DOCSLIB.ORG

In Situ Occurrence, Prevalence and Dynamics of Parvilucifera Parasitoids During Recurrent Blooms of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Minutum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Situ Occurrence, Prevalence and Dynamics of Parvilucifera Parasitoids During Recurrent Blooms of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Minutum ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 31 August 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01624 In situ Occurrence, Prevalence and Dynamics of Parvilucifera Parasitoids during Recurrent Blooms of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Elisabet Alacid *, Albert Reñé, Jordi Camp and Esther Garcés Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain Dinoflagellate blooms are natural phenomena that often occur in coastal areas, which in addition to their large number of nutrient-rich sites are characterized by highly restricted hydrodynamics within bays, marinas, enclosed beaches, and harbors. In these areas, massive proliferations of dinoflagellates have harmful effects on humans and the ecosystem. However, the high cell density reached during blooms make them vulnerable to parasitic infections. Under laboratory conditions parasitoids are able to exterminate an entire host population. In nature, Parvilucifera parasitoids infect the toxic dinoflagellate Edited by: Alexandrium minutum during bloom conditions but their prevalence and impact remain Télesphore Sime-Ngando, unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the in situ occurrence, prevalence, and dynamics Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), France of Parvilucifera parasitoids during recurrent blooms of A. minutum in a confined site in the Reviewed by: NW Mediterranean Sea as well as the contribution of parasitism to bloom termination. Catharina Alves-de-Souza, Parvilucifera parasitoids were recurrently detected from 2009 to 2013, during seasonal University of North Carolina at outbreaks of A. minutum . Parasitic infections in surface waters occurred after the Wilmington, United States 4 5 −1 Lourdes Velo Suarez, abundance of A. minutum reached 10 –10 cells L , suggesting a density threshold French Research Institute for beyond which Parvilucifera transmission is enhanced and the number of infected cells Exploitation of the Sea, France increases. Moreover, host and parasitoid abundances were not in phase. Instead, there *Correspondence: Elisabet Alacid was a lag between maximum A. minutum and Parvilucifera densities, indicative of a [email protected] delayed density-dependent response of the parasitoid to host abundances, similar to the temporal dynamics of predator-prey interactions. The highest parasitoid prevalence Specialty section: This article was submitted to was reached after a peak in host abundance and coincided with the decay phase of the Aquatic Microbiology, bloom, when a maximum of 38% of the A. minutum population was infected. According a section of the journal to our estimates, Parvilucifera infections accounted for 5–18% of the total observed Frontiers in Microbiology A. minutum mortality, which suggested that the contribution of parasitism to bloom Received: 06 May 2017 Accepted: 10 August 2017 termination is similar to that of other biological factors, such as encystment and grazing. Published: 31 August 2017 Keywords: phytoplankton, plankton, protist, harmful algal blooms, Perkinsids, parasitism, infection flux Citation: Alacid E, Reñé A, Camp J and Garcés E (2017) In situ Occurrence, INTRODUCTION Prevalence and Dynamics of Parvilucifera Parasitoids during In the last decades, toxic and harmful planktonic protist species have been the focus of scientific Recurrent Blooms of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. and public attention due to their environmental, economic, and public health impacts in coastal Front. Microbiol. 8:1624. areas, which are of major importance for food production ( Zingone and Enevoldsen, 2000 ). Around doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01624 200 species belonging to diverse groups of marine microalgae, including dinoflagellates, diatoms, Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 1624 Alacid et al. In situ Parvilucifera Occurrence and Dynamics pelagophytes, raphydophytes, and prymnesiophytes, have been and kill several genera of dinoflagellates, including noxious identified as potentially harmful. Of these, about 90 species, species, and their very strong virulence and high prevalence have mainly those of dinoflagellates, are potentially toxic ( Zingone and been demonstrated in laboratory experiments and in the field Enevoldsen, 2000; Hallegraeff et al., 2003 ). (Coats and Park, 2002; Chambouvet et al., 2008 ). Thus, some In the Mediterranean Sea, harmful algal