Report to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor General Fatality Inquiries Act

Home , Calgary Police Service, Delta Police Department, Stephen Cook

Public Fatality Inquiry

WHEREAS a Public Inquiry was held at the Calgary Courts Centre, 601 - 5th Street S.W. in the City of Calgary , in the Province of Alberta, (City, Town or Village) (Name of City, Town, Village) on the 16, 17, 18 and 19 day of December , 2013 , (and by adjournment year on the day of , ), year before Harry M. Van Harten , a Provincial Court Judge, into the death of Corwin Allan PEEACE (Name in Full) (Age) of 260 Erin Meadows Close S.E. Calgary, Alberta and the following findings were made: (Residence)

Date and Time of Death: June 10, 2011 at 20:14 hours

Place: 260 Erin Meadows Close S.E. Calgary, Alberta

Medical Cause of Death: (“cause of death” means the medical cause of death according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death as last revised by the International Conference assembled for that purpose and published by the World Health Organization – The Fatality Inquiries Act, Section 1(d)).

Gunshot Wounds of the Chest

Manner of Death: (“manner of death” means the mode or method of death whether natural, homicidal, suicidal, accidental, unclassifiable or undeterminable – The Fatality Inquiries Act, Section 1(h)).

Victim – Precipitated Homicide (Suicide)

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Circumstances under which Death occurred: In troduction

[1] This Fatality Inquiry investigated the circumstances surrounding the shooting of the deceased, Corwin Allan Peeace, by Cst. Stephen Cook, a member of the Calgary Police Service. The shooting occurred at Mr. Peeace's residence on June 10, 2011 and he was declared dead at the scene.

[2] Counsel represented Cst. Cook who was a primary witness at this inquiry. Counsel represented the Calgary Police Service, which was granted standing at this inquiry in an application made July 17, 2013.

[3] Under the Fatality Inquiries Act, family members have standing, which was confirmed the same day to Vanessa Severight, the deceased's common-law partner, and Stella Peeace, the deceased's mother. Neither Ms. Severight nor Ms. Peeace were represented by counsel and neither attended the entirety of the hearing which took place over two periods of time totaling five days. Each, however, was provided with a copy of the materials tendered at the Inquiry, was made aware of the right to be represented by counsel and was given the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses and make final representations.

Facts

[4] The events that immediately preceded Corwin Peeace's death happened very quickly. At 19:48 hours, Vanessa Severight placed a 911 call to the Calgary Police Service. The call was recorded. It ended at 19:57 hours, some nine minutes later. By then, Cst. Cook had fired the four shots which resulted in Mr. Peeace's death. A transcript of the call is contained in the Alberta Serious Incident Response Team’s (“ASIRT”) Final Report created as a result of its investigation of this case.

[5] In the recording, Mr. Peeace is heard to say "Today is the day I die" on three separate occasions. He states that he is "not going back to jail" and that if the police didn't "take him out'', he would take them out. He also purports to divide his residential school settlement proceeds between his children and Ms. Severight and he calls occupants of the residence to him in order to say goodbye.

[6] The 911 transcript is supplemented by the Computer Aided Dispatch ("CAD") records and the voice dispatch recordings. These reflect the communications between the 911 call-taker and the dispatched police officers, in particular Cst. Cook. Heard and read together, the following conclusions can be made.

[7] The police were responding to a high priority "check on the welfare" of the caller, Ms. Severight. Cst. Cook and his partner arrived at the residence within five minutes of the commencement of the call. The caller was speaking quietly and it was not clear as to whether she could leave the residence. Mr. Peeace was identified as the "offender waiting at the door." Cst. Cook had read part of the CAD dispatch enroute to the residence. When he approached the house on foot, Cst. Cook could hear "raised voices inside." Moments later, Cst. Cook reported that Mr. Peeace had been shot down and asked for Emergency Medical Services ("EMS") and police back up units.

[8] Cst. Cook testified that he traveled to the residence with his emergency equipment activated. He learned from reading the CAD that the 911 caller couldn't speak freely and that a male in the house was saying "You are going to die today" (emphasis added). As he arrived at the

LS0338 (2014/05) Report – Page 3 of 6 residence, Cst. Cook switched from the CAD to a map on his in-car computer and deactivated his siren.

[9] As he approached the front door, Cst. Cook could hear two males and a female arguing. One of the males' voices was overpowering. He tried the door. It was locked. He announced himself as "City Police." The voices stopped. The door was opened a quarter of the way. Cst. Cook saw a young female holding a house telephone, looking terrified. He asked, "What's going on?" There was no answer and the door was closed.

[10] Cst. Cook then stepped back and drew his service pistol. He kicked at the door and when it opened he saw Mr. Peeace holding a knife over the young female from behind the door. He kicked the door a second time and it opened fully. He formed the impression that Mr. Peeace was going to stab the female and therefore commencing firing at the Mr. Peeace's centre mass. He fired four shots in rapid succession and ceased firing when he saw Mr. Peeace fall to the floor. Five to six seconds later, he reported the shooting over his radio and asked for EMS and police back-up.

[11] As stated earlier, this incident was thoroughly investigated by the ASIRT which is charged under a. 46.1 of the Alberta Police Act with investigating sensitive cases involving police services including, as in this case, police officer shootings.

[12] While the ASIRT procedure is sometimes the subject of public comment because of concerns that it constitutes "the police investigating the police," it is generally acknowledged that its investigative resources are superior. In this case, the ASIRT investigation commenced the same day of the incident and resulted in a detailed report dated October 5, 2011. The report was part of Exhibit l, three binders of documents and photographs which were entered into evidence at the December 16, 2013 commencement of this Inquiry. The report was discussed in testimony by the primary investigator Kevin Kunetzski, the first witness called at the Inquiry.

[13] The ASIRT report addresses the concerns about this incident raised by Mr. Peeace’s family members who were interviewed as part of the ASIRT investigation. As noted above, while the family members with standing did not attend all parts of the hearing, their questions of the witnesses and their submissions reflected two concerns which can be summarized this way:

i) Because of Cst. Cook's attendance at the Peeace residence in February, 2010 (as a result of Ms. Severight calling for police assistance) during which Cst. Cook deployed his Taser on Mr. Peeace, Cst. Cook "had it in" for Mr. Peeace and his June 10, 2011, attendance provided an opportunity.

ii) After the shooting, Cst. Cook did not immediately attend to Mr. Peeace's injuries and Mr. Peeace's death may have resulted from delayed first aid.

The February 2010 Incident

[14] On February 28, 2010, Vanessa Severight called the Calgary Police Service complaining that Mr. Peeace had struck her on the arm. At the time, it was the 15th domestic violence complaint involving Mr. Peeace that had been made to the Calgary Police Service.

[15] Cst. Cook was one of the police officers who responded to the call and attended at 260 Erin Meadow Close SE. Mr. Peeace, heavily intoxicated, had to be roused from sleep by police officers who were effecting his arrest. He assaulted Cst. Cook who ultimately deployed his Taser in

LS0338 (2014/05) Report – Page 4 of 6 attempting to control Mr. Peeace. The charges against Mr. Peeace were eventually resolved by his entering into a recognizance under s. 810 of the Criminal Code.

[16] Cst. Cook testified at this Inquiry that when he approached the residence at 260 Erin Meadow Close SE on June 10, 2011, he remembered having previously been at that residence but had no recollection of whom he'd dealt with on that occasion. Further, he stated that he was some distance away (CPS records of his vehicle location show that he was seven kilometers away) from the residence when he responded to the June 10, 2011 call.

[17] Therefore, the suggestion that Cst. Cook was addressing some personal grudge against Mr. Peeace on June 10, 2011 is entirely without merit.

The Call for Emergency Response

[18] As noted above, the 911 call transcript, the CAD record and the radio transmission transcript clearly indicate that five to six seconds after Cst. Cook fired his fourth round at Mr. Peeace, he reported the shooting and asked for EMS and police back-up. He testified that he did not personally attend to Mr. Peeace because, first, he was concerned for the well-being of the other occupants of the residence and, second, based on his experience as a trained paramedic, he surmised that Mr. Peeace's injuries were likely fatal. Thus he left Mr. Peeace's care to the persons whose assistance he'd immediately requested.

[19] Therefore, the suggestion that Mr. Peeace's death may have been caused by Cst. Cook's delay in calling for or administering first aid is, again, entirely without merit.

Could Mr. Peeace's Death Otherwise Have Been Prevented?

[20] This Inquiry received, by consent, Dr. Rick Parent's March 26, 2014 Report and opinion about this case without the need for his testimony (Exhibit. 4). Dr. Parent is an expert, able to give opinion evidence on the police use of force. His report in this case includes a description of the National Use of Force Framework used by police services across Canada and is attached as Appendix "A" to this report.

[21] None of the parties to this Inquiry challenged Dr. Parent's conclusions which are as follows: 2. Conclusions:

It is my opinion that the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook on June 10, 2011 were consistent with the National Use of Force Framework used by police in Canada, including the Province of Alberta.

It is also my opinion that the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook on June I 0, 2011 were consistent with the police practices and tactics used in Canada, including the Province of Alberta. Finally, it is my opinion that the circumstances of this incident are characteristic of a victim- precipitated suicide (homicide). Corwin Peeace made a conscious choice to end his life, engaging in a series of calculated events that were certain to cause him bodily harm or death. While he was confrontational and threatening, he was also suicidal. There were opportunities for Corwin Peeace to alter the course of events that ultimately occurred. Instead, Corwin Peeace orchestrated a deadly force response by police personnel. It is my opinion that he deliberately LS0338 (2014/05) Report – Page 5 of 6

brought about the final events that resulted in his demise. Although the final outcome of this incident was tragic for Mr. Corwin Allan Peeace, and his death resulted, it is important to emphasize that Peeace's actions and behavior resulted in the police use of force. Unfortunately, there were no other viable force options that could have been used by Cst. Cook, other than the use of lethal force, when the officer perceived that Mr. Peeace was about to immediately inflict death or grievous bodily harm upon a female (Cheyenne Peeace) that was nearby, as he held a knife as a weapon.

[22] Dr. Parent's conclusions are complemented by the evidence of Inspector Christopher Butler, who was a Use of Force Review Officer at the time of the February 28, 2010 incident in which Cst. Cook deployed his Taser on Mr. Peeace. He is also a Use of Force trainer for new police recruits.

[23] His evidence was that Cst. Cook followed his use of force training in his June 10, 2011 shooting of Mr. Peeace. Insp. Butler described that basic parameters of police use of lethal force, particularly when, as in this case, an officer is confronted at close quarters by a person armed with an edged weapon. Cst. Cook did exactly as he had been trained to do.

[24] Insp. Butler also commented on the nature of the CAD and radio communications in this case. Referring to the CAD information that Mr. Peeace was reported saying that "You are gonna die today" rather than "I" or "Someone" is "gonna" die today, Insp. Butler testified:

Basically (Mr. Peeace) was giving lots of verbal cues that there was an impending confrontation that he was preparing for with the police. None of that was broadcast to the responding officers which is critical because as they're responding, that's when we do our risk assessments which is always ongoing. Things change so quickly ... Now had those comments been broadcast over the air there's a possibility that the response to the house might have been different than the way it played out.

[25] Later, Insp. Butler explained that the Public Safety Communications section had conducted its own internal review of the CAD and radio communications process in this case. He testified

The disconnect was between what was actually being said on the phone (by Mr. Peeace) in the Communications Section and the lack of timeliness and accuracy of that information getting to the officers. They've done a lot of work in correcting that on the communications side and I just think that this is a never ending thing where we need to continue to enhance that level of training and ability to do that because the reality is police tactics are based one hundred percent on intelligence. Intelligence drives tactics and public safety and officer safety hinges on the accuracy and timeliness of intelligence

[26] Nevertheless, even had what Mr. Peeace was saying in the background of the 911 call been accurately conveyed to Cst. Cook in a timely fashion, Mr. Peeace's death could not likely have been prevented. Even if Cst. Cook had known the Mr. Peeace was predicting his own death at the hands of police, his actions were dictated by the use of force guidelines. Particularly, Mr. Peeace was armed, at close quarters to Cst. Cook and in the presence of other occupants of the house, one of whom

LS0338 (2014/05) Report – Page 6 of 6 appeared to be in direct danger of being stabbed. In order to protect a member of the public and himself, Cst. Cook was obliged to use lethal force in the manner that he did.

[27] Therefore, Mr. Peeace's death could not otherwise have been prevented.

Recommendations for the prevention of similar deaths:

[28] This Inquiry makes two recommendations, each of which has already largely been implemented. First, emergency call-takers need to be trained in the early identification of situations in which a person may be precipitating a homicide-by-police. That information needs to be communicated immediately to responding police officers. As noted above, had that been done in this case, the outcome would not likely have been different, given the number of occupants in the residence and the fact that Mr. Peeace had armed himself. In hindsight, Mr. Peeace was perhaps not an immediate threat to the other occupants of the residence, leaving the possibility but not the likelihood that, for example, if the other occupants could have left the residence, Mr. Peeace's demise might have been prevented.

