A report from ADL International Affairs NOV Teaching Hate 2018 and Violence: Problematic Passages from Saudi State Textbooks for the 2018–19 School Year ADL International Affiars instead of Center on Extremism?

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 6

Quotations ...... 10

I. Passages about ...... 11

II. Passages about ...... 14

III. Passages about Infidels ...... 16

IV. Passages about Other Sects of ...... 18

V. Passages Pertaining to the Status of Women ...... 19

VI. Passages about People Who Engage in Anal Sex ...... 20

VII. Passages about Apostasy or Sorcery...... 21

Teaching Hate and Violence Problematic Passages from Saudi State Textbooks for the 2018–19 School Year

Opposite: Saudi Education Minister, Ahmed al-Eissa INTRODUCTION 7

DESPITE SAUDI COMMITMENTS, INCITEMENT anal sex and anyone who mocks or converts away from REMAINS IN STATE TEXTBOOKS Islam. Derogatory language against “infidels” — which is used in this context to refer to non- such as n the fall of 2017, ADL examined ’s Christians and Jews — remains especially pervasive. government-published textbooks and found that Teaching Hate and Violence Teaching Iconsiderable incitement to hatred or violence remained, despite a longstanding pledge from the Saudis to eliminate such language. This led ADL to Intolerant endorse the bipartisan Saudi Educational Transparency and Reform Act in the U.S. House of Representatives.1 language of Now, the 2018–19 school year also marks ten years since the expiration of an important Saudi commitment all kinds still to end such incitement. Further, it takes place amidst considerable debate over U.S. interests and priorities in abounds in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s In 2006, Saudi Arabia received its first U.S. waiver from penalties under the International Religious Freedom government- Act.2 This was due in part to the kingdom’s explicit commitment to revise its textbooks to eliminate all published incitement, removing “remaining intolerant references that disparage Muslims or non-Muslims or that promote hatred toward other or other religious groups”3. textbooks. According to the U.S. government, Riyadh stated that this process was “scheduled to be completed in time for the This is not to suggest that the Saudis have made start of the 2008 school year.”4 absolutely no positive changes to their state curriculum over the past decade. Stridently intolerant material A decade has passed since that deadline expired, and today against Jews and Christians is now less common in ADL is disappointed to report that intolerant language books at the elementary and middle school levels.7 of all kinds still abounds in Saudi Arabia’s government- According to Human Rights Watch, recently some published textbooks for schoolchildren. The incitement intolerant language regarding Shi’ite and Sufi Muslim is particularly egregious at the high school level. This is rituals has also been toned down at these grade levels.8 at odds with a September 2018 statement by the Saudi In our review of the latest edition of the Saudi textbooks, foreign minister that incitement in Saudi textbooks is ADL has not seen a recurrence of some of the many not “still continuing” because the curriculum has been anti-Semitic passages identified in a previous review of completely “revamped” numerous times. He contended Saudi high school textbooks from the 2010–11 school that any allegations about incitement in the books are year, including assertions that transformed the Jews merely an outdated “legacy issue” raised by ill-informed into apes and pigs, and that the hateful hoax known critics of the kingdom.5 It is also at odds with assurances as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion is historical fact.9 Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Education made in October 2017 to U.S. officials in which he stated his intent to fully However, as this report demonstrates, such incidental revise all textbooks by the 2018–19 school year.6 improvements should not alter the final analysis. Intolerance against all such people remains inexcusably This report demonstrates that the new Saudi state abundant in the kingdom’s current high school textbooks. textbooks for the 2018–19 academic year still contain In fact, much of the incitement evident in today’s textbooks passages that encourage bigotry or violence against is still alarmingly similar to what was included in the numerous categories of people, including Jews, Christians, kingdom’s curriculum around the time of the 9/11 attacks.10 Shi’ite or Sufi Muslims, women, people who engage in

Opposite: Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir REAL TEXTBOOK REFORM IS ACHIEVABLE While many of the passages highlighted in this report have their roots in religious teachings, very few are Saudi Arabia has implemented some very significant direct quotes from the . Even in those instances, religious and social reforms in recent years, most particular references to such teachings can be notably granting women the right to drive and removed from textbooks, replaced or paired with more dramatically curtailing the kingdom’s punitive religious tolerant quotations from other authoritative sources .11 Furthermore, Saudi rulers have articulated an or interpreted or contextualized differently while still ambitious socioeconomic reform plan with the stated respecting Islam. goal of becoming a “tolerant country with Islam as its constitution and moderation as its method”12. Such changes would no doubt be unpopular with some religious extremists, but the Saudi monarchy is Achieving this objective requires timely changes to nonetheless capable of implementing these reforms. Saudi Arabia’s state textbooks. Since late 2017, Saudi Arabia has controversially Eliminating the incitement from Saudi state textbooks is imprisoned many of the most prominent opposition particularly important given the kingdom’s leadership role preachers, who among other things publicly stood against as custodian of the two . Because these sorts of reforms.14 Saudi leaders have successfully of this special status, and thanks to the kingdom’s overruled the religious establishment previously on considerable oil wealth, the kingdom’s textbooks have issues of national interest, such as abolishing slavery, been exported to a broad swath of countries on nearly authorizing the introduction of television and allowing every continent.13 President George W. Bush greets school children during his 2008 visit to Saudi Arabia. Photo by Eric Draper 9 Teaching Hate and Violence Teaching

men and later women the right to vote in local elections. ADL17 and before that for the Foundation for Defense The kingdom has even removed controversial content of Democracies,18 in addition to important recent from its textbooks on very short notice when doing so studies of past textbooks, conducted by Human Rights was identified as a political priority.15 Watch19 and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom.20 Removing intolerant passages from state textbooks would also generate some external and internal benefits This report confirms that virtually all of the most for the kingdom. Fixing the textbooks would eliminate a problematic passages identified in recent studies remain longstanding obstacle to better Saudi foreign relations in the 2018–19 curriculum. and help prepare the next generation of Saudi youth for a more interconnected and tolerant future. Every citation below includes a hyperlink to the website from which the specific current textbook was accessed by the author. In addition, archived copies of the full ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT textbooks cited in this report have been saved via Dropbox.21

This report is organized according to the different categories of incitement in current Saudi textbooks. There are separate sections for problematic passages pertaining to Jews, Christians, “infidels” as a broader category, Shi’ite or Sufi Muslims, women, people who engage in anal sex and apostasy or perceived acts of sorcery.

All passages cited in this report are from Saudi state textbooks for the 2018–19 academic year. All passages are from books at the high school level unless otherwise indicated.16

This report builds on the work of several recent studies of Saudi state textbooks from the previous two school years. Those studies include research by this author for QUOTATIONS 11

Draft Document Do Not Circulate I. Passages about Jews Draft Documen t Do Not Circulate I. Passages about Jews The Saudi high school curriculum is replete with intolerant passages about Jews and I. PASSAGES ABOUT JEWS The Saudi high school curriculum is replete with intolerant pasJudaism. Some such passages counsel violence against Jews. Masageny of these lessons s about Jews and Judaism. Some such passages counsel violence against Jews. Maare couched in reference to Zionists or . Notably, these are nony of these lessons t mere he Saudi criticism of Israeli policy, however, because they typically rehigh school curriculum is replete with intolerant passages about Jews andtread classic a Judaism. Somenti such- passagesare couched in reference to Zionists or Zionism. counsel violence against Jews. Many of these lessons areNotably, t couched inhese are no reference to Zionistst mere or Semitic stereotypes. Other passages assert conspiracy theories about alleged Jewish Zionism.criticism of Israeli policy, however, because they typically re Notably, these are not mere criticism of Israeli policy, however, because theytread classic a typically retreadnti classic- T and Israeli plots related to attacking the al-Aqsa . These conspiracy theories Hate and Violence Teaching anti-Semitic stereotypes.Semitic stereotypes. Other passages assert conspiracy theories Other passages assert conspiracy theories about alleged Jewish and about alleged Jewish Israeli plots related to attacking the al-Aqsaand Israeli plots related to attacking the alnot only deny the Jewish connection to the but als Mosque. These conspiracy theories not only -denyAqsa Mosque. These conspiracy theories the Jewish connectiono ascribe nefariou to the Temple Mount s but also ascribenot only deny the Jewish connection to the Temple Mount but alsintentions and actions to Jews and Israel. Other passages advocate intolerance or nefarious intentions and actions to Jews and Israel. Other passages advocateo ascribe nefariou intolerance or violences toward Jewish intentions and actions to Jews and Israel. Other passages advocate intolerance or peopleviolence toward Jewish people in combination with other disfavo in combination with other disfavored groups; those passages are includedred groups; those in subsequent sections of thisviolence toward Jewish people in combination with other disfavopassages are included in subsequent sections of this report having to do with report having to do with Christians, infidels, or non-Sunni Muslims. red groups; those passages are included in subsequent sections of this report having to do with Christians, infidels, or non-Sunni Muslims. Christians, infidels, or non-Sunni Muslims.

