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Shahaji As a Patron CHAPTER- II SHAHAJI AS A PATRON Sm. BALA8AHEB KHAKDEKAR LiBRASV UttiVEBSiTY. KOLHAPtf®. CHAPTER - II SHAHAJJ AS A PATRON Shahaji's rule is rather known for attainments in literature, music and fine arts than the achievements on battle-field. He was a man of literary talents and taste, and these traits of him were well reflected in his court. 'Shahendravilas1 gives a description of Shahaji's Court. It is compared with Indrasabha (Court of Lord Indra). The Court had a beautiful fountain in the front, the pillars studded with jewels and diamonds, the walls decorated beautifully with the paintings of birds such as peacocks and swans. Shahaji's Court was attended by the nobles, feudatories, scholars, court-poets, etc. It is interesting to note that Shahaji was attended by (the) female attendants. Before going to the Courthall, they used to help the King to wear the ornaments. Shahaji accompanied by Kanchuki (he may!be one of the attendants) is led by the female attendants to the courthall. The feudatories would stand by the King. There is a reference to one Angeshwar, perhaps a small feudatory, who would stand by the King holding a flywhisk. Another, for instance, is Kalingnath, would attend on the King with the 'Pan' or 'Tambulwida'. There 39 is also a reference to ^ gift of pearls to Shahaji by Pandya king. The Court poets would compose the poems, eulogizing Shahaji and recite them in the Court. Philosophic discussions and also discussions on specific topics such as 'Patanjali's Grammar' were frequent occurrences in his Court. ^ However, Shahaji was a generous patron. It is not for nothing that the contemporary sources hailed him unanimously as 2 1 Abhinavbhoja1. Traditionally, royal favour always smiled upon literature, fine-arts, music, etc. in south India, the time immortal Pandyas (560-920), the Cholas (850-1133)^, the Vijayanagar rulers 4 (1336-1565) down to the Nayaks of Madura, the immediate predecessors of the Maratha rulers of Tanjore. Shahaji proved himself undoubtedly a worthy successor of them all. Literature, dance and music were specially encouraged by the Nayaks and the Maratha rulers of Tanjore, for about three centuries. Shahaji's reign in particular witnessed a brilliant renaissance of literature and constituted in a particular golden period of Tamil and Telugu literature."’ Modes of Patronage: He continued the traditional modes of the Court patronage. Paucity of contemporary literary and epigraphic sources luckily do not hinder a researcher from getting a good glimpse of him r as a patron and his rich contribution to art, music, literature etc. 40 in that role. In medieval times, the usual means available to the Kings to recognize and reward the services rendered to the State was through Court patronage. It comprised various modes, the land-grants being the chief one. Sometimes, the entire land of the village was given to the Brahmins for their scholarly attainments. It was known g as 'Agrahara'. Sometimes those Brahmins were exempted from all the taxes. Such an 'Agrahara' was known as 'Sarvamanya Agrahara1.7 Such and similar land-grants not only continued in the reign of Shahaji but he proved extremely liberal and generous with them. A number of examples may be cited. Some of the land- grants he made were for religious purposes, others for secular ones such as promotion of literature, fine-arts, etc. For instance, in Shalivahan Shake 1616, on an auspicious day, the deed was signed in the village 'Pandarwade' in the presence of 'Arunachal Saint'. Shahaji also directed the Mahajans of tine said village to give some part of their income for the maintenance and worship of the temples 'Tyagaraj Swami', 'Valmikeshwar Swami', 'Kamaiamba Devi1 and 'Alliyakode Devi' and also for feeding the Brahmins and pilgrims. The Mahajans and the farmers agreed to do so. There is also a reference to donation of lands in village of 'Vaddakare for performing 'Pooja' prayer and 'Abhisheka' in 1711. Similarly, for maintenance and repairs of 'Kumaran temple' and also for worship of deity, 41 some 'grove' was donated.10 11 Shahaji had performed 'Tuladan' of his mother at Setu (Near Dhanushyakoti) (Distributing wealth equal to the weight of a person among poor and needy). He also performed a 'Yadnya' with the help of Tryambak, his minister, in 1698. He granted a village near Tiruvalangadu to a scholar 'Bhaskarraya' known for his literary talents. He gifted a village to Peri Appa Kavi, famous for 'Sringar- manjari Shahajiya'. However, Shahaji will always be remembered for the colony of the scholars, he established in 1693 at the village 1 3 Tiruvasanallur, surrounded by Tribhuvanam on east, Manjal on 14 west, Annakudi on north and located on the banks of Kaveri. It was named 1 Shahaji raj pu ram' after him. He settled there some fortyfive scholarly families. He also invited some prominent families of Telugu 1 5 and Kannada scholars and settled there. One Venkatkrishna Diksita, after having enjoyed the patronage of several Courts such as that of Srirangapattanam, Tiruchirapalli (Trichinopoly) and Jinji, had come to Tanjore. He was welcomed 1 fi by Shahaji and was settled at 'Shahajirajpuram. Shahaji had the houses built there for the scholars and all the essential facilities were provided to them.17 He developed and donated the village for the 18 scholars alone making it Sarvamanya-Agrahara. The contemporary literature lists the following persons as 4 0(4« •■•T A 42 1 9 the donees of 'Shahajirajpuram'. 