[29] Second, police officers need to be continually trained in the area of victim perpetrated homicide, particularly in the factors described by Dr. Parent and Insp. Butler that characterize many of these situations. While it is difficult to say how Cst. Cook could have acted differently than he did, continual training in this area might present a wider variety of options in defusing situations like this in future cases.

Recommendations for the prevention of similar deaths:

1) Train emergency call-takers to identify early situations in which a person may be precipitating a homicide-by-police.

2) Organize continuing education and awareness training for police officers about victim precipitated homicide.

DATED March 23, 2015 ,

at Calgary , Alberta. Harry M. Van HartenH. M. Van Harten A Judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta

LS0338 (2014/05) Fatality Inquiry of Corwin Allen Peeace Addendum: Use of Exhibits in Fatality Inquiry Reports

[1] An initial draft of this report was to be released January 8, 2015. ASIRT’s Executive Director and Counsel, Susan D.Hughson, Q.C. wrote to the Inquiry on January 7, 2015 expressing concerns that the ASIRT Final Report was attached to this report as an Appendix. She requested that it be removed. The report was, therefore, not released and ASIRT was invited, on filing a motion, to express its concerns on the record.

[2] ASIRT made submissions on March 19, 2015. It urged that its Final Reports contain sensitive information that might violate the privacy interests of persons not party to the Inquiry. In this case, that included medical histories and home addresses of certain individuals and the identity of witnesses under the age of minority. The Final Report also included the history of dealings with other police services by members of the deceased’s extended family. Finally, the Final Report contains much information not relevant to the issues before this Inquiry.

[3] ASIRT submitted that this Inquiry should treat the Final Report in a manner consistent with the interpretation of s. 40.1(2) of the Fatality Inquiries Act given by Ayotte, J. in Re: Ostopovich and Galloway, an uncited decision dated November 25, 2005 and given at Stony Plain, Alberta.

S. 40.1(1) provides that: Subject to subsection (2), no person other than the judge, counsel appointed under section 35.1 and the persons referred to in section 49(2) have a right to examine evidence at a public fatality inquiry.

(2) The judge may permit a person a person other than a person referred to in subsection (1) to examine evidence at a public fatality inquiry if the judge is satisfied that doing so would be consistent with the purposes of the inquiry and that there is no significant private or public interest reason why the person should not examine the evidence.

[4] In that case, the media sought a copy of one of the exhibits filed at a fatality inquiry. The applicant agreed to abide by any restrictions on its use that the judge might impose. In denying the application, Ayotte, J. noted that word “examine” in s. 40.1 is more restrictive than the term “access.” “Access” to exhibits has a broader meaning and has been considered in judicial decisions in a variety of contexts. However, the media’s application even to just “examine” the exhibit did not fall within the restrictive purposes found in s. 40.1(2), namely “that it was consistent with the purposes of the inquiry” and “that there was no significant private or public interest to deny an examination.”

[5] Essentially, ASIRT’s position is that making the Final Report public by attaching it to the Inquiry report (that being so because Inquiry reports are posted on the Internet) would affect significant private interests. As well, a public interest would be negatively affected, here the ability of ASIRT to conduct the thorough investigations it is charged to carry out. That ability often depends on obtaining the compelled statements of police officers and accepting materials from relevant sources on trust conditions that they not be disclosed.

[6] Finally, members of the public can apply for access to Final Reports under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. A response to any so-called “FOIPP application” can then be properly vetted to protect the information that may negatively affect private or public interests. [7] Counsel for the police officer whose conduct was the focus of this Inquiry made submissions on this application by letter. He suggested that the exhibits be treated akin to Crown disclosure in a criminal case. Whether that is so, it need not be decided on this application.

[8] He also suggested that an ASIRT Final Report would need “vetting” to protect “confidential informants, confidential police techniques and solicitor-client privilege.” The last of these points is marginally applicable to this case but the first two are not at issue in this Inquiry. However, the position is thematically similar to that taken by ASIRT: public release of an unvetted Final Report could have negative effects on private and public interests.

[9] Counsel for the Inquiry and the Calgary Police Service appeared for the hearing of this application and essentially took no position. The members of the deceased’s family who had standing at this Inquiry were served with notice of this application and did not appear.

[10] This Inquiry accepts the reasoned request made by ASIRT and finds Ayotte, J.’s interpretation of s. 40.1 to be correct and persuasive. Therefore, while this report makes extensive reference to it, the ASIRT Final Report is not attached.

Heard on the 19th day of March 2015. Dated at Calgary, Alberta this 23rd day of March 2015.

______

H. M. Van Harten A Judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta Report - Page 7 of 134

APPENDIX "A"

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Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry: Alberta Justice and Solicitor General File #: F21-1Peeace

The Opinion of Rick Parent, Ph.D.

March 26, 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Opinion Requested 1

Conclusions 2

Experience and Expert Qualifications 2

Statement of Facts 3

Police Use of Force - Decision Making and Force Options 3

The Dynamics of Violence Within Relationships 8

Police Firearms and the Use of Deadly Force 9

Victim-Precipitated Homicide and "Suicide by Cop" 11

Analysis of the Events: June 10, 2011 15

Conclusion: The Behaviour of Corwin Peeace 20

The Use of Force by Cst Cook 21

Certification as an Expert Witness 22

References 23

Appendices:

A. Qualifications

B. Curriculum Vitae

C. Selected Expert Opinions and Testimonies

Additional Appendices:

1. Suicide by Cop in North America: Victim Precipitated Homicide - FBIAcademy

2. Suicide by Cop - Harvard Study

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3. Suicide by Cop Among Officer-Involved Shooting Cases

4. Suicide by Proxy: Revisiting the Problem of Suicide by Cop

5. Suicide by Cop: Victim Precipitated Homicide - Police Chief

6. Suicide by Means of Victim-Precipitated Homicide - Wolfgang

7. Victim-Precipitated Homicide: William E. Foote

8. Victim-Precipitated Homicide: Police Use of Deadly Force in British Columbia

9. Criticallncident Stress: The Personal Impact of a Police Shooting Incident

10. National Use of Force Framework - Report

11. National Use of Force Framework - Model

iii

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Corwin AI/an Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

RICK PARENT, Ph.D. c/o Simon Fraser University School of Criminology: Police Studies 250-13450102 Avenue Surrey, B.C. V3TOA3

Telephone: 778-782-8421 Facsimile: 778-782-4712 Email: [email protected]

March 26,2014

Wilma Shim Alberta Justice and Solicitor General Civil Law Branch - Calgary 1710,639 - 5 Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta T2POM9

Dear Ms. Shim;

Re: Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry

1. Opinion Requested:

In your letter dated January 31, 2014, you asked me to address the following questions.

• Were the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook consistent with:

(a) The National Use of Force Framework used by police in Alberta, including the Calgary Police,

(b) Police practices and tactics used in Canada / Province of Alberta? Please explain your answer.

• Do the circumstances of this case pertain to the issue of victim precipitated suicide (homicide)?

a) Explain and comment accordingly.

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Corwin AI/an Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

2. Conclusions:

It is my opinion that the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook on June 10, 2011 were consistent with the National Use of Force Framework used by police in Canada, including the province of Alberta.

It is also my opinion that the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook on June 10, 2011 were consistent with police practices and tactics used in Canada, including the Province of Alberta.

Finally, it is my opinion that the circumstances of this incident are characteristic of a victim-precipitated suicide (homicide). Corwin Peeace made a conscious choice to end his life, engaging in a series of calculated events that were certain to cause him bodily harm or death. While he was confrontational and threatening, he was also suicidal. There were opportunities for Corwin Peeace to alter the course of events that ultimately occurred. Instead, Corwin Peeace orchestrated a deadly force response by police personnel. It is my opinion that he deliberately brought about the final events that resulted in his demise.

Although the final outcome of this incident was tragic for Mr. Corwin Allan Peeace, and his death resulted, it is important to emphasize that Mr. Peeace's actions and behaviour resulted in the police use of force. Unfortunately, there were no other viable force options that could have been used by Cst. Cook, other than the use of lethal force, when the officer perceived that Mr. Peeace was about to immediately inflict death or grievous bodily harm upon a female (Cheyenne Peeace) that was nearby, as he held a knife as a weapon.

3. Experience and Expert Qualifications:

• My qualifications as an expert witness are contained within Appendix "A" of this report.

• My curriculum vitae setting out my experience as a university professor and a police officer is contained within Appendix "B" of this report.

• A list of selected expert opinions and trial testimonies are contained within Appendix "C" of this report.

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Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

4. Statement of Fads:

For the purpose of providing my opinion, I have made factual assumptions based upon the exhibits (documents / CD's) contained within a large binder that have been provided to me by Ms. Wilma Shim.

• The detailed exhibits (documents / CD's) that have provided to me are outlined within the "Exhibit Index" that is at the rear of this report, immediately following the Reference page.

• In addition to the list of documents noted on the "Exhibit Index", I have also received and reviewed the transcript of Cst. Cook and Inspector Butler.

5. Police Use of Force - Decision Making and Force Options:

In Canada, a National Use of Force Framework outlines the process by which police officers are trained to assess a situation and then act in a reasonable manner, ensuring officer and public safety. The National Use of Force Framework is endorsed by the Canadian Association Chiefs of Police as well as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) and other Canadian Police agencies. The National Use of Force Framework serves as the governing model for all police personnel in Canada and includes the province of Alberta. Prior to reacting to any situation with the application of force, a police officer is required to evaluate the incident. Through analysis of all of the information known, a police officer will attempt to select the most appropriate use of force response. This process requires the officer to first assess the situation, then to act in a reasonable manner, to ensure officer safety and public safety (C.A.c.P., 2000). When police officers find themselves facing a violent individual or superior numbers, the level of potential danger is increased significantly. As a result, the police officer must quickly disable the attacker(s) and improve the likelihood of control. In these instances, compliance tools such as pepper spray and impact weapons may provide the necessary means for the police officer to control the situation. When a police officer determines that physical force is necessary to establish control, the officer must compare his or her own physical abilities with those that are exhibited by the subject. Since there is no field test by which an officer can "measure" their subject, a visual evaluation occurs. Factors that will contribute to the police officer's assessment of the subject include the individual's size, gender, demonstrated skills, muscular development and age. In conducting this rapid field assessment, the officer will compare their potential for achieving

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COf'Nin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

control vs. the subject's potential to resist. A process will occur by which the officer assesses, plans and responds to the situation that is threatening public and police officer safety. This process is dynamic and evolving until the situation is brought under control (C.A.c.P., 2000).

Demonstrated Threat

Individuals whom police confront can demonstrate various levels of potential danger. These dangers are typically in the form of weapons, levels of resistance and other factors. When dealing with weapons, both the type of weapon and the manner in which it is carried or held can influence an officer's perception of potential danger. The dangers associated with levels of resistance can quickly change within the context of any particular incident, and as such, police must be alert to all possibilities.

Levels of resistance can be broken down into six distinct categories: 1. Non-verbal intimidation - Gestures and facial expressions that present an aggressive position.

2. Verbal non-compliance - Threats, arguments, or refusal to obey a lawful request.

3. Passiue resistance - Dead weight, linked arms, sit-ins, etc.

4. Defensive resistance - Physical actions that impede the police officer.

5. Active aggression - Actual assault upon the officer(s) by way of punching or kicking.

6. Deadly force assault - Active aggression that places the officer(s) at risk of death or grievous bodily harm. Includes, but not limited to, assaults with various types of weapons.

The National Use of Force Framework Model

The National Use of Force Framework Model provides a flowing illustration of the behaviour that the police will observe as well as the levels of resistance that police may confront. Individuals interacting with the police may be cooperative, resistive (eliciting passive or active resistance) or assaultive (from minor assaults to grievous bodily harm and death). The level of police use of force will be in response to the individual's behaviour and levels of resistance.

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Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

For example, if an individual is cooperative the police officer will respond with communication and presence. If an individual is assaultive, the police officer will respond with physical control. It is important to emphasize that an individual's behaviour and level of resistance are often dynamic and changing during this interaction process. For example, an individual may initially be cooperative but upon learning that they are under arrest may become assaultive. However, as the police officer applies physical control the individual may lower their aggression to passive resistance. Finally, upon being handcuffed the individual may become cooperative. Thus, the National Use of Force Framework Model provides a depiction of the "elevator" of behaviour, resistance and police use of force that typically occurs; moving up and down in response to the changing and dynamic nature of a given situation.

National Use of Force Framework

'IhI' o1ftctH continuoualy iliseasel the !Situation and acts in - reolonabte manner to enaure officer end p~1bIJosafety.

Levels of Response

Individuals often have no control over the situation(s) they might face. However, some control can occur by exercising an appropriate level of response. These responses include five distinct force options that are available to all individuals; not only police personnel.