The signs of the final [literally

The signs of theThe “smallest”] final signs [literally of hour the “smallest”] final are very [literally hour many, are very and we many, and we shall“smallest”]shall suffice suffice hourwith with the are the following very following many, examples: examples:and we shall... suffice with the following examples: 5. Fighting the Jews:...5. Fighting It was narrated the Jews: from It Abuwas Hurayrah, narrated from may God be pleased5.Abu Fighting withHurayrah, him, the that Jews: may God’s GodIt Prophet,was be narrated pleased may fromwith God bless him Abuandhim, grant Hurayrah, that him God’s peace, may Pro said: phet,God “the bemay hour pleased God will bless with not come until him,thehim Muslims andthat grantGod’s fight him Prothe peace,phet,Jews, mayso said: that God “thethe bless hour Muslims kill them,himwill until andnot the grantcome Jew him untilhides peace, thebehind Muslims said: rock and“the fight hour the tree, so the rockwillJews, or the not sotree come that says: the until ‘oh Muslims Muslim, the Muslims ohkill servant them, fight until the of God, this Jew is behind me, so kill him,’ except for the Jews,the Jew so hidesthat the behind Muslims rock killand them, tree, sountil the gharqad tree, for it is the tree of the Jews”. therock Jew or thehides tree behind says: rock‘oh Muslim, and tree, oh so the (Monotheism 2, pages 100 & 102) rockservant or theof God,tree says: this Jew ‘oh isMuslim, behind ohme, so servantkill him,’ of exceptGod, this for Jew the gharqadis behind tree, me, forso killit is him,’ the tree except of the for Jews the ”gharqad tree, for it(Monotheism is the tree of 2 the, pages Jews 100” & 102)

(Monotheism 2, pages 100 & 102)

The most prominent subjects of the [Quranic] chapter: ... The most prominent subjects of the 3. Declaring the deceptiveness of the Jews, and their The[Qura mostnic] prominent chapter: ... subjects of the keenness to fragment Islamic unity, destabilize the [Qura3. Declaringnic] chapter: the deceptiveness ... of the Muslims’ creed,Jews, and spread and their doubts keenness and lusts to fragment among them. 3. Declaring the deceptiveness of the Jews,Islamic and unity, their destabilize keenness to the fragment Muslims' (Interpretation 2, page 116) Islamiccreed, and unity, spread destabilize doubts theand Muslims'lusts among creed,them. and(Interpretation spread doubts 2, page and lusts116) among them. (Interpretation 2, page 116)

Opposite: Saudi Arabia’s King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Draft Document Do Not Circulate Draft Documen t Do Not Circulate

The Goals of Zionism The Goals of ZionismThe Goals of Zionism The goalsGoals ofof ZionismZionism in the Arab The goals of ZionismThe goals in the of Arab Zionism mashreq in region the Arab are mashreqThe goals region of Zionism are expressed in the Arab through expressed throughmashreq seeking region regional are expansion expressed through through three successiveseekingmashreq stages, regional whichregion are: are expansion expressed through through three seeking regional expansion through three 1. The State of Israelsuccessiveseeking in . regional stages, expansion which are: through three successive stages, which are: 2. The State of Greater1.successive The IsraelState stages, inof the Israel Arab which in mashreq Palestine. are: region. 1. The State of Israel in Palestine. 3. The Global Jewish2.1. The Government, State of IsraelGreater to control in Israel Palestine. the in the Arab 2. The State of Greater Israel in the Arab entire world. mashreq2. The State region. of Greater Israel in the Arab mashreq region. ( 2, page 3.mashreq273) The Global region. Jewish Government, to 3. The Global Jewish Government, to control3. The Global the entire Jewish world. Government, to control the entire world. (controlHadith the 2, pageentire 273) world. (Hadith 2, page 273)

Among the most prominent effects of Among the most prominent effects of Among the mostZionismAmong prominent the on effects mostthe Islamic prom of Zionisminent World oneffects theare... of the Zionism on the Islamic World are... the Islamic World arespreadZionism ... the of spread on drugs the of Islamic anddrugs sexual and World sexual and are... otherand the other diseases spreadin many ofIslamic drugs countries. and sexual and other diseasesspread of in drugs many and Islamic sexual countries and other. diseases in many Islamic countries. (Hadith 2, page (diseases273)Hadith 2in, pagemany 273) Islamic countries. (Hadith 2, page 273) (Hadith 2, page 273)

Explain how Zionism has used each of Explain how ZionismExplain has how used Zionismeach of the has following used each to of theExplain following how Zionism to reach hasits goals used eachand of reach its goals andthe followingachieve its schemes:to reach its goals and achievthe followinge its schemes: to reach its goals and Number Means Method of Employment Numberachieve its Means schemes: Method of Employment 1 Money 1Number MoneyMeans Method of Employment 2 Politics1 Money 21 PoliticsMoney 3 Womankind2 Politics 32 WomankindPolitics 4 Drugs3 Womankind 43 DrugsWomankind 5 The Media4 Drugs 54 TheDrugs Media (Hadith 2, page 5275) The Media 5 The Media

( Hadith 2, page 275) (Hadith 2, page 275)

13 Draft Document Do Not Circulate

Draft DocumenAttemptsDraft Documen by the tJewst to destroy the al- Do Not CirculateDo Not Circulate

Aqsa Mosque and build the Temple Attempts by theWithAttemptsAttempts Jews theto destroy modern byby thethe the Jews JewsJewish al-Aqsa toto destroyoccupationdestroy Mosque the theand alof al-- build the TempletheAqsaAqsa State MosqueMosque of Palestine, andand buildbuild and thethe despite TempleTemple all the With the modern Jewish occupation of the State of intWithWithernational thethe modernmodern charters JewishJewish which occupationoccupation forbid ofof Palestine, and despite all the international charters which thethe StateState ofof Palestine,Palestine, andand despitedespite allall thethe forbid infringinginfringing on sanctities on and sanctities sites of worship,and sites of worship,intinternationalernational the Jewish charterscharters occupation whichwhich forbidforbid through the Jewish occupationinfringing through on itssanctities associations and sitesand of organizations doesitsinfringing associations not stop on night sanctities and and organizationsday andplanning sites and of does

worship, the Jewish occupation through Hate and Violence Teaching plotting to destroynotworship, the stop al-Aqsa night the JewishMosque and day occupation and planning demolish throughand it its associations and organizations does or burn it and violateplottingits associations it. to destroy and the organizations al-Aqsa Mosque does not stop night and day planning and (Hadith and Islamicandnot Culture stopdemolish night 3 – Quarterly itand or dayburn System, planning it and page violate and 327) it. (plottingplottingHadith andtoto destroydestroy Islamic thethe Culture alal--AqsaAqsa 3 –MosqueMosque Quarterlyandand demolishdemolish System, itit oror pageburnburn it327)it andand violateviolate itit.. ( (HadithHadith andand IslamicIslamic CultureCulture 33 –– QuarterlyQuarterly System,System, pagepage 327)327) The Jewish have woven a legend

which they attributed to the Prophet of The Jewish rabbisGodTheThe have JewishJewishSuleiman, woven rabbisrabbis a legendPeace havehave whichbe wovenwoven Upon they Him,aa legendlegend to attributed to thetakewhichwhich Prophet as they theya of pretense God, attributedattributed Suleiman, to destroy toto Peacethethe ProphetProphetthe be al-Aqsa ofof Upon Him, to takeGodMosque,God as SaS uleiman,uleiman,pretense where to PeacetheyPeace destroy claim bebe the UponUpon thatal-Aqsa Him,underHim, to tothe Mosque, where takegroundtheytake claim asas aofa pretense pretense thatthe underMosque toto the destroydestroy groundis “’s the theof alal--AqsaAqsa the Mosque is, “Solomon’sTemple”...Mosque,Mosque, where whereTemple” the reality theythey ... the claim claimis reality that thatthat Suleiman,is that underunder thethe Suleiman, Peace Be Upon Him, built a mosque and did Peacegroundground Be ofof Upon thethe MosqueMosque Him, built isis “Solomon’s“Solomon’s a mosque and not build a temple. didTemple”...Temple”... not build thethe a realitytemple.reality isis ( Hadiththatthat Suleiman,Suleiman, and (Hadith and IslamicIslamicPeacePeace Culture BeBe Culture 3UponUpon – Quarterly, Him,3Him, – Quarterly page builtbuilt 327) aa mosquemosque, page 327) andand diddid notnot buildbuild aa temple.temple. ((HadithHadith andand

