligotrophic waters of the central Pacific. EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE RESEARCH SCIENTIST, DUKE UNIVERSITY MARINE LABORATORY. JUNE 2008 TO PRESENT. DIVISION OF MARINE SCIENCE AND CONSERVATION. NICHOLAS SCHOOL OF THE ENVIRONMENT. 135 DUKE MARINE LAB RD. BEAUFORT NC 28516. Currently conducting collaborative research projects involving 1) marine predator ecology and population assessments in the shelf and slope waters of the Northwest Atlantic and the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2) spatial modeling of marine vertebrate habitats in the Pacific and Western Antarctic Peninsula, 3) examining the effects of climate variability on the ecology of ice-associated pinnipeds in the North Atlantic and 4) assessing the diversity, stock structure and abundance of cetaceans in the Pacific Islands Region in relation to new management approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Canadian Marine SCIENCE from Before Titanic to the Establishment of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in 1962 Eric L. Mills
    HISTORICAL ROOTS 1. CANADIAN MARINE SCIENCE FROM BEFORE TITANIC TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN 1962 Eric L. Mills SUMMARY Beginning in the early 1960s, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography consolidated marine sciences and technologies that had developed separately, some of them since the late 19th century. Marine laboratories, devoted mainly to marine biology, were established in 1908 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Nanaimo, British Columbia, and it was in them that Canada’s first studies in physical oceanography began in the early 1930s and became fully established after World War II. Charting and tidal observation developed separately in post-Confederation Canada, beginning in the last two decades of the 19th century, and becoming united in the Canadian Hydrographic Service in 1924. For a number of scientific and political reasons, Canadian marine sciences developed most rapidly after World War II (post-1945), including work in the Arctic, the founding of graduate programs in oceanography on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the reorientation of physical oceanography from the federal Fisheries Research Board to the federal Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, increased work on marine geology and geophysics, and eventually the founding of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, which brought all these fields together. Key words: Canadian marine science, Atlantic and Pacific biological stations, charting, tides, hydrography, post-World War II developments, origin of BIO. E-mail: [email protected] The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) opened formally in 1962 Europe decades before. The result, achieved with the help of university (Fig. 1), bringing together scientists and technologists who had worked in biologists, was an organizational structure, the Board of Management of fields as diverse as physical oceanography, hydrographic charting, marine the Biological Station (became the Biological Board of Canada in 1912), geology, and marine ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Hawai'i DEPARTMENT of LAND and NATURAL
    State of Hawai’i DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Honolulu, Hawai’i 96813 January 10, 2020 Board of Land and Natural Resources Honolulu. Hawaii Request for Authorization and Approval to Issue a Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Conservation and Management Permit to Commanding Officer Tony Perry III, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship OSCAR ELTON SETTE, for Access to State Waters to Conduct Shipboard Support Activities The Papahãnaumokuãkea Marine National Monument program hereby submits a request for your authorization and approval for issuance of a Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument conservation and management permit to Tony Perry III, Commanding Officer, NOAA Ship OSCAR ELTON SETTE, pursuant to § 187A-6, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), Chapter 13-60.5, Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), and all other applicable laws and regulations. The conservation and management permit, as described below, would allow entry and management activities to occur in Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (Monument), including the NWHI State Marine Refuge and the waters (0-3 nautical miles) surrounding the following sites: • Nihoa Island • Mokumanamana • French Frigate Shoals • Gardner Pinnacles • Maro Reef • Laysan Island • Lisianski Island, Neva Shoal • Pearl and Hermes Atoll • Kure Atoll The activities covered under this permit would occur between January 10, 2020 and December 31, 2020. The proposed activities are a renewal of work previously permitted and conducted in the Monument. ITEM F- 1 BLNR-ITEM F-i - 2 - January 10, 2020 INTENDED ACTIVITIES The primary purpose of the project is to provide vessel support for separately permitted activities aboard the NOAA Ship OSCAR ELTON SETTE (SETTE) Up to 24 crew members aboard the SETTE would be authorized to enter the Monument to support separately permitted activities, from January 10 — December 31, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Importance of Fishing Impacts on Hawaiian Coral Reef Fish