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Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

• Presence: The mere presence of an individual may alter the behaviour of the participants at an altercation, thereby facilitating control. • Dialogue: Verbal and non-verbal communication skills may resolve the conflict and result in voluntary compliance. • Empty Hands: Physical force issued to gain control. • Compliance Tools: Empty hands are insufficient to gain control, and as a result, equipment or weapons must be used. • Deadly Force: The situation requires complete incapacitation of the subject in order to gain control. As a result, deadly force is the only option available to reduce the lethal-threat.

Included within the five basic force options there are eight progressive use of force response levels that are available to police in North America.

1. Presence 2. Dialogue 3. Empty Hand Compliance 4. Aerosol Irritants 5. Empty Hand Impact 6. Impact Weapon 7. Lateral Neck Restraint 8. Deadly Force

RCMP Incident Management Intervention Model Based upon, and within the National Use of Force Framework, the RCMP developed their own use of force continuum named the "Incident Management / Intervention Model. The Incident Management / Intervention Model, contains written and visual information guiding RCMP personnel during intervention and the application of force.

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Corwin Allan Peeace - Public Fatality Inquiry The Opinion of Dr. R. Parent

Incident Management Intervention Model

Source: Royal Mounted Canadian Police. (2009).Incident Management IIntervention Model. Retrieved 02-18-2014from: http://www.rcmp-~c.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca!cew-ailimim-migi-eng.htm

The Incident Management Intervention Model and the National Use of Framework Model, that it is based upon, are essentially the same. One feature of the RCMP model that is distinctive is the final tactical repositioning step that represents the ability for the RCMP officer to change his or her tactics to a tactical advantage. The National Use of Force Framework and the RCMP Incident Management/ Intervention Model serve to help understand and explain the use of force by the police. In summary, the Force Options approach to police use of force is the foundation of most police training within Canada and the United States of America (J.I.B.C.,1992; Johnston and McKay, 1996; c.x.cr, 2000; RCMP, 2009). It serves as a Use of Force Model, providing an objective and professional approach in explaining how and why police use force in their day-to-day activities. It also provides police administrators and judicial review personnel with an objective framework in which to analyze use of force situations. Importantly, this Force Options approach also provides a practical guideline for veteran and recruit police personnel, regardless of their experience. All police personnel are provided with a working model that clearly outlines the course of action to take in use of force situations. It also allows police officers to explain, within an accepted format, how and why force was applied at the time of the altercation OJ.B.C., 1992; Johnston and McKay, 1996; c.A.c.P., 2000; RCMP,2009).

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6. The Dynamics of Violence Within Relationships

In Canada, operational police are trained to be aware that violence within a relationship has distinctive dynamics that are not found in other incidents that they are summoned to. Victims in abusive relationships are often in great danger. For the safety and security of the victim(s) it is essential that the police respond in a swift and determined manner. Research has shown that the victim(s) may be at immediate risk. Historically, victims have been assaulted, maimed and murdered along with their families. Women and children are typical victims, suffering harm at the hands of a current or former male spouse. Men typically have the physical capacity to inflict more injury to women and children, with or without the use of a weapon. For example, the Coroners Service of BC (2010) documents that 73 of the 605 homicides that occurred within the Province of British Columbia from January 2003 through to August 2008 were determined to be the result of domestic violence. Of these specific cases, roughly 75% of domestic violence homicide victims were female. In Canada, there were 738 spousal homicides between 2000 and 2009. Women continue to be more likely than men to be victims of spousal homicide. In 2009, the rate of spousal homicide against women was roughly three times higher than that for men. Family violence statistical data also indicates that the youngest child victims (under the age of three years) were most vulnerable to violence by a parent. From 2000 to 2009, there were 326 homicides committed by a family member against a child or youth, accounting for 21% of all family- related homicides (Statistics Canada, 2011). As a result of this precarious and dynamic situation, public safety and the prevention of injury and death are paramount upon police arrival at a location of suspected domestic violence. In Canada, most provinces have provincial policies and guidelines pertaining to violence against women in relationships that must be considered whenever police are responding to a domestic dispute. For example, police in the province of British Columbia are directed as follows:

Police As first responders, police have a key and important leadership role in managing issues associated with keeping victims safe. Police assume a critical responsibility in identifying highest risk cases of domestic violence and initiating the flow of information and communication among response agencies.

Priority Response Police calls involving domestic violence are a priority for assessment and response.

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Evidence-based, Risk-focused Investigations The risk factor categories are:

1. Relationship history (current status of relationship; escalation of abuse; children exposed; threats; forced sex; strangling/chokinglbiting; stalking; relative social powerlessness - marginalization and cultural factors);

2. Complainant's perceptions of risk (perception of personal safety/future violence);

3. Suspect history (previous domestic/criminal violence history; court order; drugs/alcohol; mental illness; employment instability; suicidal ideation);

4. Access to weapons/firearms (used/threatened; access to). Source: Violence Against Women in Relationships Policy, December 2010. Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, British Columbia.

Retrieved 03-10-2014from: http://1V10t(l.pssg.gov.bc.ca!victimserviceslpublications!docs!vawir.pdr

7. Police Firearms and the Use of Deadly Force:

Although deadly force is a last-resort measure, it is still an unavoidable necessity in certain circumstances. Police use of deadly force is most commonly associated with firearms. Police firearms training generally states that the firearm is used to incapacitate the immediate threat when lesser means are inadequate or unavailable by shooting at the center mass (torso) of an individual. Although a firearm discharge to the central mass of an individual will typically result in their death, it is important to emphasize that this is not the specific intent of the action. The goal is to incapacitate the perceived threat of death or bodily harm. The use of lethal force is the means to achieve this goal. It can equally be stated that the intent of a firearm discharge by police personnel is not to wound an individual. Operational police policies in North America typically prohibit the discharge of a police firearm for the purpose of a warning shot or to wound. The reasons for this are related to safety and security. Warning shots are dangerous as they may hit an innocent individual and even bullets directed skywards would later return downwards in an uncontrolled manner. Unlike television and movies, the wounding of an individual is both difficult and precarious. A police officer facing a life-threatening event is under

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stress and typically does not have the time or precision to place a firearm discharge at a target that is often moving. Simply put, if the officer does not aim their firearm discharge at the center mass of the assailant they are more likely to miss the target entirely. In addition, even if wounding were predictable, it may not serve the prime function of using lethal force, namely incapacitating the lethal threat. Therefore officers are trained that when they shoot they shoot for the center mass recognizing that death will likely result.

The Police Use of Less-Lethal Force Options

Police agencies have also attempted to seek alternate methods in dealing with situations that have the potential for the police use of deadly force. A key component of limiting the police use of deadly force includes the usage of less- lethal weaponry. If possible, police personnel may attempt to seek compliance from an individual by utilizing a less lethal application of force; something other than the police issued firearm. Typically, police personnel will utilize less-lethal prohibited weapons that include chemical irritants such as pepper spray, kinetic munitions such as the Arwen gun and, conducted energy weapons such as the Taser. A less-lethal force option can be described as a force option that is highly unlikely to cause death or serious injury to an individual when properly applied by the police officer. However, it remains possible that serious injury or death may occur, hence the term "less-lethal" as opposed to "less-than-lethal" It is important to emphasize that in most instances, less-lethal force options should not be used by a police officer that is facing an assailant who causes the police officer or a member of the public to be in grave or immediate danger. The reasoning for this is based upon the real possibility that the less- lethal option may fail during its application. If the less-lethal force application should fail, then the police officer, or the individual(s) whom the officer is attempting to protect, may die or suffer bodily harm by the assailant. Unfortunately, less-lethal force options are generally less effective than a police service handgun. Handguns and other firearms tend to be more reliable and effective in the immediate incapacitation of the perceived threat that the police officer is facing or, attempting to eliminate. In addition, the police service handgun / long barrel firearm is typically more accurate during its application and, it can also be readily drawn and brought into action with minimal time delay. These factors are significant, as most police personnel will be exercising deadly force decision-making under rapid and stressful conditions. The deployment of lethal and less-lethal weaponry requires "reasoned discretion" by the individual officer, depending upon the unique circumstances of the incident that they are facing. It is not uncommon for these assaultive individuals to possess, or have immediate access to, edged weapons, striking instruments or firearms. Equipped with these assaultive weapons, the

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individual may attempt to injure themselves, innocent members of the public or, the intervening police officer(s). It is, therefore, up to each individual officer to determine if it is appropriate to utilize the less-lethal weaponry at his or her immediate disposal or, to utilize the standard issued firearm in resolving the perceived assaultive situation.

8. Victim-Precipitated Homicide and "Suicide by Cop":

Victim-precipitated homicides are those instances in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator in his or her own death. The victim is the first in the interaction process to resort to physical violence and not the subsequent slayer. Marvin Wolfgang (1958) was one of the first researchers to explore this subject and verified much of this phenomenon through sociological analysis in his hypothesis that an individual may commit an unorthodox form of suicide by provoking another person to slay him or her. In his research, Wolfgang noted that victim-precipitated homicides represented 26% of 588 homicides studied in Philadelphia (Wolfgang, 1959). Within this framework, anecdotal research revealed the phenomenon of "suicide-by-cop" (Geberth, 1993; Van Zandt, 1993). Geberth and Van Zandt noted that the phrase "suicide by cop" had been coined in the 1980's as a simplistic means of explaining how individuals will commit the act of suicide by having a police officer kill them during a confrontation. During victim-precipitated incidents that are specific to suicide ('suicide- by-cop'), an individual will engage in actions designed to lead to his or her own death by threatening the life of a police officer or innocent by-stander. The provoking individual typically forces the situation until the police officer has no other option but to use deadly force. In these instances, despite its name, victim- precipitated homicide is in essence a form of suicide. Suicide has been defined in the sociological context as "death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result" (Durkheim, 1897/1951:44). Thus, by virtue of this definition suicide becomes an intentional act. Noteworthy is that the characteristics associated with an individual predisposed to victim-precipitated homicide are also generally defined within the category of suicidal behaviour. These common characteristics include depression, hopelessness, helplessness and desperation. Schneidman (1981)identifies the main elements of high lethality suicide as being the desire to die; a direct and conscious role in bringing about one's own death; and the fact that death results primarily due to the deceased's actions. In addition, specific psychological characteristics associated with suicide include a general sense of depression, hopelessness and low self-esteem on the part of the deceased. Often, these characteristics are overtly displayed by actions such as self-inflicted wounds, statements of suicidal intent or the desire to die.

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Foote (1995) adds that victim-precipitated homicide is really made up of several dimensions that include risk-taking, aggressiveness and intentionality. It is within this framework that the concept of "suicide-by-cop" emerges. During victim-precipitated incidents, these factors culminate with a risk-taking person aggressively and intentionally engaging in perceived life-threatening behaviour, typically resulting in a police officer or another individual taking their life. Geller and Scott's (1992) analysis of this phenomenon revealed that usually these cases are difficult to discover, as there is little or no documentation of the victim's intent. Unfortunately, the actions of the victim have led to his/ her demise without the benefit of a post-shooting explanation for his/her behaviour. Police investigators have equally confounded this situation by failing to examine, in detail, the root causes of the victim's behaviour. All too often, the police shooting has been explained as a "drunken person who came at the officer with a knife or an inoperable gun." It is only within the last two decades that police and conflict-management trainers have begun to examine and refer to the phenomenon of victim-precipitated homicide as a cause of police shootings (Parent, 1996; Parent, 2004; Lord, 2004). Committing suicide by "traditional methods" typically involves jumping from a high structure, crashing a speeding vehicle into a stationary object or by the administration of a self-inflicted wound. In victim-precipitated homicides that are born out of suicide, the same results are achieved but in an orchestrated manner; by forcing another individual to kill them. It is well known in contemporary North American culture, promoted by news reports, television and Hollywood movies that police personnel will respond to a perceived lethal threat by discharging their firearms. Simply put, if a suicidal individual confronts a police officer with a knife or other potentially lethal weapon, they know, with relative certainty, they will be shot and most likely will die. Researchers, including myself, have noted that suicide prevention techniques and alternatives to lethal weapons must be made available to police officers, if these situations are to be minimized. However, persons who are strongly predisposed to taking their own lives may resort to extreme methods in an attempt to carry out their goal. As a result, an individual predisposed to suicide may confront the police with a knife or other weapon, advancing upon and forcing the officer to utilize lethal force in accordance with the use of force training described above. These situations would provide few, if any, options for the attending officers except to respond with deadly force. From the police perspective, most incidents are dynamic and evolving often requiring split second decision-making. The decisions made by police personnel are typically based upon the information that is known at the time and, upon the outward behaviour exhibited by the individual. If the individual's behaviour suddenly escalates to that of a perceived lethal threat then police will typically respond with the use of their firearms.