IslamicIslamic CultureCulture 33 –– QuarterlyQuarterly,, pagepage 327)327) The Zionists considerThe Zionists building considerthe Temple building the biggest the and most importantTemple issue, the and biggest the speech and ofmost the Jewishimportant organizations andissue,TheThe groups ZionistsZionists and nearly the consider considerspeech all agrees of buildingbuilding onthe that, Jewish thethe hence destroyingorganizationsTempleTemple the Mosque thethe biggestbiggest and and removing groups andand mostmost thenearly Islamic importantimportant all agrees features of Jerusalemonissue,issue, that, andbecameand hence thethe a speechdestroyingspeech main goal ofof theforthe the them. JewishJewish Mosque and organizations and groups nearly all agrees (Hadith and Islamicremovingorganizations Culture 3the – Quarterly, Islamicand groups pagefeatures nearly328) of all agrees Jerusalemonon that,that, hencehence became destroyingdestroying a main thethegoal MosqueMosque for them. andand removing(removingHadith and thethe Islamic IslamicIslamic Culture featuresfeatures 3 ofof– JerusalemQuarterlyJerusalem, becamebecamepage 328) aa mainmain goalgoal forfor them.them. Draft Documen(Hadith and Islamict Culture 3 – Do Not Circulate (Hadith and 3 – In some of the media,InQuarterlyQuarterly some the of image,, pagethepage media,of 328) 328)the Dome the imageof the Rock of the is presented as Dome the al-Aqsa of the Mosque, Rock whichis presented is a devious as the al- Jewish plan to distractAqsa Mosque, the world whichfrom the is excavations a devious Jewish which the Jews are carrying out under the forefront plan to distract the world from the mosque in preparationexcavations to destroy which it. the Jews are carrying (Hadith and Islamicout Cultureunder 3the – Quarterly forefront, page mosque 328; also in nearly identical languagepreparation in Hadith to destroy 2, p. 248) it. (Hadith and Islamic Culture 3 – Quarterly, page 328; also nearly identical language in Hadith 2, p. 248)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate Draft Documen II. Passages about Christianst Do Not Circulate Draft DocumenII. Passages about Christianst Do Not Circulate II. Passages about Christians II. PASSAGES II. Passages about Christians ABOUT CHRISTIANS The Saudi educational curriculum includes a number of primarily negative passages he SaudiThe Saudi educational curriculum includes a number ofthat educationalrefer to curriculumChristians, Christianity, or Peop includes a number of primarilyle of the Book negative passages primarily negative—a that category which refer to Christians, passages The Saudi educational curriculum includes a number of primarily negative passages Christianityencompasses both Christians and Jews. The following suggest that Christianity is a that or referPeople to of Christians, Christianity, or Peopthe Book — a category which encompassesle of the Book both Christians—a category which and Jews. The following that refer to Christians, Christianity, or —a category which Tsuggest encompasses both Christians and Jews. The following suggest that Christianity is a perverted , that its adherents are enemies of Muslims, that Christianity is a perverted religion, that its adherents are enemies of Muslimsand even call for and even call for encompasses both Christians and Jews. The following suggest that Christianity is a violence againstperverted religion, that its adherents are enemies of Muslims, violence against Christians. Christians. and even call for violence against Christians.perverted religion, that its adherents are enemies of Muslims, and even call for violence against Christians. violence against Christians. Christianity in its current state is an Christianity in its current state is an Christianity in itsChristianityinvalid current and state perverted in is its an current invalid religion and state . is an invalidChristianity and perverted in its current religion state. is an perverted religion.invalid(Hadith and 2, p. perverted 268) religion. invalid and perverted religion. ( Hadith 2, p. 268) (Hadith 2, p. 268)(Hadith 2, p. 268)

The most prominent subjects of the

The[Quranic] most prominentchapter... 6. subjects exposing of the The most prominentThe most subjects prominent of the [Quranic] subjects chapter of the [Quranic]People of thechapter... Book an6. dexposing declaring the the ... 6. exposing the[Quranic] People of chapter... the Book and6. exposing declaring the Peoplefalsity ofof theirthe Book doctrines and declaringand urging the to falsity of their doctrinesPeople of and the urging Book to an fightd declaring them until the falsityfight them of their until doctrines they give and the urging . to they give the jizya.falsity of their doctrines and urging to fight(Interpretation them until 1 they, p. 94) give the jizya. (Interpretation 1fight, p. 94) them until they give the jizya. ( Interpretation 1, p. 94) (Interpretation 1, p. 94)

There is no pleasing the Jews and the

There is no pleasingThereChristians the is Jewsno except pleasing and thethrough Christiansthe Jews disbelief andexcept the in There is no pleasing the Jews and the through disbeliefCIslamhristians in Islam and and followingexcept following through their their religion, disbeliefreligion, and andin Christians except through disbelief in whatever the MuslimIslamwhatever presentsand the following Muslim to them their willpresents not religion, receive to them and their satisfaction.Islam and following their religion, and whateverwill not receive the Muslim their satisfaction.presents to them whatever the Muslim presents to them (Interpretation 2will(Interpretatio, p. 78)not receiven 2 their, p. 78) satisfaction. will not receive their satisfaction. ( Interpretation 2, p. 78) (Interpretation 2, p. 78)

The institutions The which institutions lead [missionary] which Christianization lead [missionary] all over the worldTheChristianization are institutions very many, among whichall over the lead the most [missionary] world are The institutions which lead [missionary] important [are]Christianizationvery … the many, American among University all theover most in the Beirut, worldimportant and are in Christianization all over the world are Cairo, and in Istanbul.very[are] many,… the amongAmerican the Universitymost important in very many, among the most important (Hadith 2, p. 269)[are]Beirut,22 … and the inAmerican Cairo, and University in Istanbul in . Beirut,[are] … and the inAmerican Cairo,22 and University in Istanbul in . Beirut,(Hadith and 2, p. in 269) Cairo,22 and in Istanbul. Draft Documen(Beirut,Hadith and 2, p. in 269) Cairo,t 22 and in Istanbul. Do Not Circulate ( Hadith 2, p. 269)22 ( Hadith 2, p. 269)

The people whoThe are peoplethe original who infidel[s], are the originalsuch as the infidel[s], Jews, the Christians, and the pagans ... calling these such as the Jews, the Christians, and the people infidelspagans... is an obligation, calling for these whoever people does infidels not call is them infidels an or doubts obligation, their infidelity for whoever is himself does not call an infidel. them infidels or doubts their infidelity is (Monotheism 3himself – Quarterly an Systeminfidel, .p. ( Monotheism55) 3 – Quarterly22 System, p. 55) Though the American University of Beirut and the American University in Cairo were originally founded 22 Though the American University of Beirut and the American University in Cairo were originally founded as 22 Thoughpart of a the missionary American tradition, University they of have Beirut long and since the Americancompletely University separated in themselves Cairo were from originally such activities. founded as22 part of a missionary tradition, they have long since completely separated themselves from such activities. asThere Thoughpart is of no a the missionaryAmerican American Univer tradition, University sity theyin of Istanbul have Beirut long and and since has the not Americancompletely been for University nearlyseparated half in themselves aCairo century. were from originally such activities. founded There is no American Univer sity in Istanbul and has not been for nearly half a century. ThereasThe part Reason is of no a missionaryAmerican for Forbidding Univer tradition, sity theyLoyaltyin Istanbul have longto and the since has not completely been for nearlyseparated half themselves a century. from such activities. ThereInfidels: is no American University in Istanbul and has not been for nearly half a century. God almighty forbid loyalty to the infidels for reasons, among which: 1. The infidels are the enemies of God almighty, and God almighty has told in many [Quranic] verses of his enmity to them, and of their damnation and their abomination and his anger at them and his lack of love for them... 2. Loyalty to the infidels is evidence of satisfaction with their disbelief... 3. The infidels are the enemies of Islam and its people, the almighty said: “Oh you who believe, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies, they are allies of each other, and whoever among you takes them as allies is surely one of them, indeed God does not guide the evildoers”... 4. Loyalty to the infidels is a cause of reliance on them and aiding them, which is a cause of God’s affliction and displeasure. (Monotheism 5 - Quarterly, p. 153)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate

The people who are the original infidel[s], such as the Jews, the Christians, and the pagans... calling these people infidels is an obligation, for whoever does not call them infidels or doubts their infidelity is himself an infidel. (Monotheism 3 – 15 Quarterly System, p. 55)

The Reason for TheForbidding Reason Loyalty for Forbidding to the Infidels: Loyalty to the God Almighty forbidInfidels: loyalty to the infidels for reasons, among which: God almighty forbid loyalty to the 1. The infidels infidelsare the enemies for reasons, of God amongAlmighty, which: and God Almighty has1. told The in manyinfidels [Quranic] are the verses enemies of his of God enmity to them,almighty, and of their and damnation God almighty and their has told in abomination and his anger at them and his lack of love

