DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Civilizations of Central Asia, V. 5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, V. 5 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS Contents PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO 15 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 17 MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (from 1980 to 1993) 20 MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (since 1993) 21 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 22 EDITORS’ NOTE 27 INTRODUCTION 29 1 THE KHANATE (EMIRATE) OF BUKHARA 34 THE SHAYBANIDS .............................. 35 The Kazakhstan steppes and Transoxania in the late fifteenth century . 35 Muhammad Shayban¯ ¯ı .............................. 36 cAbdullah¯ Khan¯ ................................. 42 THE JANIDS (ASTARKHANIDS) ....................... 47 The establishment of Janid (Astarkhanid) power . 47 The Bukhara khanate (1611–47) ........................ 48 THE MANGHITS¯ ................................ 55 The rise of the Mangh¯ıt dynasty ........................ 56 The consolidation of the Mangh¯ıt dynasty ................... 57 The Mangh¯ıt system of government ...................... 62 2 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS 2 THE KHANATES OF KHIVA AND KOKAND AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS 64 THE KHANATE OF KHIVA (KHWARAZM) . 65 The sixteenth century .............................. 65 The seventeenth century ............................. 68 The eighteenth century ............................. 69 The nineteenth century ............................. 70 Russian intervention and European exploration . 72 FERGHANA AND THE KHANATE OF KOKAND . 73 The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ...................... 73 The eighteenth century ............................. 74 The nineteenth century ............................. 76 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS 83 The sixteenth century .............................. 83 The seventeenth century ............................. 85 The eighteenth century and the rise of Nadir¯ Shah¯ . 87 3 THE KAZAKHS 90 Origins of the Kazakhs ............................. 90 Formation of the Kazakh khanate ........................ 91 The Kazakh hordes (zhuzs) ........................... 92 The Kazakh khanate from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century . 94 The Dzungar invasion .............................. 98 Kazakhstan as a part of Russia; the struggle for independence . 99 Herding, farming and urban life . 101 Crafts ...................................... 103 Kazakh military organization and arts . 103 Material and spiritual culture . 105 4 THE KYRGYZ 110 Diffusion of the Kyrgyz tribes . 110 The Tian Shan Kyrgyz ............................. 112 Religion and beliefs of the Kyrgyz . 114 The Kyrgyz in Transoxania and northern Afghanistan . 116 The Kyrgyz in East Turkistan . 116 War against the Dzungar khanate . 117 The Kyrgyz after the fall of the Dzungar khanate . 119 3 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS The northern Kyrgyz in the nineteenth century . 120 Kyrgyz culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . 121 The Russian conquest of Kyrgyzstan . 125 5 THE TURKMENS 127 Origins and early history ............................ 127 The sixteenth century .............................. 129 The seventeenth century ............................. 133 Social structure ................................. 134 The first half of the eighteenth century: Nadir¯ Shah¯ . 135 The second half of the eighteenth century . 136 The nineteenth century ............................. 136 Russian expansion ................................ 137 The Turkmen character and way of life . 137 6 THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS), . 141 HISTORY OF THE DZUNGARS: INTRODUCTORY SURVEY . 142 Origins of the Oirat confederation . 142 The Oirats in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . 143 The Oirats in the early seventeenth century . 144 Khara Khula, the first chief of the Dzungars . 144 The Torguts move to the Volga . 146 Oirat power under Güüshi Khan of the Khoshots and Ba’atur Khongtaiji of the Dzungars ............................... 147 Galdan Boshoghtu, the Dzungar khan . 148 Conflict between the Torgut chief Ayuki and the Dzungar chief Cewang Arabtan 149 Galdan Cering’s reign and the fall of the Dzungar empire . 150 The Torguts’ return to the Ili and subsequent events . 152 THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS) IN CHINA ................................. 153 Torgut migrations towards the northern Tian Shan . 153 The rise and fall of the Dzungar empire . 156 The Torguts’ return from the Volga . 160 The socio-economic and cultural development of the Oirats . 163 THE PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA IN THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES . 175 The western region of southern Siberia . 176 4 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS The middle region of southern Siberia . 