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Why Suicide-by-Cop? Committing suicide requires a decision and commitment on the part of the victim. In victim-precipitated homicides that are born out of suicide, the difficult decision to end one's life is made by someone else. Death is achieved somewhat easier by involving another individual in the suicidal goal. Van Zandt (1993) adds that in most instances the police are only a phone call away and may be used to achieve the individual's suicidal goal. In addition, the stigma and social taboos associated with suicide may be absolved upon being killed by an external mechanism such as the police. As agents of the state, the police officer truly represents a face-less means of ending one's life in a somewhat dignified manner (Van Zandt, 1993). In other instances, the suicidal individual may not have the determination to end his or her own life and, therefore, must seek assistance in fulfilling this goal. Foote (1995) notes that in some instances, the act of suicide is pre-planned with the assailant engaging in a calculated intentional act of life threatening behaviour ultimately resulting in a victim-precipitated homicide. In other instances, the act of suicide is impulsive with suicidal motivation occurring only after police involvement in a given situation (Foote, 1995). For example, upon police intervention, an individual may suddenly decide that it is better to die at the hands of the police than to face the embarrassment of a public trial with the possibility of a prison term.

Understanding Suicidal Behaviour Suicidal behaviour can be considered goal-directed behaviour. In some instances, the suicidal behaviour appears as an instrumental goal and in other instances, it is more expressive. Instrumental goals of suicidal behaviour may include avoidance of consequences such as reconciliation of a failed love relationship or incarceration. In contrast, expressive goals may include venting hopelessness or rage about an individual's life or, proving an emotional point. Some of these motivations are present in any given incident of suicide-by-cop (Mohandie and Meloy, 2000: 384).

Instrumental and Expressive Goals Instrumental behaviour typifies individuals who are: • Attempting to escape or avoid the consequences or criminal or shameful actions, • Utilizing a forced confrontation with police to reconcile a failed relationship, • Intending to avoid the exclusion clauses of life insurance policies, • Rationalization that while it may be morally wrong to commit suicide, being killed resolves the spiritual problem of suicide; or • Seeking what they believe to be a very effective means of accomplishing death.

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In contrast, expressive behaviour typifies individuals that are communicating: • Hopelessness, depression and desperation, • Statements pertaining to their perceived identification as a victim, • Their need to save face by dying or being forcibly overwhelmed rather than surrendering, • Their intense power needs, or rage and revenge; or • Their need to draw attention to an important personal issue.

Research Regarding Suicide-by-Cop Kennedy et al. (1998) reviewed an electronic library containing the full text from 22 newspapers, representing 18 metropolitan areas in the United States, obtaining a broad sample of reports of police shootings linking potential incidents of suicide-by-cop cases. The researchers analyzed 240 articles from 1980-1995. In an attempt to eliminate bias, two independent raters documented the shooting incidents into one of following categories: 1. Probable suicide: the subjects show clear suicidal motivation, either by word or gesture or they confront the police with a dangerous weapon despite having no way to escape, forcing the officers to shoot. 2. Possible suicide: subjects appear disturbed or otherwise act as if they do not care whether the officers kill them; they may make a futile or hopeless escape attempt. 3. Uncertain: either too little or contradictory information is given. 4. Suicide improbable: subjects' behaviour can be easily accounted for without assuming such motivation. 5. No suicidal evidence: subjects clearly attempt to avoid being shot. (Kennedy et. al, 1998:24)

These researchers found that a probable or possible suicidal motivation was apparent in 16% of the 240 incidents. In addition, the researchers noted that demonstrative behaviour on the part of the suspect was present in 89% of the cases. These behaviours included pointing or firing a gun at an officer and reaching for a weapon. Armed robbery was the most frequent call for officer intervention. However, they noted a slight trend for suicidal incidents involving the triad of general disturbance, domestic disturbance, and person with a weapon calls. The majority of the individuals confronted were male (97%). Lord (1998) examined 67 cases from 32 law enforcement agencies that met suicide-by-cop criteria. Lord noted that 18 subjects were killed, five committed suicide and 44 individuals were classified as "attempt suicide" since they were not fatally wounded by police. Three groups of victims emerged in this study, individuals associated with domestic disputes, individuals suffering from mental illness, and individuals withcriminal histories facing jail time. Lord noted that the most common stressor that may trigger a suicide-by-cop incident is the end

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of a relationship. In addition, 62% of the subjects used alcohol and/ or drugs prior to or during the suicide-by-cop incident. One of the first academic studies concerning this phenomenon appeared in 1996 (Parent) and examined the frequency and degree of victim-precipitated acts (a broad form of suicide by cop) that have constituted lethal threats to police officers in British Columbia municipal departments and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police from 1980 through to 1995. This research revealed that characteristics associated with victim-precipitated homicide appear to be a Significant factor in 48% of the 58 cases analyzed. In these cases, the individual's statements and actions clearly reflected their intent to commit suicide. In several cases, the perpetrator of the lethal threat had a documented history of mental illness and/ or suicidal behaviour, and several had a high blood-alcohol level at the time of death. In some instances, alcohol, substance abuse, and mental illness were added to complex picture of suicidal tendencies and irrational behaviour. In another study (Hutson et al., 1998) reviewed all of the police shooting cases involving the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department between 1987 and 1997 (n=437), it was determined that 13% of all fatal officer-involved shootings and 11% of all officer-involved shootings, fatal and nonfatal, were suicide-by-cop situations. In addition, data for 1997 indicated that these cases accounted for 25% of all officers involved shooting, and 27% of all officer-involved justifiable homicides, a significant increase over previous years. In addition, the researchers noted that 98% of the suspects were male, 70% had a criminal record, 65% had drug or alcohol problems, 63% had a known psychiatric history, 39% had history of domestic violence, and 65% had verbally communicated their suicidal intents. Also significant was that 48% of the individuals who were confronted 'were in possession of firearms and an additional 17% were in possession of replica firearms. Finally, in a more recent study, Mohandie et al. (2009) found that 36% of a sample of 707 officer-involved shootings revealed characteristics of a suicide by cop case. SBC subjects were armed with weapons during 80 percent (n=205) of the incidents, and 19 percent feigned or simulated weapon possession. The authors of the study note that suicide by cop cases were more likely to result in the death or injury of the subjects than other officer involved shooting cases. Noteworthy is that fifty-one percent (n = 131) of the SBC subjects were killed during the encounter with police.

9. Analysis of the Events: Tune 10, 2011

On June 10, 2011, at approximately 19:49 hrs, the City of Calgary Public Service Communications Centre received a 911 call for assistance from Vanessa Severight. Ms. Severight called the police because she had been arguing with her

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common law husband, Corwin Allan Peeace. Both of the individuals had been drinking. At the time of the phone call, Ms. Severight did not specifically state why she was requesting police attendance, but the 911 operator clearly identified a disturbance in the background. As a result, the matter was dispatched as a priority one "Check on the Welfare" call. Cst. Cook and Cst. Cuthill responded to the call. While en route, they received information that the female caller was talking quietly and / or that she was not able talk. The responding officers also received the following information on their CAD terminals (in-car computers): "Male Saying You Are Going To Die Today." When the officers arrived at the residence, they heard a male yelling behind the front door. When the door was opened, Cst. Cook was presented with the primary view of at least two persons: a male holding a knife and a female nearby. Cst. Cook stated that, based upon his observation, he believed that the male was about to kill the nearby female. In response, Cst. Cook immediately drew his service pistol and fired four shots at the male. The male, later identified as Corwin Peeace, died of his injuries. The female standing nearby was identified as Cheyenne Peeace, the adopted 16 year old daughter of Corwin Peeace and Vanessa Severight.

911 Phone Call: Vanessa Severight, Call Taker and Corwin Peeace The 911 phone call and subsequent conversation between Vanessa Severight and the call taker were recorded. In addition to their conversation, the recording captured the voice and comments of Corwin Peeace who was nearby Vanessa Severight as she summoned the police. The following recorded information occurred, just prior to the police shooting incident.

• CALL TAKER: Calgary Police emergency. Hello, Calgary Police.

• PEEACE: Are you calling them?

• Vanessa 5.: Yeah, he's talking to me right now and he's yelling right in my face.

• PEEACE: I'mgonna die.

• PEEACE: I'm gonna die if you call em.

• PEEACE: Have that on your conscience.

• Vanessa 5.: Yeah.

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• PEEACE: Today's the day I die. Have that on your conscience.

• CALL TAKER: Does he know you're on the phone ma' am?

• Vanessa S.: Yes.

• PEEACE: (unintelligible) call the caps, Jeremy ...

• PEEACE: (unintelligible) going to jail.

• PEEACE: Do not touch that door.. I'm not going to jail Jeremy. I'll fight the cops to the death.

• PEEACE: Just for the record, your mom (unintelligible) first.

• CALL TAKER: I heard just for the record and then something.

• PEEACE: (unintelligible) see the cops coming (unintelligible)

• PEEACE: VVhen I sign my ...when I signed my ...

• PEEACE: ....thing with the residential school I said Jeremy 40 percent, Stella 40 percent, Vanessa 20 percent. I don't

• PEEACE: ...nothing! Let me sign the papers. I'm not gonna hurt anybody in this house.

• PEEACE: I'm gonna die today. I hope you ire happy. You called the cops, I'm gonna die today.

• PEEACE: Shawn. Shawn, Come say goodbye, (Knocking on door) Come and say goodbye. Shawn, I wanna say goodbye to you.

• PEEACE: I wanna say goodbye to you. Mom called the cops on me, I'm not going to jail, I'm gonna take out the cops and they're gonna take out me.

• CALL TAKER: He's going to...he's going to take out the cops?

• PEEACE: Can I say goodbye to you?

• Vanessa S.: He says they're gonna take him out.

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• PEEACE: Okay, you don It wanna say goodbye to me.

• Vanessa S.: No, that's my husband.

• PEEACE: Shawn,

• PEEACE: Mom, she called the cops.

• PEEACE: I'm going to jail. (unintelligible) take out the cops ...

• PEEACE: That' s the fuckin I truth! (Loud banging)

• PEEACE: That's the fuckin' truth! (Loud banging)

• PEEACE: (unintelligible) fuckin 'be happy! 11m dying today! You better

fuckin I be happy!

• CALL TAKER: Why is he saying that?

• Vanessa S.: Because his niece was here and he wanted her and he can go with her.

• Vanessa S.: He's in the front but once they leave he's gonna get mad. He's waiting at the door.

• CALL TAKER: Okay. Why is he so angnj?

• Vanessa S.: Because he's in love with his niece, she came over here and he can go over there.

• CALL TAKER: So your husband's in love with someone else?

• Vanessa S.: Yes.

• CALL TAKER: And he can't be with her so he's angry?

• Vanessa S.: Yes.

• . CALL TAKER: [can hear him yelling. Is Jeremy okay?

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The words that are spoken by Corwin Peeace provide an insight into his mindset, just prior to the police attendance. Peeace is clearly emotional, angry and speaks of planning a confrontation with the police that will result in his death. He also intimates that he believes that he will be arrested by the police however his confrontation will prevent him from going to jail. In this regard, he appears to be declaring a "verbal will" by stating:

• PEEACE: ....thing with the residential school I said Jeremy 40 percent, Stella . 40 percent, Vanessa 20 percent. I don'!

Also noteworthy is that Peeace appears to be "pumping himself up" while yelling during the recorded 911 calli psychologically intensifying his anger and emotions.

Indicators of Relationship Discord and Stress Upon reviewing the exhibit documentation, it becomes apparent that Corwin Peeace had anger management problems and was emotionally upset in regards to his relationship with his common law wife, Vanessa Severight. There was a (Section 810CCC) Peace Bond in effect at the time of the shooting. Police had been summoned to their residence in the past in regards to domestic complaints. Peeace had a history of involvement with the police and at one time had a serious drug dependency problem. In regards to this incident, Peeace and Severight had been arguing on the th evening of June 9th in regards to their niece "JO", and then drinking on June 10 • In addition, the 911 call that occurs just prior to police arrival notes: Vanessa S.: Because he's in love with his niece, she came over here and he can go over there. CALL TAKER: Soyour husband's in love with someone else? Vanessa S.: Yes.

Indicators of Depression and Suicidal Ideation Upon reviewing the exhibit documentation, it becomes apparent that Corwin Peeace was at times depressed with indications of suicidal ideation. (I am not a psychologist and I do not use the term depression in a clinical sense, but rather to indicate that, as is typical in suicide by cop situations in my experience, Corwin Peeace was dealing with several negative stressors in his life that impacted upon his emotional and psychological well-being.) An individual may feel unable to influence events and situations around them causing thoughts of helplessness, hopelessness, loneliness and exhaustion - common characteristics of suicide. The psychological characteristics associated with suicide include a general sense of depression, hopelessness and low self-

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esteem. These characteristics are overtly displayed by statements of suicidal intent or the desire to die. During the 911 conversation between Severight and the call taker, Peeace

is heard making suicidal statements; "I'm going to die. Today is the day I die.II

Peeace adds that he intends to confront the police so that II they're gonna take out me". He states his verbal will and on several occasions says "Goodbye". Previous to this incident, Peeace has had 18 contacts with the Calgary Police Service that include 13 domestic calls and one attempted suicide call. Peeace also has a history of excessive drinking and crack cocaine usage with domestic arguments revolving around infidelity and drug use.