many [Quranic] verses of his enmity to Hate and Violence Teaching for them ... them, and of their damnation and their 2. Loyalty to the infidels is evidence of satisfaction with abomination and his anger at them and his their disbelief ... 3. The infidels lackare the of enemies love for of them... Islam and its people, the Almighty 2.said: Loyalty “Oh you to who the believe, infidels do is not evidence take of the Jews andsatisfaction the Christians with as allies, their they disbelief... are allies of each other, and3. whoeverThe infidels among are you the takes enemies them asof Islam allies is surelyand one its of people,them, indeed the almightyGod does notsaid: guide “Oh you the evildoers”who ... believe, do not take the Jews and the 4. Loyalty to theChristians infidels is asa cause allies, of reliancethey are on allies them of each and aiding them,other, which and is whoever a cause of among God’s affliction you takes and displeasure.them as allies is surely one of them, (Monotheism 5 indeed- Quarterly God, p. 153)does not guide the evildoers”... 4. Loyalty to the infidels is a cause of reliance on them and aiding them, which is a cause of God’s affliction and displeasure. (Monotheism 5 - Quarterly, p. 153)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate III. Passages about Infidels Draft Document Do Not Circulate III. Passages about Infidels III. PASSAGESThe Saudi educational curriculum places considerable emphasis o ABOUT INFIDELS n the importance of both fighting and hating infidels. The term infidel is used in this setting to refer to 23 he SaudiThe Saudi educational curriculum places considerable emphasis oa range of non educational curriculum-Muslim people, including but not limited to Jews and Christians. places considerable emphasis on the importance of bothn the importanc fighting and hating e infidels. Often these calls for hatred and violence are couched in terms of both fighting and hating infidels. The term infidel is usedThe term infidel is used in this setting to refer to a range of non-Muslim in this setting to refer to people,of advocating loy including but notalty 23 23 Tlimited totoward Muslims and disavowal of adherents of other religions.a range of non Jews and Christians.-Muslim people, including but not limited to Jews and Christians. Often these calls for hatred and violence are couched in terms of advocating loyalty toward Muslims and disavowal of adherents of other religions. Often these calls for hatred and violence are couched in terms of advocating loyalty toward Muslims and disavowal of adherents of other religions. The infidels are of four kinds with regard to their treatment: The infidels are The of fourinfidelsfirst kinds kind: arewith the of regard dhimmisfour tokinds their who with hold regard a treatment: topact their to institutetreatment: their religion and reside The first kind: Theinthe thedhimmis first lands kind: who of thehold Muslimsdhimmis a pact to institutewhounder hold the a their religion andpactpr otectionreside to institute in theof landsthe their Islamic of thereligion Muslims state and reside under the protectioninThe the second of lands the Islamic kind:of the statethose Muslims ... who under are granted the The second kind:prprotection, otectionthose who of who are the granted have Islamic safety, protection, state such who as have safety, suchTheambassadors, as second ambassadors, kind: envoys, thoseenvoys, and who and those arethose grantedwho who come to the lands of Islam to trade or teach or learn protection,come to the who lands have of Islam safety, to such trade as or and so forth ...teach or learn and so forth... The third kind: ambassadors,the pact-holders, envoys, infidels andwho thosehave who The third kind: the pact-holders, infidels between them comeand the to Muslims the lands a pact of Islamto leave to off trade or fighting ... teachwho have or learn between and so them forth... and the Muslims The fourth kind:Thea thepact thirdcombatants, to leave kind: off the whom fighting... pact God-holders, has infidels commanded [thewhThe Muslims]o fourthhave between tokind: fight the untilthem combatants, they and submit the Muslimswhomor pay the jizya aGod pact has to commandedleave off fighting... [the Muslims] to (Monotheism 1Thefight, pp. 166-167;fourth until they kind: also submit Monotheism the combatants, or pay 5 – the whomjizya Quarterly, pp. 176-178)God(Monotheism has commanded 1, pp. 166 [the-167; Muslims] also to fightMonotheism until they 5 – submit Quarterly or pay, pp. the 176 jizya-178) ( Monotheism 1, pp. 166-167; also Monotheism 5 – Quarterly, pp. 176-178) Divisions of Jihad Divisions of Jihad Jihad is divided Jihad in general is divided consideration in general of launching consideration it into the followingDivisionsof laun[categories]:ching of Jihadit into the following ... Jihad[categories]: is divided in general consideration 5. Battling with the infidels by proselytizing them and of... launching it into the following fighting them. [categories]:5. Battling with the infidels by (Hadith 2, pp. 196-197) ...proselytizing Draft Documen them andt fighting them. Do Not Circulate 5.(Hadith Battling 2, pp.with 196 the-197) infidels by

proselytizing them and fighting them. Legitimate disavowal(HadithLegitimate and 2 ,abhorring pp. dis196avowal -has197) several and areasabhorring

which can be summarized has several in what areas follows: which can be 1. Abhorring the infidelssummarized and disavowal in what from follows: them and enmity toward them1. Abhorring due to their the disbelief infidels and and disavowal toward from God them Almighty. and enmity toward them due (Monotheism 3 – Quarterlyto their Systemdisbelief, p. and240) polytheism toward 23 See, for example, Monotheism 1, pp. 134-137 and 166-17; Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p. 55; and God almighty Monotheism 5 – Quarterly System, pp. 153 and 176-178. 23 (Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, See,p. 240)for example, Monotheism 1, pp. 134-137 and 166-17; Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p. 55; and Monotheism 5 – Quarterly System, pp. 153 and 176-178.

Disavowal in language: separation and enmity Disavowal in Islamic law: abhorring the enemies of God and enmity toward them The Status of Loyalty and Disavowal in Islam Loyalty and disavowal are among the requirements of Monotheism... and loyalty and disavowal have a big effect in directing the behavior of the Muslim and his relationships with people who are believers or are infidels (Monotheism 5 – Quarterly, p. 149)

Prohibited Loyalty Loyalty to the infidels through loving them and aiding them against the Muslims... this is a forbiddance from God almighty to the believers from being loyal to the infidels and loving them and aiding them (Monotheism 5 – Quarterly, p. 152)

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Legitimate disavowal and abhorring hasDraft Documen several areast which can be Do Not Circulate summarized in what follows:

1. Abhorring the infidels and disavowal fromLegitimate them anddisavowal enmity and toward abhorring them due

tohas their several disbelief areas andwhich polytheism can be toward Godsummarized almighty in what follows: 1. Abhorring the infidels and disavowal (Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p.from 240) them and enmity toward them due to their disbelief and polytheism toward God almighty 17 Disavowal(Monotheism in 3language: – Quarterly separation System ,and enmityp. 240) Disavowal in Islamic law: abhorring the enemies of God and enmity toward Disavowal in language:themDisavowal separation in language: and enmity. separation and

Disavowal in IslamicTheenmity law: Status abhorring of Loyalty the enemies and Disavowalof God in and enmity toward them. IslamDisavowal in Islamic law: abhorring The Status of Loyaltythe andenemies Disavowal of and enmity toward Loyalty and disavowalLoyalty are among and disavowal the requirements are among of the requirementsthem of Monotheism... and Monotheism ... andThe loyalty Status and ofdisavowal Loyalty have and a Disavowal big in effect in directing loyaltythe behavior and ofdisavowal the Muslim have and hisa big effect inIslam directing the behavior of the Muslim Hate and Violence Teaching relationships with Loyaltypeople who and are disavowal believers or are are among infidels. the (Monotheism 5 – Quarterlyand his ,relationships p. 149) with people who arerequirements believers orof areMonotheism... infidels and (loyaltyMonotheism and disavowal 5 – Quarterly have ,a p. big 149) effect in directing the behavior of the Muslim and his relationships with people who Prohibited LoyaltyProhibitedare believers Loyalty or are infidels Loyalty to the infidelsLoyalty(Monotheism through to theloving 5 infidels – themQuarterly andthrough aiding, p. 149)loving them against the Muslimsthem and ... thisaiding is a themforbiddance against from the God Almighty to the believers from being loyal to the Muslims... this is a forbiddance from infidels and lovingProhibitedDraft Documen them and aidingLoyalty them.t Do Not Circulate God Draft Documen almighty to tthe believers from Do Not Circulate (Monotheism 5 – QuarterlyLoyalty , p.to 152)the infidels through loving being loyal to the infidels and loving themThe danger and aiding to the them believers against of the loyalty themtoDraft DocumenThe the danger and combatant aiding to the tthem infidels believers and of their loyalty Do Not Circulate Muslims... Draft Documen this ist a forbiddance from Do Not Circulate ( influencetoMonotheism the combatant on the5 – hypocrites, Quarterlyinfidels and, inp. their whose152) God Theinfluence dangeralmighty on to the tothe thehypocrites, believers believers of in from loyaltywhose The danger to the Theheartbelievers danger is a of disease loyalty to the toto believers the trick combatant Islam of loyalty and beingtoheart the isloyalcombatant a disease to the infidelstoinfidels trick andIslamand theirloving and infidels and their influencetoMuslims the combatant (onInterpretation the hypocrites, infidels 2inand, p.whose their69) theminfluence and aidingon the themhypocrites, in whose heart is a disease influence toMuslims trick Islam (onInterpretation and the Muslims. hypocrites, 2, p. in 69) whose (heart Monotheism is a disease 5 – Quarterlyto trick Islam, p. 152)and (Interpretation 2, p.heart 69) is a disease to trick Islam and Muslims (Interpretation 2, p. 69) MuslimsOne of the (Interpretation most severe cases 2, p. of69) One of the most severe cases of imitating the infidels: joining the imitating the infidels: joining the infidels in their holidays, since that is One of the most severeOne ofcases the ofmost imitating severe the cases infidels: of Oneoneinfidels ofof thethe in greatesttheirmost holidays,severe in terms cases since of of evil that and is joining the infidelsimitatingone in their of the holidays, the greatest infidels: since in that termsjoining is oneof the evil and imitatingharm and thethe infidels:most widespread joining the among of the greatest in termsinfidelsharm of and evilin the theirand most harm holidays, widespreadand the since most among that is infidelsMuslims, in and their this holidays, participation since thatis is widespread amongone Muslims, of the and greatest this participation in terms of evil and oneforbiddenMuslims, of the andbecausegreatest this participationofin whatterms it of entails evil is and in is forbidden becauseharm of whatand theit entails most in widespread terms of among harmtermsforbidden andof ag thebecausereement most ofwidespread to what them it with entails among what in .agreement to themMuslims,terms with what of ag andisreement not this from participation toour them religion. with is what Muslims,is not from and our this religion participation is (Monotheism 1, p. forbiddenis165) not from because our religion of what it entails in forbidden(Monotheism because 1, p. 165)of what it entails in terms of agreement to them with what terms (Monotheism of agreement 1, p. 165) to them with what is not from our religion is not from our religion (Monotheism 1, p. 165) Loyalty to the believers(Loyalty Monotheism and toenmity the 1 believerstoward, p. 165) the and infidels enmity is Loyalty to the believers and enmity .the firmest bond towardof faith. the infidels is the firmest bond toward the infidels is the firmest bond (Monotheism 1, p. of163) faith (Monotheism 1, p. 163) Loyalty to the believers and enmity Loyalty of faith (toMonotheism the believers 1, andp. 163) enmity toward the infidels is the firmest bond toward the infidels is the firmest bond of faith (Monotheism 1, p. 163) ofResiding faith (Monotheism in the Countries 1, p. of163) the Residing in the Countries of the Infidels InfidelsResiding in the Countries of the Included in [the category of] forbidden loyalty to the IncludedInfidels in [the category of] forbidden infidels is to resideResidingIncluded in their countries in the[the Countries categorywithout a of]of theforbidden Residingloyalty to in the the infidels Countries is to of reside the in legitimate excuse.Infidels loyalty to the infidels is to reside in Infidelstheir countries without a legitimate (Monotheism 5 – QuarterlyIncluded, p. in 157) [the category of] forbidden Includedexcusetheir countries in [the without category a legitimateof] forbidden loyalty to the infidels is to reside in loyalty(excuseMonotheism to the 5infidels – Quarterly is to reside, p. 157) in their(Monotheism countries 5 without – Quarterly a legitimate, p. 157) their countries without a legitimate excuse excuse (Monotheism 5 – Quarterly, p. 157) (Monotheism 5 – Quarterly, p. 157)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate IV. Passages about Other Sects of IslamDraft Document Do Not Circulate IV. Passages about Other Sects of Islam IV. PASSAGES ABOUT OTHER SECTS OF ISLAM The Saudi educational curriculum includes numerous derogatory references to he Saudi educational curriculum includes numerous derogatory references to religious practices which a Saudi religious practices which The Saudi educational curriculum includes numerousa Saudi audience would understand are intended to derogatory references to audience would understand are intended to reference Shi’ite or Sufi Muslims. Often, sects of Islam other than reference Shi’ite or Sufi Muslims. Often, sects of Islam otherreligious practices which a Saudi audience would understand are intended to than Salafist, Sunni Salafist, reference Shi’ite or Sufi Muslims. Often, sects of Islam otherSunni Islam are referred to as “polytheism.” The curriculum includes passages than Salafist, Sunni that describe such T Islam are referred to as “polytheism.” The curriculum includes passa24 ges that perceived polytheists as evil and call for fighting against them. 24 describe such perceived polytheists as evil and call for fightiIslam are referred to as “polytheism.” The curriculum includes passang against them.ges that 24 describe such perceived polytheists as evil and call for fighting against them.