177 The eastern region of southern Siberia . 179 7 THE TARIM BASIN 182 The Tarim basin under the Chaghatay khanate . 182 The Tarim basin under the Dzungar empire . 193 The Tarim basin under the Qing . 203 8 THE MONGOLS 210 The Mongol empire and its collapse (late fourteenth to late fifteenth century) . 210 New state-building in Mongolia and the conversion to Buddhism (late fifteenth to early seventeenth century) . 212 The Manchu conquest of Mongolia and the anti-Manchu uprisings (seven- teenth to mid-eighteenth century) . 216 Mongolia and its political status under Qing suzerainty . 222 9 THE PAMIRS BADAKHSHAN AND THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES 227 THE PAMIRS AND BADAKHSHAN . 228 The Pamirs ................................... 228 Badakhshan ................................... 233 THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES . 238 Gilgit ...................................... 240 Nagir and Hunza ................................ 242 Chitral ...................................... 244 The Khushwaqt family of Yasin and Mastuj . 244 Baltistan ..................................... 246 The rajas of Khartaksho, Shigar and Khapalu . 248 10 PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS**See Map 5, p. 925. 250 THE SAFAVIDS (1501–1722) . 251 The birth of an empire and the emergence of present-day Iran . 251 Shah¯ Isma¯c¯ıl (1501–24): the founder of a dynasty based on the Safavid order . 252 Shah¯ Tahmasp¯ I (1524–76): the consolidation of the empire . 253 A decade of upheavals (1576–87) . 256 Shah¯ cAbbas¯ the Great (1587–1629): the rebirth of the empire on a new foun- dation ................................... 257 5 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS The long period of decline (1629–1722) . 261 Anarchy: the fall of the Safavids and the rule of the Ghilzais¯ and Abdalis¯ (1722–9) .................................. 263 THE AFSHARS, A SHORT-LIVED MILITARY EMPIRE (1736–47), AND THE ZAND REGIME (1747–94) . 264 Nadir¯ Shah¯ (1736–47): the last great Asian conqueror . 264 Kar¯ım Khan¯ Zand (1750–79): calm after the storm . 267 THE EARLY QAJARS AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE MODERN WORLD 268 Agh¯ a¯ Muhammad Khan¯ Qaj¯ ar¯ (1795–6): the founder of the dynasty . 269 Fath cAl¯ı Shah¯ (1796–1834): the last ruler from the Thousand and One Nights 270 Muhammad Shah¯ (1834–48): ailing warrior and mild modernizer . 273 11 AFGHANISTAN 276 Towards an Afghan state ............................ 276 The formation of the Afghan state . 283 The fall of the Safavids and the conquest of Persia . 286 The establishment of the Afghan state . 288 12 THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS 302 Political history ................................. 302 The imperial structure .............................. 310 The social and economic framework . 313 High culture ................................... 315 State and religion ................................ 316 Decline of the empire (1707–1857) . 319 Kashmir, Punjab and Sind under the Mughals and their successors . 320 13 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 327 INTER-STATE RELATIONS (c. 1500–1850) . 328 Eastern Central Asia .............................. 328 The Mughal Indian empire and the Uzbeks . 332 The Safavid empire and the Mughals . 334 The nomads and the Transoxanian states . 335 COLONIALISM AND CENTRAL ASIA . 338 The Portuguese Estado da India and Central Asian trade . 338 The seventeenth century: the intrusion of the Companies . 339 Rise of the British colonial empire . 340 6 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 CONTENTS Russian expansion ................................ 342 14 SOCIETY 346 SOCIAL STRUCTURE ............................. 347 Nomadic societies ................................ 347 Sedentary societies ............................... 351 THE STATUS OF WOMEN . 359 Transoxania ................................... 359 Iran ....................................... 364 India ....................................... 370 15 THE ECONOMY. PRODUCTION AND TRADE 377 PRODUCTION ................................. 378 Northern areas (Transoxania and the steppes) . 378 Pastoral production ............................... 378 Geographic conditions ............................. 378 The nomadic economy ............................. 379 Agriculture ................................... 381 Handicrafts ................................... 384 The organization of handicrafts . 385 Individual crafts ................................. 387 Small craft industries .............................. 397 Southern Central Asia .............................. 397 Kashmir ..................................... 398 The Indus plains ................................. 401 The Afghan highlands .............................. 405 Sistan and Khurasan ............................... 408 Balkh and Badakhshan ............................. 410 TRADE ..................................... 412 The pattern of trade ............................... 412 The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . 416 The eighteenth century ............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecophysiology and Genetic Diversity of Hard Maples Indigenous to Eastern North America Rolston St Hilaire Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1998 Ecophysiology and genetic diversity of hard maples indigenous to eastern North America Rolston St Hilaire Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Hilaire, Rolston St, "Ecophysiology and genetic diversity of hard maples indigenous to eastern North America " (1998). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11810. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11810 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UME films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the qualily of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UME a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • Koshymova Aknur the Role of Oghuzes in the VIII-XIII Centuries In
    Koshymova Aknur The role of Oghuzes in the VIII-XIII centuries in the formation of ethno genesis of Turkic peoples ANNOTATION To the dissertation prepared to get PhD degree in “History” – 6D020300 General description of the dissertation. The dissertation paper explores the place of Oghuz in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples in the context of the history of the Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Turks. The relevance of the research. The studied problem reflects one of the topical issues that has a peculiar place both in national history and foreign historiography. Due to the antiquity and deep historical roots of the ethnogenetic process of the formation of the late Turkic peoples, the researchers recognized the direct involvement of the Oghuz clans and tribes in the history of the Kazakhs. During the study of the ethnogenesis of a single Turkic people, the process of its formation, development paths and features, you can see how great the role of migration and assimilation processes in the content of ethnic mixing of the autochthonous population and alien tribes, which determined the future ethnic composition, language, culture, and this circumstance allows us to consider this factor as the leading one. Therefore, the history of the Oghuz-speaking peoples who inhabited Central and Asia Minor, the Caucasus, from a modern point of view, must be investigated in close connection with the history of the Kazakh people, which makes it possible to obtain valuable scientific results. The history of the Oghuz originating in the VIII century from the territories of the Mongolian plateau and the northeastern part of modern Kazakhstan, which as a result of mass movements occupied the Syrdarya valley, then the territory of modern Turkmenistan, then Azerbaijan and Anatolia, which led to dramatic changes in ethnic processes in these regions, it is necessary to consider taking into account the historical and genetic continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries)
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 8; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries) Galiya Iskakova1, Talas Omarbekov1 & Ahmet Tashagil2 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology, Kazakhstan 2 Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Faculty of Science, Turkey Correspondence: Galiya Iskakova, al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan. Received: November 27, 2014 Accepted: December 10, 2014 Online Published: March 20, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 Abstract The article aims to consider world vision of medieval (VI-IX centuries) Turkic tribes on nature and human being and the issues, which impact on the emergence of their world image on nature, human being as well as their perceptions in this case. In this regard, the paper analyzes the concepts on territory, borders and bound in the Turks` society, the indicator of the boundaries for Turkic tribes and the way of expression the world concept on nature and human being of above stated nations. The research findings show that Turks as their descendants Kazakhs had a distinctive vision on environment and the relationship between human being and nature. Human being and nature were conceived as a single organism. Relationship of Turkic mythic outlook with real historical tradition and a particular geographical location captures the scale of the era of the birth of new cultural schemes. It was reflected in the various historical monuments, which characterizes the Turkic civilization as a complex system.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia: Confronting Independence