Risk-taking, Aggressiveness and Intentionality The documentation surrounding this incident additionally notes the risk- taking, aggressive and intentional behaviour of Corwin Peeace. This is significant as victim-precipitated homicide is made up of several dimensions in addition to suicidal ideation including risk-taking, aggressiveness and intentionality. On June 10, 2011,Corwin Peeace's emotional and psychological mindset is documented in the 911 recording and his conversation that is heard in the background. In addition to his yelling and verbal anger, Peeace acts out physically by hitting walls. He is aware that police are responding but fails to flee from the scene. He is aware that he has violated the conditions of his Peace Bond and that he will be arrested. He then goes to the kitchen area where he takes three knives from a drawer, minutes before police arrival. He appears to arm himself in anticipation of the police and prepares for confrontation. When police arrive, Peeace intentionally displays a knife in an aggressive and threatening manner.

10. Conclusion: The Behaviour of Corwin Peeace Corwin Peeace was very intoxicated, having a blood alcohol level of 190 mg / 100 m1 at the time of his death. He was depressed and he was angry. Based upon his background and experience with the police in Calgary, Peeace was fully aware that his overt action of obtaining a knife and holding it in a threatening manner would be perceived by the police as a potential lethal threat. He was also aware that attending police personnel would respond to his aggressive behaviour with potential deadly force. In sum, Corwin Peeace made a conscious choice to end his life, engaging in a series of calculated events that were certain to cause bodily harm or death. While he was confrontational and threatening, he was also suicidal. There were several opportunities for Corwin Peeace to alter the course of events that ultimately occurred. Instead, Corwin Peeace dictated a deadly force response by police personnel. It is my opinion that Corwin Peeace brought about the events that resulted in his demise, an act of suicide.

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11. The Use of Force by Cst. Cook As set out above, the police have a legal and moral obligation to utilize the least violent means in resolving a situation. The police are also responsible for the safety of the public, fellow police officers in attendance and, the individual(s) that they are dealing with. In this particular case,

• Cst. Cook demonstrated a reasoned approach in utilizing his force options. He followed the National Use of Force Model and responded appropriately and correctly to the perceived threat that he was facing. Cst. Cook first used his presence and communication during his initial contact. As the door opened he observed a female that appeared terrified. Nearby the female was a male (Corwin Peeace) holding a knife in a threatening manner, the blade pointed downwards over the top of the females head. Cst. Cook believed that Peeace was about to stab the female. In response the officer correctly deployed and discharged his firearm as he perceived that a female was facing an imminent threat of death or grievous bodily harm.

• As stated, domestic violence is a real and pressing concern for police in Canada. Police are aware of the violence that occurs during relationships. Often, police must quickly intervene in precarious circumstances in order to prevent injury or harm.

• Noteworthy is force options literature indicates that a goal oriented assailant, armed with a weapon such as a knife, can kill or cause serious bodily harm. to an individual when they are within a 30 foot distance. In this case, Cst. Cook states that Corwin Peeace was well within the 30 foot rule of potential harm to the female, at the time he discharged his firearm.

• The research that I have conducted in the area of the police use of force documents other instances similar to the events described by Cst. Cook and are contained within the appendices of this report. In these other instances, goal oriented assailants have attacked domestic partners and / or police officers in Canada, with a knife or other non-firearm weapon with the intention of killing or causing serious harm to the individual. In some instances, these individuals have died or suffered serious injuries at the hand of their attacker.

Use of Force Theory: As stated, the majority of police agencies in Canada utilize the National Use of Force Framework in the training of police personnel, to assist in decision making, and in explaining the actions of a police use of force application. The

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National Use of Force Framework enables an individual police officer to assess a situation that threatens public and/ or police officer safety and then plan and respond appropriately (CACP, 2000). It is my opinion that the tactics and actions of Cst. Cook on June 10, 2011 were consistent with the National Use of Force Framework. The force options utilized by Cst. Cook were necessary to control the assaultive behaviour demonstrated by Peeace and, were appropriate, in the dynamic and fast pace situation (presence, communication, firearm discharge/ deadly force). Corwin Peeace's behaviour was perceived by Cst. Cook as aggressive and assaultive, to the extent that death or grievous bodily harm was imminent and no other means than a firearm would incapacitate the threat posed by Peeace. In sum, Cst. Cook acted correctly as he was trained to do so, in regards to all the circumstances at hand. Cst. Cook assessed the dynamic situation with Corwin Peeace and, by way of reasoned decision-making, he planned a response. Finally, acting on that plan and selecting reasonable force options, given the dynamic situation, and the precarious situation faced by Cheyenne Peeace. The tactics and actions of Cst. Cook were consistent with the National Use of Force Framework used by police agencies in the province of Alberta and, the Criminal Code of Canada as it relates to the use of force by persons in authority. The officer also followed standard police practices and tactics used in Canada.

12. Certification as an Expert Witness: As an expert witness I am providing this opinion to assist the court. I am not an advocate for any party. I certify that I have completed this report in conformity with this objective duty to the court. If I am called to give oral evidence at trial, I will do so in conformity with this duty.

Dated this 26th day of March 2014, in the City of Surrey, British Columbia.

/r./~gP~-

Rick Parent, Ph.D.

E-Mail: [email protected]

Phone: (778) 772 - 8421

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13. References: The following documents were utilized in the forming of my opinion:

References

Best,Joel and Luckenbill, David F. (1982)Organizing Deoiance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (2000)A National Use of Force Framework.

Coroners Service of BC (2010) Findings and Recommendations of the Domestic Violence Death Reuiew Panel. Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, British Columbia.

Durkheim, E. (1951) Suicide: A Study In Sodology. (Translated by J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson). New York: Free Press. (Originally published, 1897.)

Foote, W. (1995)Victim-precipitated homicide. Chapter 6, pp. 175-201,in H.V. Hall (Ed.), Lethal Violence 2000: A sourcebook on domestic, acquaintance, and stranger aggression. Pacific Institution of Conflict.

Geller, William A. and Scott, Michael S. (1992)Deadly Force: What WeKnow - A Practitioners Desk Reference on Police-Involved Shootings. Washington. DC, Police Executive Research Forum.

Geberth, Vernon J. (1993)"Suicide-by-Cop: Inviting Death From The Hands Of A Police Officer." Law And Order. (Iuly) 105-109.

Hepburn. John R. (1973)"Violent Behavior in Interpersonal Relationships" Sociological Quarterly (14):419-429.

Johnston, J and McKay, J. (1996) "Force Options Theory: A Common Sense Approach to the Use of Force." Blue Line Magazine. Vol. 8 (2),February, 39-44.

Justice Institute Of British Columbia. (1992) Police Use of Force, The "Comprehensive" Model: Progressive Guidelines for BC Municipal Police Officers. Vancouver.

Justice Institute Of British Columbia (2012) Recruit Training Manual. Block I and Block lll. New Westminster, B.C.

Klinger, David (2001) Police Responses to Officer-Involved Shootings. U.S. Department of Justice. St. Louis.

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Lord, Vivian (2004) Suicide-by-cop - Inducing Officers to Shoot: Practical Directions for Recognition, Resolution and Recovery. Flushing, N.Y.: Looseleaf.

Luckenbill, David F. (1977)"Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction" Social Problems (25):176-186.

Mohandie, Kris and Meloy, J. Reid (2000) "Clinical and Forensic Indicators of "Suicide-by-cop". Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 384-389.

Mohandie, Kris and Meloy, J. Reid and Collins, Peter 1. (2009) Suicide-by-cop Among Officer-Involved Shooting Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol.54, No.2, 456-462.

Parent, Richard B. (1996)Aspects Of Police Use Of Deadly Force In British Columbia: The Phenomenon Of Victim-Precipitated Homicide. Masters Research. Simon Fraser University.

Parent, R. B. and Verdun-Jones, Simon (1998),"Victim-precipitated homicide: police use of deadly force in British Columbia", Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, VoL21, No.3, pp.432-48.

Parent, Richard B. (2004)Aspects Of Police Use Of Deadly Force In North America: The Phenomenon Of Victim-Precipitated Homicide. Doctorial Dissertation. Simon Fraser University.

Parent, Richard B. (2004)Police Use of Deadly Force In The Pacific Northwest: Victim-Precipitated Homicide. Chapter 3, pp. 31-54,in Vivian Lord, Suicide By Cop: Inducing Officers to Shoot. Flushing, N.Y.:Looseleaf.

Parent, Rick (2007)Decision-making and the Police Use of Deadly Force. March. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. Illinois http://www.iletsbei.com/forum/

Parent, Rick (2011)The Police Use of Deadly Force in British Columbia: Mental Illness and Crisis Intervention. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 11: 1,57-71.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (2009)Incident Management/Intervention Model. Retrieved February 18,2014 from URL: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/ cew-ailimim-migi-eng.htrn#imim

Schneidman, Edwin S. (1981)The Psychological Autopsy. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. The American Association of Suicidology. V 11,No.4, 325-340.

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Statistics Canada (2011). Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile. Catalogue no. 85-224-X

Van Zandt, Clinton R. (1993) "Suicide-by-cop." The Police Chief (July) 24-30.

Violence Against Women in Relationships Policy, December 2010. Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, British Columbia.

Wolfgang, Marvin E. (1959) Suicide by Means of Victim-Precipitated Homicide. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology. V. XX, number 4, December. 335-349.

Wolfgang, Marvin E. and Ferracuti, Franco (1967) The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology. New York: Tavistock.

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CORWIN PEEACE

FATALITY INQUIRY

EXHIBIT BINDER INDEX

1. Toxicology Report

2. ASIRT Final Report

Calgary Police Setvice Witness

3. Constable Paul Cuthill

Civilian Witnesses

4. Desiree Brown

5. Cheyenne Peeace

6. Jeremy Peeace

7. Vanessa Severight

8. Brooke Smith

9. 911 Call Transcript (See TAB 13 for audio)

10. Dispatch Communication Call

11. Event Chronology # 11214593

12. Photographs

13. Videos of Witness interviews (should you feel it necessary to view them) AND 911 Audio.

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Police Use Of Force - Marcil 2014 Dr. Rick Parent

To Whom It May Concern:

Based upon my qualifications, the body of literature that I have reviewed and, the extensive academic studies that I have made, I am able to provide expert opinion evidence in the area of the police use of force. I am prepared to testify to these opinions, at trial, if called upon to do so.

Qualifications

Briefly, my qualifications are as follows:

I am an Assistant Professor at Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology: Police Studies. I currently teach undergraduate university courses that include introduction to policing, community based policing and, police ethics and accountability. My area of research is policing, including the police use of force. I also facilitate and supervise graduate students (M.A. and Ph.D. candidates) in the researching and publishing of literature pertaining to policing including police ethics and the police use of deadly force.

I have completed 30 years of service as a police officer in the Vancouver area. I am a former police recruit instructor at the Police Academy - Justice Institute of British Columbia and a trained hostage negotiator, assigned to a regional Emergency Response Team. As a police recruit instructor I taught a variety of topics related to the social sciences. Today, I continue to teach police recruits at the J.LB.C. Police Academy in the areas of suicide, suicide by cop and the dynamics of a police shooting.

As a police officer, I have obtained experience and expertise in areas that include general duty patrol, criminal investigations, traffic and accident investigation, recruiting and police training as well as police internal investigations.

I hold a Bachelors Degree, a Masters degree and a Doctoral degree (Ph.D.) from Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology in Vancouver, British Columbia. My academic training and research focused specifically upon the police use of force including the phenomenon of victim-precipitated homicide.

My expertise lies in the area of the police use of force and police shootings. I have written several published papers concerning this subject. My Master of Arts thesis entitled "Aspects Of Police Use Of Deadly Force In British Columbia: The Phenomenon Of Yictim-Precipitated Homicide" received international attention upon release - in the media, police training circles and, the academic world. In November 1999, I was awarded the Lieutenant Governor's Award for Meritorious Service in recognition of the academic research that I have conducted in relation to police shootings,

Portions of my original research have been published in several scientific academic journals. I have co-authored two academic criminology textbooks that are currently being utilized in various universities and colleges - "Canadian Police Work" (1998) and "Community-Based Strategic Policing In Canada" (2013). In addition, I have written

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Police Use Of Force - March 2014 Dr. Rick Parent

over three dozen articles that have been published in academic and non-academic journals in countries that include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain.