Fighting the infidels and the polytheists

Fighting the infidelshasFighting conditions and the polytheistsinfidels and regulations, and has the conditions polytheists which are: and regulations,1.has which They conditions are: been called and regulations, to Islam but which refuse are: to 1. They been calledenter1. They to into Islam been it butand called refuse refuse to to Islam toenter pay into but the it refuse jizya . to and refuse to2.enter pay The the into Muslims jizya. it and refusehave the to powerpay the and jizya . 2. The Muslimsability2. have The the Muslimsto power fight. and have ability the to power fight. and 3. Doing so has the permission of the ruler and is under 3.ability Doing to sofight. has the permission of the his banner. ruler3. Doing and sois underhas the his permission banner. of the 4. There is not aruler pact andbetween is under them hisand banner. the Muslims to leave off fighting.4. There is not a pact between them and the4. There Muslims is not to aleave pact offbetween fighting. them and (Monotheism 3 – Quarterly system, p. 16) (theMonotheism Muslims to 3 leave– Quarterly off fighting. system , p. 16) (Monotheism 3 – Quarterly system, p. 16)

Polytheism necessitatesPolytheism eternity necessitates in []fire. eternity God in Almighty said: “those[hell]fire.Polytheism who disbelieved God necessitates almighty among eternity said: the “those in who

People of the Bookdisbelieved[hell]fire. and the Godpolytheists among almighty the will People abide said: in of“those the the who fire of hell for eternity,Bookdisbelieved and those the amongpeople polytheists arethe the People willmost abideofevil the in the of creatures”. fireBook of and hell the for polytheists eternity, those will peopleabide in are the (Monotheism, 4ththefire Grade, mostof hell Semester evil for of eternity, creatures” 2, p. 27; those portion (Monotheism, people inside are theth most evil of creatures” (Monotheism, quotation marks4 this Grade,also in Monotheism Semester 23, –p. Quarterly 27; portion System, p. 55) inside4 Grade, quotation Semester marks 2, p.is 27;also portion in Draft Document Do Not Circulate MonotheisminsideDraft Documen quotation 3 – tQuarterlymarks is also System in , p. 55) Do Not Circulate Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p. 55) Those who take the graves of the prophets

Those who takeor the of graves the righteous of the prophets as or of the are evil of righteous as mosquesnature arein the evil viewof nature of God in the almighty view of th God Almighty. (Monotheism, 7 Grade, Semester 2, 25 (Monotheism, 7thp. Grade,20)25 Semester 2, p. 20)25

26 The Greater PolytheismThe Greater26 Polytheism It exits the religiousIt exits denomination. the religious denomination 24Its perpetrator resides in [hell]fire Its perpetrator residesIts For perpetrator more in [hell]fire in thi sresides regard, eternally. seein [hell]firematerials based on the work of Coogle such as Human Rights Watch, 24 It frustrates all “Saudi eternallyworks. For more Arabia: in thi Religions regard, Textbooks see materials Promote based Intolerance,” on the work Septemberof Adam Coogle 13, 2017 such as Human Rights Watch, It is a reason to(“Saudi It https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/saudifight frustra its Arabia: tespeople. all Religion works Textbooks Promote Intolerance,”-arabia-religion September-textbooks 13,-promote 2017 -intolerance); Human It prohibits legitimateRights(Ithttps://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/saudi is a loyaltyWatch,reason toThey to and fight Are loving Not its ofOurpeople its Brothers: people. Hate-arabia Speech-religion by Saudi-textbooks Officials-promote, September-intolerance 2017,); Human (RightsIthttps://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/saudi0917_web.pdf prohibits Watch, legitimate They Are Not loyalty Our Brothers: to and Hate Speech by Saudi Officials); Adam, September Coogle, 2017, “Saudi Arabia’s (Monotheism 3 (It–https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/saudi0917_web.pdf Quarterlyprohibits System legitimate, p. 22) loyalty to and ); Adam Coogle, “Saudi Arabia’s ‘Reforms’loving of Don’t its people Include Tolerance of Shia Community,” Human Rights Watch, September 21, 2018 ‘Reforms’(lovinghttps://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudi of Don’t its people Include Tolerance of Shia Community,”-arabias-reforms Human-dont Rights-include Watch-tolerance, September-shia-community 21, 2018 ) (https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudiMonotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p.- arabias22) -reforms-dont-include-tolerance-shia-community)

25 25 This is a reference to what the reader would understand as common Shiite or Sufi Muslim rituals. 26 Three pages prior to this quotation, the term “greater polytheism” is introduced and defined in the same textbook as engaging in rituals the reader would understand as being those associated with Shi’ite Islam. Draft Document Do Not Circulate 19 V. PDraft Documenassages Pertaining to the Status of Woment Do Not Circulate V. Passages Pertaining to the Status of Women V. Passages Pertaining to the Status of Women V. PASSAGES PERTAINING TO THE STATUS OF WOMEN

The Saudi educational curriculum authorizes certain kinds of domestic abuse and The Saudi educational curriculum authorizes certain kinds of domestic abuse and he Saudi teaches a passage that advocates stoning a woman to death for aeducational curriculum authorizes certain kinds of domestic abuse and teachesdultery. Other a passage that advocatesteaches a passage that advocates stoning a woman to death for a stoning a woman to death for adultery. Other passages mandate harsh penaltiesdultery. Other for such acts of passages mandate harsh penalties for such acts of purported “fornication” by either purportedpassages mandate harsh penalties for such acts of purpo “fornication”, by either men or women, such as stoning to death for rted “fornication” by either adultery versus both 100 lashes T men or women, such as stoning to death for adultery versus both 100 lashes and a and a year of exilemen or women, such as stoning to death for adultery versus for sex out of wedlock. The curriculum also teaches that such “fornication”,both by100 lashes and a an individual brings year of exile for sex out of wedlock. The curriculum also teaches that such 27 shame on one’syear of exile for sex out of wedlock. The curriculum also teaches that such family and entire tribe,27 a belief that is central to the occurrence of so-called “honor killings,”27 which “fornication” by an individual brings shame on one’s family andyear of exile for sex out of wedlock. The curriculum also teaches that such entire tribe,27 a primarily target“fornication” by an individual brings shame on one’s family and women.28 entire tribe, a belief that is central to the occurrence of so“fornication” by an individual brings shame on one’s family and28 -called “honor killings,” which primarily entire tribe, a belief that is central to the occurrence of so28 -called “honor killings,” which primarily Hate and Violence Teaching belief that is central to the occurrence of so28 -called “honor killings,” which primarily target women.28 target women.