blooms (HABs) authors have proposed the use of parasitoids as biological control commonly occur in areas with restricted hydrodynamics, agents for bloom mitigation ( Norén et al., 1999; Erard-Le Denn such as bays, lagoons, harbors, beaches, and estuaries. These et al., 2000 ). However, little is known about the specificity of coastal proliferations are an emerging problem whose frequency these parasites or the potential unintended side effects on other has increased in response to the intensive urbanization and dinoflagellate populations ( Anderson, 2009 ). The mechanisms recreational use of the Mediterranean shoreline, which has underlying host specificity are also not well understood, as intra- resulted in nutrient-rich (semi-) confined areas with low and inter-species variability may depend on host phylogeny turbulence levels. These areas constitute a unique environment (Chambouvet et al., 2008 ) and/or the specific genetic features that favors HAB formation by several planktonic protist of the host and parasite. Both will determine the outcome of species ( Garcés and Camp, 2012 ). For example, the worldwide infection ( Råberg et al., 2014; Turon et al., 2015; Alacid et al., distributed Alexandrium minutum is responsible for outbreaks 2016 ). of paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans and for the high A few studies have addressed the interaction between parasites mortality of wild and cultured aquatic fauna ( Anderson et al., and their dinoflagellate hosts in the marine environment in 2012 ). It also forms recurrent blooms along the Catalan coast order to assess the impact of parasitism in natural communities. (NW Mediterranean Sea) ( Vila et al., 2001, 2005; Bravo et al., Modeling studies have shown that, under certain conditions, 2008 ), which includes a large number of harbors and suffers parasitism may have a greater impact than grazing with respect from huge nutrient inputs from inland sources ( Vila et al., to dinoflagellate population dynamics ( Montagnes et al., 2008; 2001; Garcés et al., 2003; Bravo et al., 2008 ). However, many Salomon and Stolte, 2010; Jordi et al., 2015 ). In the field, the physical, chemical, and biological factors are involved in bloom prevalence of Amoebophyra parasites in dinoflagellate blooms development, persistence, and termination ( Garcés and Camp, is usually moderate to high ( Coats et al., 1996; Chambouvet 2012 ). While most studies on HAB dynamics have focused on et al., 2008; Alves-de-Souza et al., 2012; Velo-Suárez et al., 2013 ) bottom-up factors, recent investigations have demonstrated a but under some conditions is the main cause of dinoflagellate role for the top-down control exerted by biotic factors, such as mortality. In the case of Parvilucifera , although its high parasitism and grazing ( Coats et al., 1996; Johansson and Coats, abundance has been correlated with a reduction in the relative 2002; Calbet et al., 2003; Chambouvet et al., 2008; Montagnes abundance of A. minutum in short-lasting blooms ( Blanquart et al., 2008 ). et al., 2016 ), field studies on the prevalence of Parvilucifera Parasitism on marine dinoflagellates by eukaryotic parasitoids infections, their impact on natural host populations, and the is mainly due to members of the globally distributed genera contribution of infection to bloom termination are lacking. Parvilucifera and Amoebophrya (Alveolata) ( Park et al., 2004 ). The main goals of this study were: (i) to determine the timing The life cycle of these two parasitoids is, for the most part, of Parvilucifera parasitoid occurrence in Arenys de Mar harbor, similar. Infection begins when a free-living zoospore penetrates a confined area in the NW Mediterranean Sea; (ii) to assess host- a host cell, where it develops into a trophocyte that enlarges parasitoid dynamics during a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate while feeding on the host by completely digesting its cell contents. A. minutum ; and (iii) to quantify the impact and contribution of The trophocyte nucleus then divides, and transforms into a Parvilucifera spp. parasitism to bloom termination. The present sporocyte to produce zoospores. Finally, the newly produced work constitutes the first record of the impact of Parvilucifera zoospores are released into the marine environment to find parasitoids in the field. a new host ( Jephcott et al., 2016 ). However, whereas after infection by Parvilucifera the host stops swimming and sinks MATERIALS AND METHODS immediately ( Alacid et al., 2015 ), dinoflagellates parasitized by Amoebophrya continue swimming until late stages of the Study Area infection cycle ( Park et al., 2002 ). Moreover, the sporangium of Arenys de Mar harbor (41 ◦ 34.30 N and 2 ◦ 32.40 E) is located on Parvilucifera is non-motile, unlike Amoebophrya , which forms the coast of Catalonia (NE Spain), in the NW Mediterranean Sea a highly motile vermiform stage before spreading its zoospores (Figure 1 ). Fishing and leisure are the main human activities in (Fritz and Nass, 1992 ). Consistent with the features of their the harbor. The harbor measures 0.4 km 2, has a depth ranging infection cycle, marine environmental molecular surveys have from 1 m at confined sites to 6 m at the entrance, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
    Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231610049 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes Article in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · September 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 961 2,825 25 authors, including: Sina M Adl Alastair Simpson University of Saskatchewan Dalhousie University 118 PUBLICATIONS 8,522 CITATIONS 264 PUBLICATIONS 10,739 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Christopher E Lane David Bass University of Rhode Island Natural History Museum, London 82 PUBLICATIONS 6,233 CITATIONS 464 PUBLICATIONS 7,765 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and ecology of soil taste amoeba View project Predator control of diversity View project All content following this page was uploaded by Smirnov Alexey on 25 October 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 59(5), 2012 pp. 429–493 © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ellobiopsids of the Genus Thalassomyces Are Alveolates
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51(2), 2004 pp. 246±252 q 2004 by the Society of Protozoologists Ellobiopsids of the Genus Thalassomyces are Alveolates JEFFREY D. SILBERMAN,a,b1 ALLEN G. COLLINS,c,2 LISA-ANN GERSHWIN,d,3 PATRICIA J. JOHNSONa and ANDREW J. ROGERe aDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA, and bInstitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA, and cEcology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA, and dDepartment of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, and eCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Genome Atlantic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ABSTRACT. Ellobiopsids are multinucleate protist parasites of aquatic crustaceans that possess a nutrient absorbing `root' inside the host and reproductive structures that protrude through the carapace. Ellobiopsids have variously been af®liated with fungi, `colorless algae', and dino¯agellates, although no morphological character has been identi®ed that de®nitively allies them with any particular eukaryotic lineage. The arrangement of the trailing and circumferential ¯agella of the rarely observed bi-¯agellated `zoospore' is reminiscent of dino¯agellate ¯agellation, but a well-organized `dinokaryotic nucleus' has never been observed. Using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences from two species of Thalassomyces, phylogenetic analyses robustly place these ellobiopsid species among the alveolates (ciliates, apicomplexans, dino¯agellates and relatives) though without a clear af®liation to any established alveolate lineage. Our trees demonstrate that Thalassomyces fall within a dino¯agellate 1 apicomplexa 1 Perkinsidae 1 ``marine alveolate group 1'' clade, clustering most closely with dino¯agellates.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Ecological Understanding of Dinoflagellate Cyst Functions
    Microorganisms 2014, 2, 11-32; doi:10.3390/microorganisms2010011 OPEN ACCESS microorganisms ISSN 2076-2607 www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Article Towards an Ecological Understanding of Dinoflagellate Cyst Functions Isabel Bravo 1,* and Rosa Isabel Figueroa 1,2 1 Spanish Oceanographic Institute, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-986-492111; Fax: +34-986-498626. Received: 24 September 2013; in revised form: 17 November 2013 / Accepted: 23 November 2013 / Published: 3 January 2014 Abstract: The life cycle of many dinoflagellates includes at least one nonflagellated benthic stage (cyst). In the literature, the different types of dinoflagellate cysts are mainly defined based on morphological (number and type of layers in the cell wall) and functional (long- or short-term endurance) differences. These characteristics were initially thought to clearly distinguish pellicle (thin-walled) cysts from resting (double-walled) dinoflagellate cysts. The former were considered short-term (temporal) and the latter long-term (resting) cysts. However, during the last two decades further knowledge has highlighted the great intricacy of dinoflagellate life histories, the ecological significance of cyst stages, and the need to clarify the functional and morphological complexities of the different cyst types. Here we review and, when necessary, redefine the concepts of resting and pellicle cysts, examining both their structural and their functional characteristics in the context of the life cycle strategies of several dinoflagellate species. Keywords: cysts; dinoflagellate life cycle strategy; dinoflagellate reproduction; resting cysts; pellicle cysts 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A New View on the Morphology and Phylogeny Of