I have testified as an expert witness in the states of California (Los Angeles) and New Jersey as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Ontario. Ihave also provided expert opinion to attorneys in Alberta, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Manitoba, Montana, Newfoundland, New Jersey, Ontario, Oregon, Quebec and Texas in regards to police shootings, police officer conduct and the general use of force by police personnel.

In addition, I am considered a subject-matter expert in the area of police ethics and accountability. I have instructed Canadian Police executive leaders in "Ethics and Organizational Values" at the Canadian Police College in Ottawa. I am also the content provider and author of the national Canadian Police Knowledge Network course: "Police Ethics and Accountability" and, I serve as a senior researcher for the Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS).

By request, I have made several presentations of my on-going research throughout North America, including at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia and for police agencies in the state of Connecticut, Washington, D.C., Mexico City and Uruguay, South America.

Finally, I am a police training expert, providing specialized police training to law enforcement agencies. I have taught police recruit classes at the Justice Institute of BC, on a continuous basis, since 1995. I am also a qualified Assessor and continue to assist the Assessment Centre located at the BC Police Academy in regards to police recruit level and NCO promotional assessments. Please see my curriculum vitae for further details.

Yours truly,

Rick Parent, Ph.D.

Address: c/o Simon Fraser University School of Criminology: Police Studies 250-13450102 Avenue Surrey, B.C. V3TOA3

Telephone: 778-782-8421 Facsimile: 778-782-4712 Email: [email protected] Web Pages: http://www.theppsc.org/Staff/Parent/Rickhtm & www.rickparent.com

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Rick Parent, Ph.D. March 2014

Richard Parent Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology: Police Studies

Professional Employment

2008 - Present Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology - Assistant Professor

2005 -2008 Justice Institute of B.C. - Police Academy, Manager IIC Research

2003 - 2008 Kwantlen University - Faculty Instructor - Criminology: Policing

1980 - 2009 Delta Police Department - Police Officer - AlStaff Sgt.: Included Assignments: Internal Investigations / Criminal Investigations Branch Crime Prevention Unit / Statistics & Administration Delta Police Association - Vice President General Duty Patrol/Traffic & Accident Investigation Staff Development - Recruiting & Training - Hostage Negotiator

1978 - 1979 B.C. Highways Patrol - Patrolman

1976 - 1978 Canadian Armed Forces - Commissioned Officer (2nd. Lieutenant)

Professional Placements

• 1995 to 1998 The Justice Institute Of British Columbia- Police Academy Police Instructor- Municipal Police Recruits

• 1993 - 1994 The British Columbia Police Commission Development of a Model Policy and Procedures Manualfor police in British Columbia.

• 1993 The British Columbia Police Commission The revision & development of Provincial Police Standards

• 1992 Regional Crown Counsel- New Westminster Supreme Court Criminal law research

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Rick Parent, Ph.D. March 2014

Education

Graduate: Simon Fraser University, B.C. Ph.D. (Criminology) 2004 Aspects Of Police Use Of Deadly Force In North America - The Phenomenon Of Victim-Precipitated Homicide

Simon Fraser University, B.C. Master of Arts (Criminology) 1996 Title of thesis written for graduate degree: Aspects Of Police Use Of Deadly Force In British Columbia - The Phenomenon Of Victim-Precipitated Homicide

Undergraduate: Simon Fraser University, B.C. Bachelor of Arts (Criminology/Psychology) 1992

Awards

• 2007 Outstanding Alumni Award for Academic Achievement: Langara College.

• 2005 Chief's Commendation: Effective Team Intervention - Suicidal Male on Bridge Deck.

• 2000 Police Exemplary Service Medal. Recognition of 20 years of meritorious service to policing in Canada as a police officer.

• 1999 Lieutenant Governor's Awardfor Meritorious Service. In recognition of academic research related to police shootings.

Special Interests and Expertise

» As a police use of force expert, providing consulting services to attorneys in the United States and Canada: involvement in over 50 cases. Investigative advice provided to police agencies in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands.

» Sworn testimony provided in the United States and in Canadian courts as an expert witness. Areas of expertise include: police shootings, the police use of force, the police use of deadly force including the phenomena of suicide by cop.

» As a police training expert, providing specialized police training to law enforcement agencies in Canada, the United States, Mexico and Uruguay. Areas of expertise include: police ethics and accountability, police use of deadly force.

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Publications: Books

Whitelaw, Brian and Parent, Richard (2013). Community-Based Strategic Policing In Canada - Fourth Edition.

Whitelaw, Brian and Parent, Richard (2009). Community-Based Strategic Policing In Canada - Third Edition.

Whitelaw, Brian and Parent, Richard (2006). Community-Based Strategic Policing in Canada - Second Edition.

Griffiths, Curt, Parent, Richard and Whitelaw, Brian (2001 ).Community Policing In Canada - Nelson Publishing.

Griffiths, Curt, Parent, Richard and Whitelaw, Brian (1998). Canadian Police Work- Nelson Publishing.

Publications: Journal Articles

Parent, Richard (2013). The Constable in British Columbia: Police Training from the Academy to the Street. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 13(2),63 -73.

Livingston, James D., Desmarais, Sarah L., Greaves, Caroline, Parent, Richard, Verdun-Jones, Simon and Brink, Johann (2013). Procedural Justice and Police Interactions: What Influences Perceptions of Procedural Justice among People with Mental Illness regarding their Interactions with the Police? Community Mental Health Journal. Vol. 28, No.6.

Parent, Richard and Ellis, James O. (2012). Radicalization in North America: A Strategic Approach to Prevention. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 12(3), 120 - 133.

Parent, Richard (2011). Enhancing the Police Response to Injected Illicit Drugs. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 11(4),63 -70.

Parent, Richard (2011). The Police Use of Deadly Force In British Columbia: Mental Illness and Crisis Negotiation. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 11:1,57- 71.

Parent, Richard (2009). Police Shootings and Deadly Outcomes: Reporting and Research Issues. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 9(3), 107 - 117.

Parent, Richard (2007). Crisis Intervention: The Police Response to Vulnerable Individuals. The Police Journal: A Quarterly Review For The Police Of The World. (London, UK) Vol. 80, No.2, 109 - 116.

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Parent, Richard and Verdun-Jones, Simon (2007). Decision-making and the Police Use of Deadly Force. Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 7(3),139 - 153.

Parent, Richard and Verdun-Jones, Simon (2007). Civil Liability and the Police Use of Force in Canada Law Enforcement Executive Forum. 7(1),31 - 43.

Parent, Richard (2006). The Police Use of Deadly Force: International Comparisons, The Police Journal: A Quarterly Review for the Police of The World. (London, U.K) Vol. 79, No.3, 230-237.

Parent, Richard and Verdun-Jones, Simon (2000). When Police Kill: The Aftermath, The Police Journal: A Quarterly Review For The Police Of The World. (London, U.K) Vol. 73(1) 241 - 249.

Parent, Richard and Verdun-Jones, Simon (1999). Deadly Force: Police Firearm Use In British Columbia The Police Journal: A Quarterly Review For The Police Of The World. (London, U.K) Vol. 72(3) 209 - 216.

Parent, Richard and Verdun-Jones, Simon (1998). Victim-precipitated homicide: police use of deadly force in British Columbia. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. Vol. 21, No.3, 432 - 448.

Publications: Book Chapters

Parent, Richard (2013). The Canadian Judicial System. In "Trends in the Judiciary: Interviews with Judges Across the Globe, Volume One." Cliff Roberson & Dilip Das (eds), CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, UK. 89 -105.

Parent, Richard (2012). Interview with Warden, Michael Boileau, B.A. In "Trends in Corrections: Interviews with Corrections Leaders Around the World." Jennie K. Singer & Dilip Das (eds), CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, UK. 121 - 138.

Kalacska, Margaret, Arroyo-Mora, Pablo, Snirer, Eva and Parent, Richard (2011). A Review of Cannabis Properties and Experiments for its Biological Control. In the book "World Wide Weed: Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation & its Control". Tom Decorte (ed), Ashgate Publishing Ltd., UK. 215 - 238.

Parent, Richard (2010). Suicide by Cop: Adding Stress to an Already Stressed Profession. In "Global Perspectives of Policing: Enhancing Law Enforcement Professionalism, Effectiveness and Leadership in the 21st Century. James Albrecht & Dilip Das (eds), CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, UK. 155 - 174.

Parent, Richard (2004). Police Use of Deadly Force In The Pacific Northwest: Victim- Precipitated Homicide. In "Suicide by Cop: Inducing Officers to Shoot". Vivian B. Lord (ed). Looseleaf Publications. New York. 31 - 56.

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Parent, Richard (2001). Suicide by Cop in North America: Victim Precipitated Homicide. In "Suicide and Law Enforcement". Behavioral Science Unit. Federal Bureau of Investigation - Quantico, Virginia. 653 - 662.

Publications: Major Research Reports

Parent, Richard and Ellis, James O. (2011), Countering Radicalization of Diaspora Communities in Canada. Metropolis Be. Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Diversity. No. 11 - 12. (Available on line.)

Livingston, James D., Desmarais, Sarah 1., Greaves, Caroline, Parent, Richard, Verdun- Jones, Simon and Brink, Johann (2011). A Study of How People with Mental Illness Perceive and interact with the Police. Mental Health Commission of Canada. (Available on line.)

Publications: Articles

Parent, Richard (2013). "One Officer's Journey. U Delta Police: Building on the past, focused on the future. June.

Parent, Richard (2010). "Regional and Integrated Police Services. U Thin Blue Line Magazine. November.

Parent, Richard (2008). "Challenges for Modern Policing: Reducing Injuries and

Improving Performance. U Thin Blue Line Magazine. September.

Parent, Richard (2008). "Harm Reduction in Policing: Responding to Persons Under

the Influence of Illicit Drugs. U Thin Blue Line Magazine. September.

Parent, Richard (2007). "The Personal Impact of a Police Shooting Incident." The Tactical Edge. November.

Parent, Richard (2007). "The Police Chaplaincy Program." Thin Blue Line Magazine. September.

Parent, Richard (2007). "The Police Use of Less-Lethal Weapons." Thin Blue Line Magazine. September.

Parent, Richard (2006). "Responding to Lethal Violence: The RCMP Use of Deadly Force." Blue Line Magazine. December.

Parent, Richard (2006). "Hazards of a Police Firearm: Accidental and Mistaken Discharges." The Tactical Edge. May.

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Parent, Richard (2006). "Deaths During Police Intervention." The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. April.

Parent, Richard (2002). "Suicides During Police Pursuits?" Police: The Voice of The Service. (London, U.K) November.

Parent, Richard (2001). "When Police Kill." Australian Police Journal. (Sydney, Australia) March.

Parent, Richard (2001). "Is There Racism In Police Shootings?" Police: The Voice of The Service. (London, U.K) January.

Parent, Richard (2001). "Victim-Precipitated Homicide: Police Use of Deadly Force. " The New South Wales Police News. (Sydney, Australia) January.

Parent, Richard (2000). "When Police Shoot." Police: The Voice of The Service. (London, U.K.) November.

Parent, Richard (2000). "Firearm Suicides During Police Pursuits." The Tactical Edge. August.

Parent, Richard (2000). "Surviving A Lethal Threat." The Tactical Edge. May.

Parent, Richard (2000). "Police Shootings: Reducing The Risks." Law And Order Magazine. January.

Parent, Richard (1999). "Surviving A Lethal Threat." Canadian Police Association _ "Express". November.

Parent, Richard (1999). "Surviving A Lethal Threat." Law And Order Magazine. October.

Parent, Richard (1999). "Suicide By Cop. " Police: The Voice Of The Service. (London, U.K.) September.

Parent, Richard (1999). "Shots Fired" - Firearm Discharges By Municipal Police In British Columbia. R.C.M.P. Gazette. April.

Parent, Richard (1998). "Surviving A Lethal Threat - The Aftermath." New Zealand International Police Association. December.

Parent, Richard (\998). "Suicide By Cop - Victim Precipitated Homicide." The Police Chief. October.

Parent, Richard (1998). "Suicide By Cop." New Zealand International Police Association. June.

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Rick Parent. Ph.D. March20J4

Parent, Richard (1998). "Victim-Precipitated Homicide: Police Use OJ Deadly Force In British Columbia." R.C.M.P. Gazette. April.

Parent, Richard (1998). "Invitation To Death." Canadian Security: The Journal Of Protection & Communications. January.

Parent, Richard (1997). "Bridging The Gap: Seniors and the Fear oj Crime. " Family Connections. January.

Electronic Course Designs

Parent, Richard (2012). "Security and Ethics" - Private Security Training Network.

Parent, Richard (2011). "Community Policing" - Criminology 458-3, Centre for Distant Education. Simon Fraser University.

Parent, Richard (2009). "Police Ethics and Accountability"« Canadian Police Knowledge Network.

Griffiths, Curt and Parent, Richard (2008). "Introduction to Policing"- Criminology 251-3, Centre for Distant Education. Simon Fraser University.