Mankind has guardianshipMankind has over guardianship women, for keeping, over women, Mankind has guardianship over women, spending, education,for keeping, and care. spending, education, and for keeping, spending, education, and (Interpretation 2care, p. 174). (Interpretation 2, p. 174) care. (Interpretation 2, p. 174)

Beating [women]Beating is a means [women] of discipline, is a means for the of discipline, Beating [women] is a means of discipline, Almighty said “beatfor the them.” Almighty said “beat them”. for the Almighty said “beat them”. (Interpretation 2(,Interpretation p. 174) 2, p. 174) (Interpretation 2, p. 174)

Beating [women]Beating is permitted [women] when isnecessary. permitted when Beating [women] is permitted when necessary. (Interpretation 2, p. 174) (Interpretation 2necessary, p. 174) . (Interpretation 2, p. 174)

[Regarding fornication] God’s Prophet, [Regarding fornication][Regarding God’s fornication] Prophet, may God’sGod bless Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, him and grant himmay peace, God saidbless “Oh him Unays, and go grant and checkhim pe ace, said “Oh Unays, go and check on [this on [this man’s] wife,said for“Oh if sheUnays, admits go [adultery], and check then on [this man’s] wife, for if she admits [adultery], stone her.” man’s] wife, for if she admits [adultery], then stone her.” (Jurisprudence 3, p. 83) (Jurisprudence then3, p. 83) stone her.” (Jurisprudence 3, p. 83)

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The punishment for the married fornicator The punishment for the married fornicator is stoning with is The stoning punishment with stone for the until married he [or fornicatorshe] stone until he [oris she]stoning dies, withaccording stone to until the unanimous he [or she] consensus of thedies, people according of the Sunna. to the unanimous consensusdies, according of the to people the unanimous of the Sunna . (Jurisprudence consensus1, p. 251) of the people of the Sunna. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 251) (Jurisprudence 1, p. 251)

27 If the fornicationIf27 isThethe by curriculum forna free,ication unmarried currently is by person, ate free,aches [then unmarriedthat the“among the causes of corruption from this crime [i.e. fornication] If27 Thethe curriculumfornication currently is by ate free,aches unmarriedthat “among the causes of corruption from this crime [i.e. fornication] penalty is] a hundredare...introducing person, The lashescurriculum [then and the shame currentlybanishment penalty upon te notachesis] for justa a that hundred year. the “among family butthe thecauses entire of tribe”corruption (Jurisprudence from this crime 1, p. 254)[i.e. fornication]. person,28 [then the penalty is] a hundred (Jurisprudence are...introducing lashes281, Reportp. 251) and of the banishment United shame Nationsupon for not Speciala justyear the. Rapporteur family but on the Violence entire tribe” against (Jurisprudence Women, Its 1Causes,, p. 254) and. Consequenceslashes28 Report and of the banishment Rashida United NationsManjoo for Speciala(Document year. Rapporteur A/HRC/20/16), on Violence May against 23, 2012, Women, pp. 11 Its-13 Causes, and Consequences(Jurisprudence Rashida 1, p. Manjoo 251) (Document A/HRC/20/16), May 23, 2012, pp. 11-13 (Consequenceshttps://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A.HRC.20.16_En.P Rashida Manjoo (Document A/HRC/20/16), May 23, 2012, pp. 11-13 ( https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A.HRC.20.16_En.PJurisprudence 1, p. 251) DF( https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A.HRC.20.16_En.P) DF)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate Draft Document Do Not Circulate VI. Passages about People Draft Document Who Engage in Anal Sex Do Not Circulate VI. Passages about People Who Engage in Anal Sex VI. PASSAGES VI. Passages about People ABOUT PEOPLE WHO ENGAGEWho Engage in Anal Sex IN ANAL SEX The Saudi educational curriculum teaches that anal sex, which it refers to as he Saudi The Saudi educational curriculum teaches that anal sex, which ieducational curriculum teaches that anal sex, which it refers to as “sodomy,” corruptst refers to as the human soul “sodomy,” corrupts the human soul and generally should be punisThe Saudi educational curriculum teaches that anal sex, which it refers to as hed with the and generally“sodomy,” corrupts the human soul and generally should be punis should be punished with the death penalty. As with adultery, the curriculum hed with the also teaches that anal sex death penalty. As with adultery, the curriculum also teaches t“sodomy,” corrupts the human soul and generally should be punisbrings shame to an individual’s family and entire tribe,29 a belief29 that is centralhat anal sex bri to hed with the the occurrencengs of death penalty. As with adultery, the curriculum also teaches t29 hat anal sex brings T 30 so-called “honorshame to an individual’s family and entire tribe,death penalty. As with adultery, the curriculum also teaches t killings” against LGBTQ people. The curriculum even teaches29 a belief that is central to the that anal sexhat anal sex bri30 is to blame for naturalngs shame to an individual’s family and entire tribe, a belief that is central to the 30 disasters and corruptionshame to an individual’s family and entire tribe,occurrence of so in society.-called “honor killings” against LGBTQ people. a belief that is central to the 30 The curriculum occurrence of so-called “honor killings” against LGBTQ people. The curriculum even teaches that anal sex is to blame for natural disasters anoccurrence of so-called “honor killings” against LGBTQ people.d corruption in society. The curriculum even teaches that anal sex is to blame for natural disasters and corruption in society. even teaches that anal sex is to blame for natural disasters an d corruption in society.

The masses of jurists go [so far as to say] The masses of Thejurists masses go [so farof juristsas to say] go that [so the far as to say] thatThe themasses punishment of jurists for go sodomy [so far asis tolike say] the punishment forthat sodomy the punishmentis like the punishment for sodomy for is like the punishmentthat the punishment for fornication. for sodomy [namely, is like the fornication. [namely,punishment death]. for fornication. [namely, death]punishment. (Jurisprudence for fornication. 1, p. [namely,256) death]. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256) (Jurisprudence death]1, p. 256). (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256)

Sheikh of Islam Ibn Taymiyya, God have Sheikh of Islam Ibn Taymiyya, God have Sheikh of IslammercySheikh Ibn Taymiyya, upon of Islam him, God Ibn havesaid: Taymiyya, mercy the correct upon God him, [ruling have mercy upon him, said: the correct [ruling said: the correctregardingmercy [ruling uponregarding sodomy] him, sodomy] said: which the which thecorrect thecompanions [ruling regarding sodomy] which the companions companions of ofregardingthe the Prophet Prophet sodomy] agreed agreed upon which upon is that the is both companionsthat the both of the Prophet agreed upon is that both top one and thetheof bottom the top Prophet oneone areand agreedkilled, the bottom whether upon one isthey that areare both killed, the top one and the bottom one are killed, married or unmarried.whetherthe top one they and are the married bottom or one unmarried are killed,. whether they are married or unmarried. (Jurisprudence (whether1Jurisprudence, p. 256) they are 1 ,married p. 256) or unmarried. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256) (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256)

God forbade sodomyGod forbade and was sodomyharsh in its and punishment was harsh in its God forbade sodomy and was harsh in its due to its bad effectspunishmentGod forbade on the individualdue sodomy to its and andbad society: waseffects harsh on inthe its punishment due to its bad effects on the For it is a degeneracyindividualpunishment in nature, and due andsociety: to a its corruption bad effects in on the individual and society: character, kills virtue,Forindividual it andis a destroys degeneracy and society: morals, in bequeathsnature, and a For it is a degeneracy in nature, and a depravity and lowlinesscoForrruption it is in a thedegeneracy in soulcharacter, of its inperpetrator, kills nature, virtue, and anda corruption in character, kills virtue, and eliminates modesty,destroyscorruption and jealousymorals, in character, dies bequeaths in the kills souls. depravity virtue, and and destroys morals, bequeaths depravity and (Jurisprudence lowlinessdestroys1, p. 256) morals, in the soul bequeaths of its perpetrator, depravity and lowliness in the soul of its perpetrator, eliminateslowliness in modesty, the soul andof its jealousy perpetrator, dies in eliminates modesty, and jealousy dies in theeliminates souls. ( Jurisprudencemodesty, and jealousy 1, p. 256) dies in the souls. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256) the souls. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate

If sodomy appearsIf sodomy in society appears then God in descends society then swiftly God upon its people descends with punishment, swiftly disasters upon its and people ailments with afflict it, and punishment, epidemics and diseasesdisasters spread,and ailments and afflict injustice prevails, and corruption reigns in the land. it,29 and epidemics and diseases spread, and The curriculum currently teaches regarding sodomy that “its shame does not stop with its perpetrator (Jurisprudence 291, Thep. 256) curriculum currently teaches regarding sodomy that “its shame does not stop with its perpetrator alone,injustice29 The butcurriculum ratherprevails, it currentlyextends and corruptionto teaches include regarding the reigns family sodomy inand the that tribe “its in shame its entirety” does not (Jurisprudence stop with its perpetrator1, p. 256). alone, 30 but rather it extends to include the family and the tribe in its entirety” (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256). alone, the30 See, land butfor. ratherexample,(Jurisprudence it e xtendsJodi Hilton, to include1, “‘Honorp. 256) the family Killings’ and Target the tribe Turkey’s in its entirety” LGBT Communi (Jurisprudencety,” CBS 1, Newsp. 256)., See, for example, Jodi Hilton, “‘Honor Killings’ Target Turkey’s LGBT Community,” CBS News, 30October See, for 12, example, 2011 (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor Jodi Hilton, “‘Honor Killings’ Target- Turkey’skillings-target LGBT-turkeys Communi-lgbtty,”-community/ CBS News); ,Human October 12, 2011 (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/); Human RightsOctober Watch, 12, 2011 “They (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor Have Long Arms and They Can Find-killings Me”: Anti-target-Gay-turkeys Purge- lgbtby Local-community/ Authorities); Human in Rights Watch, “They Have Long Arms and They Can Find Me”: Anti-Gay Purge by Local Authorities in Russia’sRights Watch, Chechen “They Republic Have ,Long May Arms26, 2017 and (Theyhttps://www.hrw.org/report/2017/ Can Find Me”: Anti-Gay Purge05/26/they by Local-have Authorities-long-arms in - Russia’s Chechen Republic, May 26, 2017 (https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/05/26/they-have-long-arms- andRussia’s-they -Chechencan-find -Republicme/anti-gay, May-purge 26, -2017local -(authoritieshttps://www.hrw.org/report/2017/-russias) 05/26/they-have-long-arms- and-they-can-find-me/anti-gay-purge-local-authorities-russias) and -they-can-find-me/anti-gay-purge-local-authorities-russias) Draft Document Do Not Circulate VII. Passages about Apostasy or Sorcery 21 Draft Document Do Not Circulate VII. Passages about Apostasy or Sorcery VII. PASSAGES ABOUT APOSTASY OR SORCERY The Saudi educational curriculum defines apostasy as an act of 31 disbelief that mocks Islam or conversion from Islam to another religion. It teaches unambiguously that he Saudi The Saudi educational curriculum defines apostasy as an act of educational curriculum defines apostasy as an act of disbelief31 that mocks Islamdisbelief that mocks or conversion from the penalty for such apostasy is death (unless one repents within three days). The 31 Islam to anotherIscurriculum also teaches that the penalty for certain perceived lam or conversion from Islam to another religion. religion. It teaches unambiguously that the penalty for such It teaches unambiguously that apostasyacts of sorcery is is death (unless one repents within three days). The curriculum also teaches that the penalty for certain perceived acts of sorcery is T executiothe penalty for such apostasy is death (unless one repents within three days). The n by the state. execution by thecurriculum also teaches that the penalty for certain perceived state. acts of sorcery is