    Manuscript to be reviewed A new view on the morphology and phylogeny of eugregarines suggested by the evidence from the gregarine Ancora sagittata (Leuckart, 1860) Labbé, 1899 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) Timur G Simdyanov Corresp., 1 , Laure Guillou 2, 3 , Andrei Y Diakin 4 , Kirill V Mikhailov 5, 6 , Joseph Schrével 7, 8 , Vladimir V Aleoshin 5, 6 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation 2 CNRS, UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Roscoff, France 4 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 5 Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation 6 Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 CNRS 7245, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation Moléculaire (MCAM), Paris, France 8 Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), UMR 7245, Paris, France Corresponding Author: Timur G Simdyanov Email address: [email protected] Background. Gregarines are a group of early branching Apicomplexa parasitizing invertebrate animals. Despite their wide distribution and relevance to the understanding the phylogenesis of apicomplexans, gregarines remain understudied: light microscopy data are insufficient for classification, and electron
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment-Based Chloroplast Types in Dinoflagellates
    Vol. 465: 33–52, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published September 28 doi: 10.3354/meps09879 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Pigment-based chloroplast types in dinoflagellates Manuel Zapata1,†, Santiago Fraga2, Francisco Rodríguez2,*, José L. Garrido1 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, c/ Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain 2Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain ABSTRACT: Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain a chloroplast with peridinin as the major carotenoid. Chloroplasts from other algal lineages have been reported, suggesting multiple plas- tid losses and replacements through endosymbiotic events. The pigment composition of 64 dino- flagellate species (122 strains) was analysed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition to chlorophyll (chl) a, both chl c2 and divinyl protochlorophyllide occurred in chl c-con- taining species. Chl c1 co-occurred with chl c2 in some peridinin-containing (e.g. Gambierdiscus spp.) and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates (e.g. Kryptoperidinium foliaceum). Chl c3 occurred in dinoflagellates whose plastids contained 19’-acyloxyfucoxanthins (e.g. Karenia miki- motoi). Chl b was present in green dinoflagellates (Lepidodinium chlorophorum). Based on unique combinations of chlorophylls and carotenoids, 6 pigment-based chloroplast types were defined: Type 1: peridinin/dinoxanthin/chl c2 (Alexandrium minutum); Type 2: fucoxanthin/ 19’-acyloxy fucoxanthins/4-keto-19’-acyloxy-fucoxanthins/gyroxanthin diesters/chl c2, c3, mono - galac to syl-diacylglycerol-chl c2 (Karenia mikimotoi); Type 3: fucoxanthin/19’-acyloxyfucoxan- thins/gyroxanthin diesters/chl c2, c3 (Karlodinium veneficum); Type 4: fucoxanthin/chl c1, c2 (K. foliaceum); Type 5: alloxanthin/chl c2/phycobiliproteins (Dinophysis tripos); Type 6: neoxanthin/ violaxanthin/a major unknown carotenoid/chl b (Lepidodinium chlorophorum).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity Characterization of Natural Populations of the Parasitoid Parvilucifera Sinerae
    Vol. 76: 117–132, 2015 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Published online October 22 doi: 10.3354/ame01771 Aquat Microb Ecol OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Genetic and phenotypic diversity characterization of natural populations of the parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae Marta Turon1, Elisabet Alacid1, Rosa Isabel Figueroa2, Albert Reñé1, Isabel Ferrera1, Isabel Bravo3, Isabel Ramilo3, Esther Garcés1,* 1Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2Department of Biology, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden 3Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, IEO (Instituto Español de Oceanografía), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain ABSTRACT: Parasites exert important top-down control of their host populations. The host−para- site system formed by Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) and Parvilucifera sinerae (Perkinso- zoa) offers an opportunity to advance our knowledge of parasitism in planktonic communities. In this study, DNA extracted from 73 clonal strains of P. sinerae, from 10 different locations along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, was used to genetically characterize this parasitoid at the spe- cies level. All strains showed identical sequences of the small and large subunits and internal tran- scribed spacer of the ribosomal RNA, as well as of the β-tubulin genes. However, the phenotypical characterization showed variability in terms of host invasion, zoospore success, maturation time, half-maximal infection, and infection rate. This characterization grouped the strains within 3 phe- notypic types distinguished by virulence traits. A particular virulence pattern could not be ascribed to host-cell bloom appearance or to the location or year of parasite-strain isolation; rather, some parasitoid strains from the same bloom significantly differed in their virulence traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Alveolata) Using Small Subunit Rrna Gene Sequences Suggests They Are the Free-Living Sister Group to Apicomplexans
    J. Elrkutyt. Microhiol., 49(6), 2002 pp. 49G.504 0 2002 by the Society of Prutozoolugists The Phylogeny of Colpodellids (Alveolata) Using Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences Suggests They are the Free-living Sister Group to Apicomplexans OLGA N. KUVARDINA,’.hBRIAN S. LEANDER,’,aVLADIMIR V. ALESHIN,h ALEXANDER P. MYL’NIKOV,” PATRICK J. KEELING‘‘and TIMUR G. SIMDYANOVh “Canadian Institute for Advunced Resenrch, Program in Evolutionury Biology, Department of Botany, Universiv of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 124, Canada, and hDepartnzents of Evolutionary Biochemistry and litvertebrate Zoology, Belozersb Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119 899, Russian Federation, and ‘Instinrtefor the Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslnvskaya oblavt 152742, Russian Federation ABSTRACT. In an attempt to reconstruct early alveolate evolution, we have examined the phylogenetic position of colpodellids by analyzing small subunit rDNA sequences from Colpodella pontica Myl’nikov 2000 and Colpodella sp. (American Type Culture Col- lection 50594). All phylogenetic analyses grouped the colpodellid sequences together with strong support and placed them strongly within the Alveolata. Most analyses showed colpodellids as the sister group to an apicomplexan clade, albeit with weak support. Sequences from two perkinsids, Perkinsus and Parvilucifera, clustered together and consistently branched as the sister group to dino- flagellates as shown previously. These data demonstrate that colpodellids and perkinsids are plesiomorphically similar in morphology and help provide a phylogenetic framework for inferring the combination of character states present in the last common ancestor of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. We can infer that this ancestor was probably a myzocytotic predator with two heterodynamic flagella, micropores, trichocysts, rhoptries, micronemes, a polar ring, and a coiled open-sided conoid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Colpodellids (Alveolata) Using Small Subunit Rrna Gene Sequences Suggests They Are the Free-Living Sister Group to Apicomplexans
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 49(6), 2002 pp. 498±504 q 2002 by the Society of Protozoologists The Phylogeny of Colpodellids (Alveolata) Using Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences Suggests They are the Free-living Sister Group to Apicomplexans OLGA N. KUVARDINA,1,b BRIAN S. LEANDER,1,a VLADIMIR V. ALESHIN,b ALEXANDER P. MYL'NIKOV,c PATRICK J. KEELINGa and TIMUR G. SIMDYANOVb aCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada, and bDepartments of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Invertebrate Zoology, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119 899, Russian Federation, and cInstitute for the Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavskaya oblast 152742, Russian Federation ABSTRACT. In an attempt to reconstruct early alveolate evolution, we have examined the phylogenetic position of colpodellids by analyzing small subunit rDNA sequences from Colpodella pontica Myl'nikov 2000 and Colpodella sp. (American Type Culture Col- lection 50594). All phylogenetic analyses grouped the colpodellid sequences together with strong support and placed them strongly within the Alveolata. Most analyses showed colpodellids as the sister group to an apicomplexan clade, albeit with weak support. Sequences from two perkinsids, Perkinsus and Parvilucifera, clustered together and consistently branched as the sister group to dino- ¯agellates as shown previously. These data demonstrate that colpodellids and perkinsids are plesiomorphically similar in morphology and help provide a phylogenetic framework for inferring the combination of character states present in the last common ancestor of dino¯agellates and apicomplexans. We can infer that this ancestor was probably a myzocytotic predator with two heterodynamic ¯agella, micropores, trichocysts, rhoptries, micronemes, a polar ring, and a coiled open-sided conoid.