Griffiths, Curt & Parent, Richard (1999). "Introduction to Policing"- Criminology 251-3 Centre for Distant Education. Simon Fraser University.

Invited Key Note Speaker and Academic Presentations

2014 Western Society of Criminology - Honolulu, Hawaii. Right Wing Extremism in Canada. (February)

2014 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 143 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (January)

2013 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 142 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (December)

2013 American Society of Criminology - Atlanta, Georgia. Women in Policing: High Risk Situations and Death. (November)

2013 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.c. Class 141 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (June)

2013 Ariel University Center - Ariel, Israel. Family Violence and Deadly Outcomes: The Police Use oj Deadly Force During Conflict Intervention. (May)

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2013 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Dallas, Texas. Trends in Policing: Rethinking Police Services and Crime Control. (March)

2013 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 140 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (February)

2013 Tri-Cities Joint Council Education Session - Port Coquitlam. Service Delivery Models in the Vancouver Area - Strategic Policing. (January)

2012 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 139 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness.

2012 Western Association of Criminal Justice - Coeur d' Alene, Idaho. Deadly Outcomes Across Borders: Washington State and B.G. (October)

2012 Independent Investigations Office (1.1.0.) Investigator Training - New Westminster. The Police Use of Deadly Force: Issues & Circumstances. (July)

2012 Environment Canada: Wildlife Enforcement Officers - New Westminster. The Use of Deadly Force by Law Enforcement: Issues & Outcomes. (June)

2012 Canadian Police College - Ottawa, Ontario. Police Executive Workshop - Ethics and Organizational Values. (May)

2012 Justice Institute ofBC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 138- Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (May)

2012 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - New York, New York. Social Media and Community Policing: The Vancouver Experience. (March)

2012 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.c. Class 137 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (March)

2012 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 136 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (January)

2011 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 134 - Police Shootings & Crisis intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (December)

2011 American Society of Criminology - Washington, D.C. The Rising Cost of Policing: The Price of Law and Order. (November)

2011 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (October)

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2011 Canadian Police College - New Westminster, B.C. Senior Police Administration Course - Issue Analysis & Research. (October)

2011 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (September)

2011 Uruguay National Police - Montevideo, Uruguay - South America. Police Ethics & Accountability and Police Shootings - Suicidal and Mentally III Individuals. (June)

2011 Canadian Police College - Vancouver, B.C. Police Executive Workshop - Ethics & Organizational Values. (May)

2011 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 135 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (May)

2011 International Law Enforcement Forum - Burnaby, B.C. Academic Research and Use of Force Practitioners - Partnerships. (May)

2011 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (April)

2011 Pacific Forensic Psychiatry Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Negotiations: A Police Response to Psychiatric Populations. (April)

2011 Metropolis Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Countering Radicalization of Diaspora Communities in Canada. (March)

2011 Western Society of Criminology - Vancouver, BC. Enhancing the Police Response to Illicit Drugs and injected Drug Users: Harm Reduction and Community Safety. (February)

2011 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - PRTC, Chilliwack, B.c. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (January)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (December)

2010 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Class 133 - Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (December)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (December)

2010 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.C. NCO Qualification - Legal & Leadership Issues. (November)

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2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, BiC, Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (November)

2010 American Society of Criminology - San Francisco, California. The Taser and Canadian Policing: A Ten Year Analysis. (November)

2010 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - New Westminster, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (November)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (October)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (September)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (July)

2010 Crisis Negotiator Training - Justice Institute: New Westminster, B.C. Suicide by Cop and Suicide: Negotiating the Crisis Within. (June)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (May)

2010 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.G Class 132 _ Police Shootings & Crisis Intervention: Suicide/Mental Illness. (May)

2010 Academy ofCriminaJ Justice Sciences - San Diego, California. Emerging Ethical Issues in Canadian Polictng. (February)

2010 Simon Fraser University: Crim 455 Advanced Issues in Policing. Police Shootings - US and Canadian Differences. (February)

2010 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (January)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (December)

2009 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental lllness. (December)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (December)

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2009 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental Illness. (December)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (November)

2009 Forum on Justice Policy - Vancouver, B.C. Investigating Complaints Against Police: Models, Options & Issues. (November)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (November)

2009 BC Safety Conference - Surrey, B.C. Responding to Irrational People in the Workplace. (November)

2009 American Society of Criminology - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Police Accountability: Reporting Police Shootings & Deadly Outcomes. (November)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (October)

2009 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.C. NCO Qualification - Legal & Leadership Issues. (October)

2009 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Delta, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (October)

2009 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (October)

2009 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.C. NCO Qualification - Legal & Leadership Issues. (October)

2009 Congreso Internacional, National Police - Mexico City, Mexico. Policia y Sistema Penal- Police Ethics & Crisis Intervention. (September)

2009 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental Illness. (July)

2009 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.C. NCO Qualification - Legal & Leadership Issues. (June)

2009 International Police Executive Symposium - Ohrid, Macedonia. Policing in Canada: The Private Sector & Social Change. (June)

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2009 RCMP Pacific Region Leader's Conference - Chilliwack, B.C. The Personal Impact of a Police Shooting Incident: Who is the Victim? (May)

2009 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental Illness. (April)

2009 Western Conference on Safety - Vancouver, B.C. Responding to Irrational People in the Workplace. (April)

2009 Western Conference on Safety - Vancouver, B.C. Scams Frauds & Identity Theft- Reducing your Chance on Being a Victim. (April)

2009 SFU Criminology: Death Investigations - Burnaby, B.C. Police Shootings - The Profile of the Victim. (March)

2009 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Boston, Massachusetts. Challenges for Policing: Reducing Injuries & Improving Performance. (March)

2009 British Columbia Police Association - Victoria, B.C. Reducing Police Injuries _ Equipment Design & Best Practices. (February)

2009 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental Illness. (February)

2009 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Mission, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (January)

2008 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide & Mental Illness. (December)

2008 Justice Institute of BC: Police Academy - New Westminster, B.C. Police Shootings - Crisis Intervention: Suicide &- Mental Illness. (December)

2008 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.c. Reserve Police Officer Training - Hostage Negotiation. (November)

2008 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Squamish, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (November)

2008 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (November)

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2008 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (October)

2008 Calgary Police Department - Crisis Negotiator Conference - Calgary, Alberta Suicide: Negotiating the Crisis Within. (October)

2008 On Scene: First Responders Conference - Regina, Saskatchewan. Deadly Force Encounters - Victim Precipitated Homicide. (September)

2008 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Police Officer Suicide. (September)

2008 Langara Faculty Training Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Scams, Frauds & Identity Theft - Langara College. (May)

2008 Delta Police Department - Delta, B.C. Reserve Police Officer Training - Diversity & Domestic Violence. (April)

2008 London Drugs Employee Training - Richmond, B.C. Scams, Frauds & Identity Theft: Reducing Victimization. (April)

2008 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Cincinnati, Ohio. Educating the Police: Academic Accreditation/or Police Training. (March)

2008 Langara Support Staff Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Scams, Frauds & Identity Theft - Langara College. (February)

2007 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Police Officer Suicide. (December)

2007 Canadian Police Chaplain Conference - Chilliwack, B.C. Deadly Force Encounters - Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (November)

2007 Canadian Police College - Ottawa, Ontario. High Risk Negotiations - Suicide & Mental Illness Issues. (October)

2007 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - North Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Mental Illness. (September)

2007 Canadian Police College - Ottawa, Ontario. High Risk Negotiations - Suicide & Mental Illness Issues. (September)

2007 Democracy and Global Security Conference - Istanbul, Turkey. Contemporary Policing Issues in Canada - Trends and Strategies. (June)

2007 London Drugs Loss Prevention Conference - Whistler, B.C. Critical Incident Stress: Coping with Trauma. (June)

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2007 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Training Center - Chilliwack, B.C. Controversial Use of Force Incidents & Deadly Outcomes in Policing. (May)

2007 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Seattle, Washington. Extreme Violence & Danger Perception: u.s. & Canadian Differences. (March)

2007 Langara Support Staff Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Scams, Frauds & Identity Theft - Langara College. (February)

2006 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - New Westminster, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (December)

2006 Police Academy Graduation Ceremony - New Westminster, B.C. The Police Officer In the Arena - Class IIO, Justice Institute of B.C. (November)

2006 London Air Service - Richmond, B.C. Crisis Intervention - Resolving Conflict. (October)

2006 B.C. Post-Secondary Support Staff Conference - New Westminster, B.C. Scams, Frauds & Identity Theft. - Douglas College. (June)

2006 International Police Association - Girnbom, Germany. Coping With Trauma and Stress. (May)

2006 Western States Hostage Negotiator Association - Vancouver, B.C. High Risk Negotiations - Suicide by Cop. (April)

2006 Forensic Psychiatry Conference - Vancouver, B.C. The Police Response to Mental Health Consumers - Crisis Intervention. (April)

2006 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (March)

2006 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Baltimore, Maryland. Excited Delirium - Death During Police Intervention. (March)

2006 Metropolitan Police Department - Washington, D.C. Investigating Police Shootings - Suicide by Cop - Critical Incident Stress. (February)

2005 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Burnaby, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (November)

2005 Psychiatrists In Blue: Mental Health Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Vulnerable Individuals -The Police and Mental Health Consumers. (November)

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2005 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (April)

2005 Canadian Mental Health Association, - Vancouver, B.C. The Police Response To Mental Health Consumers. (January)

2004 Connecticut Police Agencies (C.A.B.L.E.) - Mystic, Connecticut. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Intervention. (November)

2004 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Quesnel, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (September)

2004 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Burnaby, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training- Police Shootings & Suicidal Individuals. (June)

2004 Vancouver Police Department - Vancouver, B.C. Crisis Intervention Training - Police Shaatings & Suicidal Individuals. (May)

2004 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Las Vegas, Nevada. Professional Standards in The Pacific Northwest - Police Accountability Understanding Suicide By Cop - A North American Perspective. (March)

2004 Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Winnipeg, Manitoba Crisis Negotiations - Negotiating The Suicidal Individual. (January)

2003 2003 National Police Chaplaincy Conference - Surrey, B.C. Police Use of Deadly Force: Suicide & Critical Incident Stress. (November)

2003 2003 Officer Safety Conference - Edmonton, Alberta. Police Shootings In Western Canada - The Issue of Suicide. (September)

2003 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Boston, Massachusetts. Facing The Leadership Challenge: The Delta Police Leadership Model. (March)

2002 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Anaheim, California. Suicide By Cop - Police Shootings In The Pacific Northwest. (March)

2001 Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention - St. John's, Newfoundland. Suicide By Police In North America - Victim-Precipitated Homicide. (October)

2001 International Association of Forensic Mental Health - Vancouver, B.C. Mental Illness, Violence and Less-lethal Responses by Police. (April)

2000 Calgary Police Service - Calgary, Alberta. Police Shootings In Alberta - Causes and Outcomes. (October)

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2000 American Academy of Psychiatry And The Law- Vancouver, B.C. US & Canadian Differences: The Use Of Deadly Force By Police. (October)

2000 Police and Diversity Forum - Justice Institute of B.C. - New Westminster. Police Use of Deadly Force: The Issue of Racism. (June) .

2000 Risk In The Mental Health Community - Coquitlam, B.C. Police Use Of Deadly Force - Suicide By Cop. (June)

1999 Suicide Prevention & Intervention Conference - York, Ontario. Invitation To Death - Suicide By Cop. (November)

1999 Federal Bureau of Investigation - Quantico, Virginia. Suicide and Law Enforcement Conference - Suicide By Cop. (September)

1999 Washington State Law Enforcement - Firearms Instructors Association. Seattle, Washington. Suicide By Cop - Police Shootings In America. (August)

1999 Police and Diversity Forum - Justice Institute of B.C. - Vancouver, B.C. Police Use of Deadly Force: The Issue of Racism. (March)

1999 Suicide Prevention & Intervention Conference - Durham, Ontario. Invitation To Death - Suicide By Cop. (March)

1998 Canadian Use of Force Trainers Conference - Toronto, Ontario. Suicide By Cop- Police Shootings In Canada. (October)

1998 Canadian Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement - Vancouver, B.C. - Police Use of Deadly Force. (October)

1998 Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police 47th. Annual Conference - Windsor, Ontario. Victim-Precipitated Homicide. (June)

1998 Western Association of Sociology and Anthropology Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Police Use Of Deadly Force In British Columbia. (May)

1998 Western Social Science Association Conference - Denver, Colorado. When Police Kill: Critical Incident Stress. (April)

1997 Trauma & Community National Conference - Vancouver, B.C. Police Use Of Deadly Force: The Aftermath. (December)

1997 Western Social Science Association Conference - Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Phenomenon Of Victim-Precipitated Homicide. (April)

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Selected Expert Witness Trial Testimonies

1. November 1998 - British Columbia Coroners Court in Burnaby, B.C.: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of Thomas Alcorn; as a police use of deadly force expert - Coroner Larry Campbell.