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY UNLOCKING THE ASSETS: ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – APRIL 1998 CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE Introduction After the euphoria of gaining independence settles down, the elites of each new sovereign country inevitably stumble upon the challenges of building a viable state. The inexperienced governments soon venture into unfamiliar territory when they have to formulate foreign policy or when they try to forge beneficial economic ties with foreign investors. What often proves especially difficult is the process of redefining the new country's relationship with its old colonial ruler or federation partners. In addition to these often-encountered hurdles, the newly independent states of Central Asia-- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-- have faced a host of particular challenges. Some of these emanate from the Soviet legacy, others--from the ethnic and social fabric of each individual polity. Yet another group stems from the peculiarities of intra- regional dynamics. Finally, the fledgling states have been struggling to step out of their traditional isolation and build relations with states outside of their neighborhood. This paper seeks to offer an overview of all the challenges that the Central Asian countries have confronted in the process of consolidating their sovereignty. The Soviet Legacy and the Ensuing Internal Challenges What best distinguishes the birth of the Central Asian states from that of any other sovereign country is the incredible weakness of pro-independence movements throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Editorial Board
    https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.76.kazakh FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD KAZAKH DIASPORA IN KYRGYZSTAN: HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND ETHNOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES Bibiziya Kalshabayeva Professor, Department of History, Archeology and Ethnology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Gulnara Dadabayeva Associate Professor, KIMEP University Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Dauren Eskekbaev Associate Professor, Almaty University of Management Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Abstract: The article focuses on the most significant stages of the formation of the Kazakh diaspora in the Kyrgyz Republic, to point out what reasons contributed to the rugged Kazakh migration process in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and how it affected the forms and types of their settlements (compact or disperse). The researched issues also include the identification of factors provoked by humans and the state to launch these migrations. Surprisingly enough, opposite to the claims made by independent Kazakhstan leadership in the early 2000s, the number of Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan wishing to become repatriates to their native country is still far from the desired. Thus the article is an attempt to find out what reasons and factors influence the Kazakh residents’ desire to stay in the neighboring country as a minority. To provide the answer, the authors analyzed the dynamics of statistical variations in the number of migrants and the reasons of these changes. The other key point in tracing what characteristic features separate Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan and their kinsmen in Kazakhstan is the archival data, statistical, historical, and field sources, which provide a systematic overview of the largely unstudied pages of the history of the Kazakh diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia in Xuanzang's Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western
    Recording the West: Central Asia in Xuanzang’s Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Laura Pearce Graduate Program in East Asian Studies Ohio State University 2018 Committee: Morgan Liu (Advisor), Ying Zhang, and Mark Bender Copyrighted by Laura Elizabeth Pearce 2018 Abstract In 626 C.E., the Buddhist monk Xuanzang left the Tang Empire for India in a quest to deepen his religious understanding. In order to reach India, and in order to return, Xuanzang journeyed through areas in what is now called Central Asia. After he came home to China in 645 C.E., his work included writing an account of the countries he had visited: The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions (Da Tang Xi You Ji 大唐西域記). The book is not a narrative travelogue, but rather presented as a collection of facts about the various countries he visited. Nevertheless, the Record is full of moral judgments, both stated and implied. Xuanzang’s judgment was frequently connected both to his Buddhist beliefs and a conviction that China represented the pinnacle of culture and good governance. Xuanzang’s portrayal of Central Asia at a crucial time when the Tang Empire was expanding westward is both inclusive and marginalizing, shaped by the overall framing of Central Asia in the Record and by the selection of local legends from individual nations. The tension in the Record between Buddhist concerns and secular political ones, and between an inclusive worldview and one centered on certain locations, creates an approach to Central Asia unlike that of many similar sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 247 April, 2014 The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions by Yu Taishan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement of Kazakhs in China in the 20-30S of the XX Century
    Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana ISSN: 1315-5216 ISSN: 2477-9555 [email protected] Universidad del Zulia Venezuela Resettlement of Kazakhs in China in the 20-30s of The XX Century MEIR YESKENDIROV, MEIR; TOKISHKADYROV, BOTABEK; BAYSSARINA, KYMBAT; IBRAYEMOVA, MAIRA Resettlement of Kazakhs in China in the 20-30s of The XX Century Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, vol. 25, no. Esp.10, 2020 Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27964799044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4155765 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 2020, vol. 25, no. Esp.10, Noviembre, ISSN: 1315-5216 2477-9555 Artículos Resettlement of Kazakhs in China in the 20-30s of e XX Century Reasentamiento de kazajos en China en los años 20-30 del siglo XX MEIR MEIR YESKENDIROV DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4155765 Shakarim University of Semey, Kazajistán Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=27964799044 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-6342 BOTABEK TOKISHKADYROV Shakarim University of Semey, Kazajistán [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-1590 KYMBAT BAYSSARINA Shakarim University of Semey, Kazajistán [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1711-8294 MAIRA IBRAYEMOVA Shakarim University of Semey, Kazajistán [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-5505 Received: 28 August 2020 Accepted: 29 October 2020 Abstract: is article describes the historical aspects of the resettlement of Kazakhs from eastern Kazakhstan in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Historian Su Beihai's Manuscript About the History Of
    UDC 908 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2020. Т. 12. Вып. 4 Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis* T. Z. Kaiyrken, D. A. Makhat, A. Kadyskyzy L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2, ul. Satpayeva, Nur-Sultan, 010008, Kazakhstan For citation: Kaiyrken T. Z., Makhat D. A., Kadyskyzy A. Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2020, vol. 12, issue 4, pp. 556–572. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.406 The article analyses the research work of Chinese scientist Su Beihai on Kazakh history, one of the oldest nationalities in Eurasia. This work has been preserved as a manuscript and its main merit is the study of Kazakh history from early times to the present. Moreover, it shows Chinese scientists’ attitude to Kazakh history. Su Beihai’s scientific analysis was writ- ten in the late 1980s in China. At that time, Kazakhstan was not yet an independent country. Su Beihai drew on various works, on his distant expedition materials and demonstrated with facts that Kazakh people living in their modern settlements have a 2,500-year history. Although the book was written in accordance with the principles of Chinese communist historiography, Chinese censorship prevented its publication. Today, Kazakh scientists are approaching the end of their study and translation of Su Beihai’s manuscript. Therefore, the article first analyses the most important and innovative aspects of this work for Kazakh history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mongols in Iran
    chapter 10 THE MONGOLS IN IRAN george e. lane Iran was dramatically brought into the Mongol sphere of infl uence toward the end of the second decade of the thirteenth century. As well as the initial traumatic mili- tary incursions, Iran also experienced the start of prolonged martial rule, followed later by the domination and rule of the Mongol Ilkhans. However, what began as a brutal and vindictive invasion and occupation developed into a benign and cultur- ally and economically fl ourishing period of unity and strength. The Mongol period in Iranian history provokes controversy and debate to this day. From the horrors of the initial bloody irruptions, when the fi rst Mongol-led armies rampaged across northern Iran, to the glory days of the Ilkhanate-Yuan axis, when the Mongol- dominated Persian and Chinese courts dazzled the world, the Mongol infl uence on Iran of this turbulent period was profound. The Mongols not only affected Iran and southwestern Asia but they also had a devastating effect on eastern Asia, Europe, and even North Africa. In many parts of the world, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas in particular, the Mongols’ name has since become synonymous with murder, massacre, and marauding may- hem. They became known as Tatars or Tartars in Europe and Western Asia for two reasons. Firstly, until Genghis Khan destroyed their dominance, the Tatars were the largest and most powerful of the Turco-Mongol tribes. And secondly, in Latin Tartarus meant hell and these tribes were believed to have issued from the depths of Hades. Their advent has been portrayed as a bloody “bolt from the blue” that left a trail of destruction, death, and horrifi ed grief in its wake.
    [Show full text]