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 52(5), 2005 pp. 399–451 r 2005 by the International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists SINA M. ADL,a ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,a MARK A. FARMER,b ROBERT A. ANDERSEN,c O. ROGER ANDERSON,d JOHN R. BARTA,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f GUY BRUGEROLLE,g ROBERT A. FENSOME,h SUZANNE FREDERICQ,i TIMOTHY Y. JAMES,j SERGEI KARPOV,k PAUL KUGRENS,1 JOHN KRUG,m CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,n LOUISE A. LEWIS,o JEAN LODGE,p DENIS H. LYNN,q DAVID G. MANN,r RICHARD M. MCCOURT,s LEONEL MENDOZA,t ØJVIND MOESTRUP,u SHARON E. MOZLEY-STANDRIDGE,v THOMAS A. NERAD,w CAROL A. SHEARER,x ALEXEY V. SMIRNOV,y FREDERICK W. SPIEGELz and MAX F. J. R. TAYLORaa aDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada, and bCenter for Ultrastructural Research, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA, and cBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA, and dLamont-Dogherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, USA, and eDepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, and fWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA, and gBiologie des Protistes, Universite´ Blaise Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand, F63177 Aubiere cedex, France, and hNatural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006 Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada, and iDepartment of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, USA, and jDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338, USA, and kBiological Faculty, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes
    Published in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59, issue 5, 429-514, 2012 which should be used for any reference to this work 1 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D. MITCHELL,l SHARON E. MOZLEY-STANRIDGE,p LAURA W. PARFREY,q JAN PAWLOWSKI,r SONJA RUECKERT,s LAURA SHADWICK,t CONRAD L. SCHOCH,u ALEXEY SMIRNOVv and FREDERICK W. SPIEGELt aDepartment of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada, and bDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, and cDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA, and dBiology Center and Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic, and eZoology Department, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, and fWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, 12201, USA, and gDepartment of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, and hDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and iDepartment of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and jDepartment of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, 128 43, Praha 2, Czech
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptic Infection of a Broad Taxonomic and Geographic Diversity of Tadpoles by Perkinsea Protists
    Cryptic infection of a broad taxonomic and geographic PNAS PLUS diversity of tadpoles by Perkinsea protists Aurélie Chambouveta,b,1, David J. Gowerb, Miloslav Jirkuc, Michael J. Yabsleyd,e, Andrew K. Davisf, Guy Leonarda, Finlay Maguireb,g, Thomas M. Doherty-Boneb,h,i, Gabriela Bueno Bittencourt-Silvaj, Mark Wilkinsonb, and Thomas A. Richardsa,k,1 aBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; cInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; dWarnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; eSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; fOdum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; gGenetics, Ecology and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; hSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; iSchool of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; jDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and kCIFAR Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8 Edited by Francisco J. Ayala, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved July 6, 2015 (received for review January 5, 2015) The decline of amphibian populations, particularly frogs, is often spherical cells preferentially infecting livers of tadpoles of the cited as an example in support of the claim that Earth is un- Southern Leopard Frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus, formerly dergoing its sixth mass extinction event.
    [Show full text]