2. June 2001 - Ontario Coroners Court in London, Ontario: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of David John Melzer; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Tom Schneider.

3. December 2002 - Alberta Provincial Court, Lethbridge, Alberta: Fatality Inquiry Regarding the Death of Allen Thomas Symons; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Christopher R. Ford.

4. April 2004 - United States District Court, Central District of California, in the City of Santa Ana (Los Angeles), California: Santiago Ayala vs. City of Santa Ana as a police use of deadly force expert, before Judge Gary L. Taylor - Attorney Martha Shen Urquidez.

5. August 2005 - Alberta Fatality Inquiry in Calgary, Alberta: Regarding the Death of Deng Fermino; as a police use of deadly force, less-lethal force and patrol staffing expert, before Judge G.M. Meagher - Attorneys Nancy McCurdy and Jo- Ann Burgess.

6. March 2007 - Alberta Fatality Inquiry in Calgary, Alberta: Regarding the Death of Harjinder Cheema; as a police use of deadly force, less-lethal force and police deployment expert, before Judge Sandra Hamilton - Attorneys Nancy McCurdy and Chris Ford.

7. January 2012 - Manitoba Fatality Inquiry in The Pas, Manitoba: Regarding the Death of Nathan Boryskavich; as a police use of force, less-lethal force and police deployment expert, before Judge Herbert Allen - Crown Attorney Martin S. Minuk, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

8. October 2012 - United States District Court, District of New Jersey, in the City of Camden, New Jersey: Garressa Smith et al. v. Dean Grandsden et al. as a police use of deadly force expert, before Judge Joseph E. Irenas. Attorney Ralph A. Powell.

9. July 2013 - Criminal Charges of Assault Causing Bodily Harm, in The Pas, Manitoba: Regarding Regina vs. Cst. Rene Pashe; as a police use of force expert, before Judge Malcolm MacDonald - Defense Counsel Josh Weinstein, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

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International and National Associations

Editorial Advisory Board - Academic Journal:

c "Policing: An International Journal ofPoJice Strategies and Management" Emerald Group Publishing Limited, UK. www.emeraldinsight.com

National Research Committees:

o Defence Research and Development Canada - Ottawa: "Centre for Security Science - Proposal Selection Committee"

o The Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society

Memberships

• Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences

• American Society of Criminology

• Western States Hostage Negotiation Association

• International Police Association

Research Grants / Funding

o Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS): Research Grant - $17,250.00 - "Right Wing Extremism in Canada." - Apri12013.

u Canadian Police Research Centre - $150,000.00 - "The Venus Project." - Dr. Gail Anderson, School of Criminology, SFU - January 2011. Science and Teclmology Advisory Committee (STAC) - Ottawa. Call 002 Project Selection.

o Metropolis, BC: Development Grant - $15,000.00 - "Countering Radicalization of Diaspora Communities in Canada. " - Summer 2010

o Mental Health Commission of Canada: "Study of Types of Interactions. Attitudes. Experiences and Feedback: When People Living with Severe Mental Health Illness Interact with the Police." $100,000.00 - BC Mental Health & Addiction Services, Canadian Mental Health Association, Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia - Spring 2009.

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o Work Safe BC: Development Grant - $5,000.00 - "Identification of Potential Risk Factors for Injury to Police Officers in Using New Technologies." - Fall 2008.

Academic Activities

Senior Supervisor:

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Police Shootings in Ontario: How Social, Psychological and Situational Factors Lead to Pulling the Trigger. " Alexandre Juneau (2013)

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Showing the Flag" Canadian Police and International Peacekeeping Missions: Acknowledging the Issues Police Officers Encounter throughout the Pre-Deployment and Reintegration Stages. Julianna Psarris (2012)

External Examiner:

Doctor of Philosophy degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Human Decomposition and the Factors that Affect it: A Retrospective Study of Death Scenes in Canada". Diane Lyn Cockle (2013)

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Beyond 'Just Say No ': A Review of Drug Prevention Programming." Jaclyn Knox (2009)

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Exposing Police to Pepper Spray in Training: Inciting Injury or Enhancing Officer Safety. " Shane McLaughlin (2007)

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University. "Perceptions, Attitudes, and Career Orientations of Recruit Police Officers. " Earl Andersen (2006)

Master of Arts degree, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University "Couch Surfing In Vancouver: An Aggregate Study of the Vancouver Graffiti Suspect Network." Valerie Spicer (2005)

Advisory Board: "Police Practice & Research: An International Journal." (1999 - 2001)

Degree Design: Bachelor of Fire and Safety Studies. Justice Institute of B.C. (2011)

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Bachelor of Public Safety and Security. Justice Institute of B.C. (2006)

Independent Expert Research Evaluations/ Reports:

o Rapid Review of Canadian Policing: Culture, Efficiency, Technology and Branding. Metropolitan Police Service, London, U.K. - July 2013. Department of Law & C.J. Studies, Canterbury Christ Church University.

o Research Review: January 2011 - University of Montreal. Fonds de recherche sur la societe ella culture Quebec (FQRSC).

o Canadian Police Research Centre, Ottawa Ontario. CPRC Proposal #2009 - IER: lmmersive Reflexive Engagement Trainer - July 2009.

Committee and Chair Activities

• January, 2013: Defence Research and Development Canada - Ottawa: "Centre for Security Science - Proposal Selection Committee.

• October, 2012: Defence Research and Development Canada - Ottawa: "Centre for Security Science - Proposal Selection Committee.

• March, 2012: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - New York, New York. Session 97: The Impact of Social Media on Police and the Community. Chair: Rick Parent, Simon Fraser University.

• February, 2012: Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police - Vancouver. The Rising Cost of Policing in Canada.

• February, 2011: Western Society of Criminology - Vancouver, BC. Panel 9: Policing Crime in the New Age. Chair: Rick Parent, Simon Fraser University.

• February, 2011: Police Sector Council - Toronto. Strategic HR Management in Canadian Policing.

• January, 2011: Canadian Police Research Centre - Ottawa. Science & Technical Advisory Committee - Project Selection & Funding.

• November, 2010: American Society of Criminology - San Francisco, California. Session 32: Police Use ofTasers. Chair: Rick Parent, Simon Fraser University.

• November, 2009: Ting Forum on Justice Policy - Vancouver, B.C. Investigating Complaints Against Police: Models, Options & Issues.

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• March, 2009: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - Boston, Massachusetts. Event # 41 Police Stress, Victimization & Safety. Chair: Rick Parent, Simon Fraser University.

Reviews & Consultation: Academic .Journals & Books

o Book Review: Ryan, Wayne (2013). Souls Behind the Badge: The Real World of Policing-An Insider's View. Indie Ink Consulting Services. August 2013.

o Manuscript # 05-2013-0051: July 2013 - Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. - Supervisory Influences on Officers' Perceptions of Less Lethal Force Policy: A Multilevel Analysis.

o Manuscript # 2012-5: November 2012 - Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Journal - Police Response to Approaching Subjects at Height: Examining the Balcony Jumper Phenomenon.

o Manuscript # 220208_MS_OSBV: September 2012 - Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. - Physiological Relevance of Scenario-based Use of Force Simulations for Police.

o Manuscript # 2012 E-26: July 2012 - Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice - Police Response to Approaching Subjects at Height: Examining the Balcony Jumper Phenomenon.

o Manuscript # CAPA-OA-Sep-0048-2011: November 2011 - Canadian Public Administration - The Place of Police in Canada's Public Service.

o Book Proposal: November 2010 - Emerald Group Publishing. - Police Deviance and Criminality: Managing Integrity and Accountability.

o Manuscript RJQY-2010-0102: October 2010 - Justice Quarterly. - Turning Community-Oriented Policing into a Force for Promoting Civility and Democracy.

o Manuscript #200721: August 2010 - Police Practice & Research. - Policing, Gender and Working Time: The Case of the Part-Time Detective.

o Book Proposal: June 20 10 - Nelson Publishing. - Canadian Police Work: 3rd Edition.

o Manuscript #290221: September 2009 - Police Practice & Research. - The Challenges of Moving into Management: Results from a Survey of Canadian Police Officers.

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o Manuscript #08-12~384: May 2009 - International Criminal Justice Review - Altitudes 0/ Ethnic Minorities to the Police.

o Manuscript #2009-08: March 2009 - Criminology & Public Policy: ASC - Examining the Physiological Impact of the TASER: Identifying Predictors of Suspect Death. "

o Manuscript #08-09-377: February 2009 - International Criminal Justice Review. - Content and Adequacy of Specialized Youth Training: Perceptions of Police Trainers, Supervisors, and Front Line Officers.

o Book Proposal: Perez & Moore (2008) Police Ethics: A Matter of Choice. Nelson Publishing. February 2008.

o Book Proposal: Geerinck, J. (2006). Group Dynamics / Skills in Law Enforcement. Pearson Publishing. March 2006

o Book Proposal: Verdun-Jones (2005). "Introduction to Criminal & Civil Law. " May 2005

o Book Proposal: Perez & Moore (2002). Police Ethics: A Matter of Character. Thomson - Wadsworth. August 2005.

o Manuscript #2000-056: March 2000 - Police Practice & Research: An International Journal. Private Policing & Public Security.

Teaching Experience and Courses Taught

2008 - Present: Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology - Police Studies

o Introduction to the Criminal Justice System

o Introduction to Policing

CI Police Accountability & Ethics

CI Community Policing

CI Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Policing

2003 - 2008: Kwantlen University - Faculty Instructor - Criminology: Policing

o Introduction to Policing

o Police Accountability & Ethics

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1995 - 1998: Justice Institute of B.C.-Police Academy, Police Recruit Instructor

o Police Recruit Training Program - Applied Social Sciences

1992 - 1995: Delta Police Department - Training Officer

o In-Service Training Programs for Police Personnel

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R. Parent, Ph.D. Selected Deposition &Trial Testimonies ..._-----_ .._------Selected Expert Opinions

1. September 1997 - U.S. Superior Court of California, County of Sonoma, in the City of Santa Rosa: Saunders vs. City of Santa Rosa, et al. as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Brien]. Farrell.

2. November 1998 - British Columbia Coroners Court in Burnaby, B.C.: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of Thomas Alcorn; as a police use of deadly force expert - Coroner Larry Campbell.

3. March 1999 - Alberta Coroners Court in Lethbridge, Alberta: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of David John Ell; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Steven Koval, Q.c.

4. April 2001 - Ontario Coroners Court in London, Ontario: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of David John Melzer; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Tom Schneider.

5. November 2001 - Alberta Fatality Inquiry in Lethbridge, Alberta: Regarding the Death of Allan Thomas Symons; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Christopher R. Ford.

6. May 2003 - U.S. District Court of California, in the City of Santa Ana, California: Santiago Ayala vs. City of Santa Ana as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney David Mead and Attorney Martha Shen - Urquidez.

7. July 2005 - Alberta Fatality Inquiry in Calgary, Alberta: Regarding the Death of Deng Fermino; as a police use of deadly force, less-lethal force and patrol staffing expert - Attorneys Nancy McCurdy and To-Ann Burgess.

8. March 2007 - Alberta Fatality Inquiry in Calgary, Alberta: Regarding the Death of Harjinder Cheema; as a police use of deadly force, less-lethal force and police deployment expert - Attorneys Nancy McCurdy and Chris Ford.

9. February 2009 - 389th District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas: Sylvia Torres, et al vs. Hidalgo County as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Rex N. Leach.

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R. Parent, Ph.D. Selected Deposition &Trial Testimonies ._------_ ...... • _._ ..•._-_ ...._.. 10. July 2011 - British Columbia Coroners Court in Nanaimo, B.C.: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of Jeffery Scott Hughes; as a police use of deadly force expert - Coroner Marj Paonessa.

11. December 2013 - British Columbia Supreme Court in Vancouver, B.C.: Regarding the police shooting of Theodore Laktin v. City of Vancouver and others; as a police use of force expert - Lawyer Ms. Karen Liang.

Selected Trial Testimonies

1. November 1998 - British Columbia Coroners Court in Burnaby, B.C.: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of Thomas Alcorn; as a police use of deadly force expert - Coroner Larry Campbell.

2. June 2001 - Ontario Coroners Court in London, Ontario: Coroner's Inquest Regarding the Death of David John Melzer; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Tom Schneider.

3. December 2002 - Alberta Provincial Court, Lethbridge, Alberta: Fatality Inquiry Regarding the Death of Allen Thomas Symons; as a police use of deadly force expert - Attorney Christopher R. Ford.

7. January 2012 - Manitoba Fatality Inquiry in The Pas, Manitoba: Regarding the Death of Nathan Boryskavich: as a police use of force, less-lethal force and police deployment expert, before Judge Herbert Allen - Crown Attorney Martin S. Minuk, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

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R. Parent, Ph.D. Selected Deposition &Trial Testimonies

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