1 Vasudev Diksita 2 Bhaskara Diksita 3 Tippa Diksita 4 Kuppa Pandit 5 Isvara Sastrin 6 Vaidyanath Diksita 7 Kachapesvara Diksita 8. Ayyavaru Diksita 9 Vedakavisvara 10 Mahadevkavi 11 Kondavadhanin 12 Trivedibhattaracharya 13 Periappa Kavi 14 Narayana Diksita 15 Narayan Sastrin 16 Appa Diksita 17 Narayan Diksita 18 Narayan Sastrin 19 Pancaratnam 20 Anant Narayan Sastrin 21 Venkatesvara Vajapeyayajin 22 Rajvaliabh Sastrin 23 Srivenkatesvara Sastrin 24 Dvivedi Narayana Vadhamin 25 Venkatkrishna Diksita 26 Venkatkrishnavadhamin 27 Visvapati Sastrin 28 Gangapati Somayagin 29 Margasahaya Diksita 30 Madhurama Sastrin 31 Narasimpha Diksita 32 Ramjoshi 33 Samvedi Venkatesvara Sastrin 34 Srinivas Sastrin 35 Sattanath Kavi 36 Venkatesvara Kavi 37 Laksman Sastrin 38 Vijayaraghav Diksita 39 Adinarayan Sastrin 40 Laksamana Sastrin 41 Vijayaraghava Diksita 42 Adinarayan Sastrin 43 The donees were given a specific share in the said village. For instance, Rambhadra Diksita was given four shares. 20 It is quite obvious from the above mentioned list that many of the families were associated with performance of religious rites such as Vajapeya. The families such as Shastris, Pandits, Diksits, Samvedi, Trivedi were also associated with religious work. Therefore, it may be safely assumed that the performance of the religious rites and ceremonies could have been also a motivation behind the establish­ ment of the colony besides being encouragement to the men-of-letters. The establishment of this colony stands praised unanimously in the contemporary literature. 'Bhuminath' alias 'Nalla Diksita' in his 'Dharmvijay Champu' describes it as a 'treasure-house' of letters, 21 the native place of religion and philosophy. Shahaji not only gifted the lands and villages to the deserving scholars, but he actually named the villages after them in due recognition of their remarkable scholarly attainments. For instance, the village facing Tiruvalangadu gifted to Bhaskararaya was renamed as 'Bhaskararayapuram. Shahaji also gifted the villages to the scholars and named them after his parents, namely, 'Ekojirajpuram' and 'Df pambapuram', Rambhadra Diksita in his 'Shaddarshan Siddhanata1 and Bhuminath in his 'Darmavijay Champu' mention those villages 22 but other details are not available. 44 Shahaji also honoured the outstanding scholars by gifting them horses, by performing showers of gold (Suvarnabhishek) on 23 them. There is a reference in the prologue of Sringarmajari Shahajiya' to Peri Appa Kavi's being the recipient of that rare honour. The gifted poet was honoured with a horse, an elephant, a gold 24 shower and a village. Shahaji also recognized and rewarded the scholarly talents by bestowing titles and honours upon them. He conferred upon Vaidyanath 25 Diksita the title of 'Prativasant'. Prativasant is described as a regular performer of the sacrifices in ' Shahendravilas' by Sridhar- venkatesa. However, the title may be interpreted as the season (Vasant) which brings liveliness and cheerfulness to all, due to its pleasant climate, so did Vaidyanath Diksita with his writing. Similarly, he honoured Rambhadra with the title of 'Patanjali' (a famous grammarian) and 'Dvitiya Pacetasa1. Anandraya Sastrin, thelatter's protege was also honoured with the title of 1 Pancharatnam1 (five jewels). Shahaji patronised many scholars through various appoint­ ments. Dhundivyas, a Court poet, famous for 1 Shahvilasgitam' and 'Dharmakuta' was appointed as the King's 'epic-exponder', Puranika.27 Shahaji was really a multi-faceted personality. His interest in music was as intense as it was in literature. Naturally, he encourag­ ed and patronised a great many singers and musicians who had 45 adorned his Court. Many of them earned fame for their devotional songs. Prominent among them were: 1 Cirirajkavi 2 Vasudevkavi 3 Rambharati 4 Peri Appa Kavi 5 Kashinath Kavi 6 Bharati Kavi 7 Somkavi 8 Ashtavdhani Kavi 9 Vinna Ayyavan 10 Vaggeyakaragrani n Rajgopal Kavi 12 Akkanna Amatya 13 Kavigiri 14 Balkavi Subhana 15 Dhundiraja 16 Muttukavi 17 Narana Kavi 18 SesacalpatP® 19 Chindhadkavi A mention may be made of the following poets, otherwise known as 'the saint composers' as they composed mostly religious songs: 1 Sridhar Venkatesa Ayyaval 2 Bodhendra Swami 3 Sadashivbrahmendra Yogi 4 Parabrahmanand Yogi, 5 Sivagnan Swamigal 6 Tayumana Swamigal 7 Vaidyanath Desikar 8 Tambiran. 46 Many in his court emulated him and patronised the men of letters. For instance one Sendalangaran, an officer under him, also patronised the scholars and is praised in the Tamil poem 29 'Sendalangaran Viralividu Thottu1 for his patronage.
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