execution by the state. The punishment for apostasy is killing,

there is no difference in that between man Hate and Violence Teaching

The punishmentorThe for woman apostasypunishment. (Jurisprudence is killing, for apostasy there is 1 no, p.is killing,277) difference in that there between is no man difference or woman. in that between man (Jurisprudence or1, p.woman 277) . (Jurisprudence 1, p. 277)

[Regarding the apostate] it is not permissible to kill him until he is asked to

[Regarding the apostate]repent[Regarding for it isat the notleast apospermissible threetate] days it to is killin not thehim hope until he is askedthatpermissible to repent he may for to returnat killleast himto three his until daysreligion. he in theis askedIn that to hope that he mayway,repent return the for to door hisat least religion. of repentance three In thatdays way, isin open the hope to door of repentancehim,that ishe and open may if to he return him, repents and to ifhis thenhe religion.repents killing then Inhim that is killing him is not permitted, but if he insists upon his notway, permitted, the door ofbut repentance if he insists is uponopen histo disbelief, then he is killed. disbelief,him, and ifthen he repentshe is killed then. killing him is (Jurisprudence (not1Jurisprudence, p. permitted,277) but 1, p.if he277) insists upon his disbelief, then he is killed. (Jurisprudence 1, p. 277) The rationale ofThe the legitimacyrationale of thethe punishment legitimacy for of the apostasy punishment for apostasy God prescribedGodThe the punishment rationaleprescribed of for the the apostasy punislegitimacyhment for great offor the rationales, amongapostasypunishment them: for forgreat apostasy rationales, among ... them:God prescribed the punishment for 3. Stopping the...apostasy evil of the forapostate, great andrationales, cutting his among harm, for the apostate does not suffice with his apostasy but 3.them: Stopping the evil of the apostate, and rather he broadcasts his evil and his poison to others, so cutting... his harm, for the apostate does not that in his killing3. there Stopping is a cessation the evil of of his the corrupting apostate, and on Earth. suffice with his apostasy but rather he broadcastscutting his harm,his evil for and the his apostate poison does to not (Jurisprudence suffice1, p. 278) with his apostasy but rather he Draft Documenothers,suffice sowith that his in apostasyt his killing but the ratherre is hea Do Not Circulate cessationDraft Documen broadcasts of his his evil corruptingt and his poisonon earth. to Do Not Circulate (The others,Jurisprudence apostate so that is in killed1 ,his p. killing278) since fendingthere is aoff The apostate is theThecessation killed corruption apostate since of fending his is of killedcorrupting his off existencethe since corruption on fending earth.—like of off his existence —corruptithe( likeJurisprudence corruption corruptingng others others of 1 , his amongp. among 278)existence his his people people—like and and children, causingchildren,corrupti dissensionng causing others among dissensionamong the his people, peopleamong and andthe making them riskpeople,children, religion and —causing is making better dissension than them the risk benefit among religion of the— is him remaining. betterpeople, than and the making benefit them of him risk remainingreligion—. is (Jurisprudence (better 3Jurisprudence, p. 46) than the benefit 3, p. 46) of him remaining . (Jurisprudence 3, p. 46)

31 See, for example, Jurisprudence 1, pp. 275-276. He who mocks He God who and hismocks [Quranic] God verses and his and [Quranic] his 31 Prophet is an apostate.versesHe See, who for and No mocksexample, excusehis Prophet God Jurisprudenceis acceptable and is hisan apostate.[Quranic] 1for, pp. him, 275 - No276. so either he repents excuseverses or andheis isacceptable hiskilled Prophet for infidelity. for is him, an apostate. so either Nohe (Interpretation 1repentsexcuse, p. 109) isor acceptable he is killed for for him, infidelity so either. he (repentsInterpretation or he is 1killed, p. 109) for infidelity. (Interpretation 1, p. 109)

If the apostate dies in [the state of] his apostasyIf the apostate then hisdies punishment in [the state is of]eternity his inapostasy fire in spitethen hisof thepunishment good deeds is eternitythat he didin fire before in spite his apostasyof the good. deeds that he (didJurisprudence before his apostasy 1, p. 277). (Jurisprudence 1, p. 277)

Sorcery is of two types: TheSorcery first is type: of two what types: is infidelity if it was byThe means first type: of , what is for infidelity which theif it was sorcererby means is of killed demons, for apostasy, for which and the his killingsorcerer is is assigned killed for to apostasy,the ruler orand his whomevekilling is assignedr the ruler to assigns. the ruler or Thewhomeve secondr the type: ruler what assigns. is infidelity that is notThe an second exit from type: the what religion, is infidelity which that is the is sorcerynot an exit of charlatanismfrom the religion, and swindling, which is the whichsorcery may of charlatanism be a kind of andmixtures swindling, and medicines.which may beThis a kind is reprimanded of mixtures up and to the levelmedicines. of killing This to is halt reprimanded his evil and up his to the harminglevel of killing of Muslims, to halt and his ehisvil and his reprimandingharming of Muslims, and his andkilling his is assigned toreprimanding the ruler or andwhomever his killing the isruler assigned assigns.to the ruler or whomever the ruler (assigns.Monotheism 1, p. 151) (Monotheism 1, p. 151)

Draft Document Do Not Circulate Draft Documen t Do Not Circulate The apostate is killed since fending off theThe corruption apostate is of killed his existence since fending—like off corruptithe corruptionng others of hisamong existence his people—like and children,corrupting causing others dissensionamong his peopleamong andthe people,children, and causing making dissension them risk among religion the— is betterpeople, than and the making benefit them of him risk remainingreligion—. is (betterJurisprudence than the benefit 3, p. 46) of him remaining. (Jurisprudence 3, p. 46)

He who mocks God and his [Quranic] versesHe who and mocks his Prophet God and is hisan apostate.[Quranic] No excuseverses andis acceptable his Prophet for is him, an apostate. so either Nohe repentsexcuse isor acceptable he is killed for for him, infidelity so either. he (repentsInterpretation or he is 1killed, p. 109) for infidelity. (Interpretation 1, p. 109)

If the apostate dies in [the state of] his If the apostate apostasyIfdies the in apostate[the then state his diesof] punishmenthis in apostasy [the state thenis of]eternity his his punishment is eternityinapostasy fire in firespitethen in hisofspite thepunishment of good the good deeds isdeeds eternitythat he that he did beforedidin firehis before apostasy. in spite his apostasyof the good. deeds that he (Jurisprudence (did1Jurisprudence, p. before277) his apostasy 1, p. 277). (Jurisprudence 1, p. 277)

Sorcery is of twoSorcery types: is of two types:

The first type: TheSorcery what isfirst infidelity is type: of two whatif it types: wasis infidelityby means ofif it was demons, for whichbyThe meansthe first sorcerer type: of demons, iswhat killed is forfor infidelity apostasy, which theif it was and his killing issorcererby assigned means is toof killed the demons, ruler for or apostasy, forwhomever which and thethe his ruler assigns. killingsorcerer is is assigned killed for to apostasy,the ruler orand his The second type:whomevekilling what is infidelityassignedr the ruler that to assigns. theis not ruler an exitor from the religion,Thewhomeve which second is rthe the type: sorcery ruler what ofassigns. charlatanism is infidelity that is and swindling, whichnotThe an second may exit be from type:a kind the whatof religion,mixtures is infidelity and which that is the is medicines. This is reprimanded up to the level of killing sorcerynot an exit of charlatanismfrom the religion, and swindling, which is the to halt his evil and his harming of Muslims, and his whichsorcery may of charlatanism be a kind of andmixtures swindling, and reprimanding andwhich his killing may isbe assigned a kind ofto themixtures ruler or and whomever the rulermedicines. assigns. This is reprimanded up to the levelmedicines. of killing This to is halt reprimanded his evil and up his to the (Monotheism 1, p. 151) harminglevel of killing of Muslims, to halt and his ehisvil and his reprimandingharming of Muslims, and his andkilling his is assigned toreprimanding the ruler or andwhomever his killing the isruler assigned assigns.to the ruler or whomever the ruler (assigns.Monotheism 1, p. 151) (Monotheism 1, p. 151)