    Environmental Conservation 35 (3): 261–272 © 2008 Foundation for Environmental Conservation doi:10.1017/S0376892908004876 Assessing the importance of fishing impacts on Hawaiian coral reef fish assemblages along regional-scale human population gradients I. D. WILLIAMS1,2∗,W.J.WALSH2 ,R.E.SCHROEDER3 ,A.M.FRIEDLANDER4 , B. L. RICHARDS3 AND K. A. STAMOULIS2 1Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA, 2Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, Honokohau Marina, 74-380B Kealakehe Parkway, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740, USA, 3Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), University of Hawaii and Coral Reef Ecosystems Division (CRED) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1125B Ala Moana Boulevard, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and 4NOAA/NOS/NCCOS/ CCMA- Biogeography Branch and The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point/41-202 Kalanianaole Highway,Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, USA Date submitted: 29 January 2008; Date accepted: 26 May 2008; First published online: 29 August 2008 SUMMARY generally, coral reef areas within marine reserves tend to have two or more, sometimes up to 10 times, the biomass Humans can impact coral reef fishes directly by fishing, of targeted fishes when compared to nearby fished areas or or indirectly through anthropogenic degradation of pre-closure stocks (Russ & Alcala 1989, 2003; Polunin & habitat. Uncertainty about the relative importance Roberts 1993; Friedlander et al. 2007b; McClanahan et al. of those can
    [Show full text]
  • Trawl Designs and Techniques Used by Norwegian Research Vessels to Sample Fish in the Pelagic Zone
    TRAWL DESIGNS AND TECHNIQUES USED BY NORWEGIAN RESEARCH VESSELS TO SAMPLE FISH IN THE PELAGIC ZONE J. W. Valdemarsen and 0. A. Misund Institute of Marine Research, P.O.Box 1870, 5024 Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT In resource surveys, representative identification of species and sizes of fish is of vital importance. Various designs and sizes of pelagic trawls and techniques are used in the pelagic zone by Norwegian research vessels for this purpose. This paper describes trawl designs used for O-group surveys and a larger trawl used for adult fish. The largest trawl, which has a vertical opening of 30 m when towed at 3.5 - 4 knots, can be rigged for close-to-surface trawling as well as for rnid- and deep-water trawling with minor adjustment of the rigging. The performance of the various trawls is described, based on geometric measurements using Scanmar instruments and observations with a TV-camera in a towed underwater vehicle. The trawl mouth area of the O-group trawl is approximately 10 x 10 m, and it can be rigged to catch efficiently in all depths from surface downwards. The large pelagic trawl is rigged with large surface buoys and lenghtened upper bridles when used in the surface layer to sample herring and mackerel. INTRODUCTION In the Barents Sea a combination of fishery-dependent and fishery-independent methods is used for assessment of important fish stocks, like cod, haddock, herring, and capelin. Fishery- independent methods are mainly based on echo integration and trawl sampling. Echo intregration depends on representative identification of targets with respect to fish species and sizes, and trawling is at present the only applicable method for this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 UNOLS Annual Meeting NOAA Report
    NOAA’s Ship and Aircraft Support Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) Annual Meeting Arlington, VA 23 October, 2012 Overview Fleet Overview Vessel Operations New Ships UNOLS Vessel Support Joint NOAA/UNOLS Shipboard Tech. Training NOAA’s _ _____ Office __ of _____ Marine ___ and _______Aviation Operations _________ (OMAO) 2 NOAA Ships and Homeports in 2012 KETCHIKAN , AK (1) 20 Ships KODIAK , AK (1) Ferdinand R. Hassler 11 Homeports Delaware Ii MOC-PACIFIC Fairweather Newport, OR (4) Oscar Dyson NEW CASTLE, NH (1) WOODS HOLE (2) Henry B. Bigelow MISSIONS DAVISVILLE, RI (1) Rainier Nautical Charting Bell M. Shimada Fisheries Survey Oceanographic Research MOC-ATLANTIC Okeanos Explorer Ecosystem Survey NORFOLK, VA Ocean Exploration (1) McArthur II Climate Survey Miller Freeman SAN DIEGO (1) CHARLESTON (2) Thomas Jefferson PASCAGOULA (3) Hi’ialakai Reuben Lasker (Under Construction) Ronald H. Brown Nancy Foster Gordon Gunter Oscar Elton Sette PEARL HARBOR (3) Pisces Oregon Ii Ka’imimoana NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) 3 Vessel Operations FY2013 Budget under Continuing Resolution 3000 Operating Days 15 Ships currently operating 4 Ships will be offline this year Delaware II – Decommissioned Miller Freeman – Decommissioning scheduled McArthur II Ka’imimoana NOAA’s _ _____ Office __ of _____ Marine ___ and _______Aviation Operations _________ (OMAO) 4 New Ships FSV-6 Marinette, WI Ferdinand R. Hassler (Credit: Val Ihde, Marinette Marine Corp. Reuben Lasker NOAA’s _ _____ Office __ of _____ Marine ___ and _______Aviation Operations _________ (OMAO) 5 UNOLS Vessel Support FY12 – 311 Operating Days Atlantis Canadian Hydrography Clifford A.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries VOLUME 2 FISHERIES
    Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries VOLUME 2 FISHERIES EDITED BY Paul J.B. Hart Department of Biology University of Leicester AND John D. Reynolds School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia HANDBOOK OF FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES Volume 2 Also available from Blackwell Publishing: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds Volume 1 Fish Biology Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries VOLUME 2 FISHERIES EDITED BY Paul J.B. Hart Department of Biology University of Leicester AND John D. Reynolds School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia ©ȱ2002ȱbyȱBlackwellȱScienceȱLtdȱ aȱBlackwellȱPublishingȱcompanyȱ ȱ Chapterȱ8ȱ©ȱBritishȱCrownȱcopyright,ȱ1999ȱ ȱ BLACKWELLȱPUBLISHINGȱ 350ȱMainȱStreet,ȱMalden,ȱMAȱ02148Ȭ5020,ȱUSAȱ 108ȱCowleyȱRoad,ȱOxfordȱOX4ȱ1JF,ȱUKȱ 550ȱSwanstonȱStreet,ȱCarlton,ȱVictoriaȱ3053,ȱAustraliaȱ ȱ TheȱrightȱofȱPaulȱJ.B.ȱHartȱandȱJohnȱD.ȱReynoldsȱtoȱbeȱidentifiedȱasȱtheȱAuthorsȱȱ ofȱtheȱEditorialȱMaterialȱinȱthisȱWorkȱhasȱbeenȱassertedȱinȱaccordanceȱwithȱtheȱȱ UKȱCopyright,ȱDesigns,ȱandȱPatentsȱActȱ1988.ȱ ȱ Allȱrightsȱreserved.ȱNoȱpartȱofȱthisȱpublicationȱmayȱbeȱreproduced,ȱstoredȱinȱaȱretrievalȱ system,ȱorȱtransmitted,ȱinȱanyȱformȱorȱbyȱanyȱmeans,ȱelectronic,ȱmechanical,ȱ photocopying,ȱrecordingȱorȱotherwise,ȱexceptȱasȱpermittedȱbyȱtheȱUKȱCopyright,ȱ Designs,ȱandȱPatentsȱActȱ1988,ȱwithoutȱtheȱpriorȱpermissionȱofȱtheȱpublisher.ȱ ȱ Firstȱpublishedȱ2002ȱ Reprintedȱ2004ȱ ȱ LibraryȱofȱCongressȱCatalogingȬinȬPublicationȱDataȱhasȱbeenȱappliedȱfor.ȱ ȱ Volumeȱ1ȱISBNȱ0Ȭ632Ȭ05412Ȭ3ȱ(hbk)ȱ
    [Show full text]
  • Oscar Elton Sette, Cruise OES-06-01 (OES-37)
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE/NOAA FISHERIES Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 2570 Dole St. • Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396 (808) 983-5300 • Fax: (808) 983-2902 CRUISE REPORT1 VESSEL: Oscar Elton Sette, Cruise OES-06-01 (OES-37) CRUISE PERIOD: 18 January to 12 February 2006 AREAS OF OPERATION: In and around American Samoa targeting seamounts and ledges (Fig. 1) ITINERARY: 18 Jan After a 6-day delay because of ship mechanical problems, embarked scientists Brendtro, Capossela, Kopf, Landgren, Pace, and Musyl from Snug Harbor at 0900. Began transit to American Samoa. Affixed seven archival and pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) on the Oscar Elton Sette’s superstructure (in observation platform above wheelhouse) for long-term study and the optimization of a new light-based geolocation algorithm. 18 Jan Conducted troll fishing operations during transit (weather permitting). Visiting scientists familiarized themselves with the ship and assisted in making and repairing longline fishing gear. Troll caught specimens are listed in Table 1. 18-19 Jan Scientist Brendtro complained to the ship’s Medical Officer, Jane Powell, of sea sickness. The patient was admitted to sick bay. 20-21 Jan After patient Brendtro was administered electrolytes and fluids through an IV on a continued basis. an evaluation by Medical Officer Powell, Commanding Officer Mike Devaney, Chief Scientist Mike Musyl, and Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) personnel determined the best course of action was to medevac 1 PIFSC Cruise Report CR-06-015 Issued 16 June 2006 2 the scientist. Based on her medical condition and logistic considerations, it was decided to medevac Brendtro to Christmas Island (Kiritimati) in the island nation of Kiribati.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries' Collapse and the Making of a Global Event, 1950S–1970S
    Journal of Global History (2018), 13, pp. 399–424 © Cambridge University Press 2018 doi:10.1017/S1740022818000219 Fisheries’ collapse and the making of a global event, 1950s–1970s Gregory Ferguson-Cradler Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Paulstr. 3, 50676 Cologne, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article analyses three fisheries crises in the post-war world – the Far East Asian Kamchatka sal- mon in the late 1950s, the north Atlantic Atlanto-Scandian herring of the late 1960s, and the Per- uvian anchoveta of the early 1970s – to understand how each instance came to be understood as a ‘collapse’ in widely differing contexts and institutional settings, and how these crises led to changes in practices of natural resource administration and in politico-economic structures of the fishing industry. Fishery collapses were broadly understood as state failures and, in response, indivi- dual states increasingly claimed sovereignty over fish stocks and the responsibility to administer their exploitation. Collapses thus became events critical in the remaking of management regimes. Furthermore, the concept of a fisheries collapse was reconfigured in the 1970s into a global issue, representing the possible future threat of depletion of the oceans on a planetary scale. Keywords crisis, environment, natural resources, ocean, political economy The history of commercial fishing in the twentieth century is not generally taken to be a happy one. Narratives inevitably centre around general decline punctuated with severe and sudden collapse. Scarcity of resources have also brought about social and economic hardship familiar to many coastal communities reliant to any extent on fishing.
    [Show full text]