1 David Andrew Weinberg, “Congress Must Act to End Incitement in 7 International Center for Religion and Diplomacy, The State of Saudi Textbooks,” Huffington Post, December 5, 2017 (https://www. Tolerance in the Curriculum of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-must-act-to-end-incitement- completed in 2012 for U.S. government use only, released under in-saudi-textbooks_us_5a26b5bbe4b0e383e63c3cae); Rep. Ted Poe, Freedom of Information Act in 2016 (https://www.nytimes.com/ “Saudi Educational Transparency and Reform Act, H.R. 4549, interactive/2016/08/17/international-home/document-state-dept- introduced December 5, 2017 (https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th- study-on-saudi-textbooks.html) congress/house-bill/4549/text) 8 Adam Coogle, “Saudi Arabia’s ‘Reforms’ Don’t Include Tolerance of 2 State Department, “Ambassador at Large for International Religious Shia Community,” Human Rights Watch, September 21, 2018 (https:// Freedom Briefs Congress on U.S.-Saudi Discussions on Religious www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudi-arabias-reforms-dont-include- Practice and Tolerance,” July 19, 2006 (https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/ tolerance-shia-community) pa/prs/ps/2006/69197.htm) 9 International Center for Religion and Diplomacy, The State of 3 Ibid.; “Appendix C: Saudi Reform Pledge Publicly Distributed in July Tolerance in the Curriculum of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, completed 2006 by U.S. State Department Officials,” in Nina Shea and in 2012 for U.S. government use only, released under Freedom Tadros, Ten Years On: Saudi Arabia’s Textbooks Still Promote Religious of Information Act in 2016, pp. v & 38 (https://www.nytimes.com/ Violence, Hudson Institute Center for Religious Freedom, September interactive/2016/08/17/international-home/document-state-dept- 16, 2001, p. 47 (https://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/ study-on-saudi-textbooks.html) attachment/931/sauditextbooks2011final.pdf) 10 See, for example, Arnon Gross, The West, Christians, and Jews in 4 “Appendix B: Letter to Senator John Kyl from Assistant Secretary of Saudi Arabian Schoolbooks, Center for Monitoring the Impact of State for Legislative Affairs Jeffrey Bergner,” in ibid., pp. 45-46. Peace & American Jewish Committee, 2003 (http://www.impact-se. (https://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/ org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SA2003.pdf) attachment/931/sauditextbooks2011final.pdf) 11 Sewell Chan, “Saudi Arabia Moves to Curb its Feared Religious Police,” 5 “A Conversation with Adel al-Jubeir,” Council on Foreign Relations New York Times, April 15, 2016 (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/ website, September 26, 2018 (https://www.cfr.org/event/ 16/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-moves-to-curb-its-feared- conversation-adel-al-jubeir) religious-police.html); Hannah Bloch and Nicole Werbeck, “Saudi 6 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, “Saudi Arabia,” Women Start Driving, But Activists Remain Jailed,” NPR, June 25, 2018 Annual Report, April 2018, p. 87 (https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/ 2018 (https://www.npr.org/2018/06/25/623174723/photos-saudi- default/files/2018USCIRFAR.pdf) women-start-driving-but-activists-remain-jailed) 23

12 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, “Full 24 For more in this regard, see materials based on the work of Adam Text of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030,” Saudi Gazette (Saudi Arabia), April Coogle such as Human Rights Watch, “Saudi Arabia: Religion 26, 2016 (http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/153680/Full-Text-of- Textbooks Promote Intolerance,” September 13, 2017 (https://www. Saudi-Arabias-Vision-2030) hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/saudi-arabia-religion-textbooks- 13 International Center for Religion and Diplomacy, The Global Spread promote-intolerance); Human Rights Watch, They Are Not Our of Saudi Textbooks, completed in 2013 for U.S. government use Brothers: Hate Speech by Saudi Officials, September 2017, (https:// only, released under Freedom of Information Act in 2016, (https:// www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/saudi0917_web.pdf); www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/08/17/international-home/ Adam Coogle, “Saudi Arabia’s ‘Reforms’ Don’t Include Tolerance of document-state-dept-study-on-saudi-textbooks.html) Shia Community,” Human Rights Watch, September 21, 2018 (https:// www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudi-arabias-reforms-dont-include- 14 Kerr, “Saudi Arabia Detains Two Prominent Clerics,” Financial tolerance-shia-community) Times (UK), September 12, 2017 (https://www.ft.com/content/

25 Hate and Violence Teaching 7375dd7c-9796-11e7-b83c-9588e51488a0); Taylor Luck, “What’s This is a reference to what the reader would understand as common Behind Saudi Arabia’s Summer of Discontent?” Christian Science Shi’ite or Sufi Muslim rituals. Monitor, August 16, 2018 (https://www.csmonitor.com/World/ 26 Three pages prior to this quotation, the term “greater polytheism” is Middle-East/2018/0816/What-s-behind-Saudi-Arabia-s-summer- introduced and defined in the same textbook as engaging in rituals of-discontent); “Saudi Cleric Abdelaziz al-Fawzan Arrested over the reader would understand as being those associated with ‘War on Religion’ Tweets,” Eye (UK), July 31, 2018 (https:// Shi’ite Islam. www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-cleric-abdelaziz-fawzan- 27 The curriculum currently teaches that “among the causes of arrested-over-war-religion-tweets-1915905016) corruption from this crime [i.e. fornication] are...introducing shame 15 Ben Hubbard, “Saudi Textbook Withdrawn over Image of Yoda with upon not just the family but the entire tribe” (Jurisprudence 1, p. 254). King,” New York Times, September 21, 2017 (https://www.nytimes. 28 Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence against com/2017/09/21/world/middleeast/saudi-yoda-king-textbooks. Women, Its Causes, and Consequences Rashida Manjoo (Document html); Sahar Abu Shaheen, “Internet Image Pulls Islamic Education A/HRC/20/16), May 23, 2012, pp. 11-13 (https://www.ohchr.org/ Book,” Makkah Newspaper (Saudi Arabia), September 9, 2014, (https:// Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A. makkahnewspaper.com/article/59440/Makkah); Nidaa al-Saif, HRC.20.16_En.PDF) “Formal Decision to Withdraw Textbook Displaying Image of Shi’ite 29 Sheikh,” Juhaina News (Saudi Arabia), September 9, 2014, (https:// The curriculum currently teaches regarding sodomy that “its shame www.juhaina.net/?act=artc&id=17393) does not stop with its perpetrator alone, but rather it extends to include the family and the tribe in its entirety” (Jurisprudence 1, p. 256). 16 The Saudi high school curriculum is bifurcated into standard and 30 quarterly tracks. All passages cited in this report from high school See, for example, Jodi Hilton, “‘Honor Killings’ Target Turkey’s LGBT textbooks are references to textbooks from the kingdom’s standard Community,” CBS News, October 12, 2011 (https://www.cbsnews. track unless otherwise indicated. com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/); Human Rights Watch, “They Have Long Arms and They Can Find Me”: Anti-Gay 17 David Andrew Weinberg, “Congress Must Act to End Incitement in Purge by Local Authorities in Russia’s Chechen Republic, May 26, 2017 Saudi Textbooks,” Huffington Post, December 5, 2017 (https://www. (https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/05/26/they-have-long-arms-and- huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-must-act-to-end-incitement-in- they-can-find-me/anti-gay-purge-local-authorities-russias) saudi-textbooks_us_5a26b5bbe4b0e383e63c3cae) 31 See, for example, Jurisprudence 1, pp. 275-276. 18 David Andrew Weinberg, “Saudi Arabia’s Troubling Educational Curriculum,” Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Committee’s Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade Subcommittee, July 19, 2017 (https://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA18/20170719/106 289/HHRG-115-FA18-Wstate-WeinbergD-20170719.pdf) 19 Human Rights Watch, “Saudi Arabia: Religion Textbooks Promote Intolerance,” September 13, 2017 (https://www.hrw.org/ news/2017/09/13/saudi-arabia-religion-textbooks-promote-in tolerance); Human Rights Watch, They Are Not Our Brothers: Hate Speech by Saudi Officials, September 2017, (https://www.hrw.org/ sites/default/files/report_pdf/saudi0917_web.pdf) 20 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, Special Report: Study Revealed Numerous Passages in Saudi Textbooks Advocating Intolerance and Violence, May 2018 (https://www.uscirf.gov/ sites/default/files/USCIRF%20Special%20Report%20-%20Saudi%20 textbooks%205-16-18_0.pdf) 21 For archived copies of the books, see: Dropbox folder, “Full text of cited books (2018–19),” October 16, 2018 (https://www.dropbox. com/sh/v4xtzlvae4gmh2r/AAApZeEDmyaM2BLyAwku5AH-a?dl=0) 22 Though the American University of Beirut and the American University in Cairo were originally founded as part of a missionary tradition, they have long since completely separated themselves from such activities. There is no American University in Istanbul and has not been for nearly half a century. 23 See, for example, Monotheism 1, pp. 134-137 and 166-17; Monotheism 3 – Quarterly System, p. 55; and Monotheism 5 – Quarterly System, pp. 153 and 176-178. ADL by the numbers OUR IMPACT

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