DOCSLIB.ORG

Values, Culture, and Democracy: a Korean Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Values, Culture, and Democracy: a Korean Perspective U" .2hemocracy, 'l/ar/et pW 6 conomicj &5leuelopment12 Public Disclosure Authorized J: In 4jian /erJpective Editedby FarrukhIqbal and Jong-itYou ¢ t~4 =l | 122241 May 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ff.,*; LD,,-B' N"k .,,TWEfWaRLD 1Ar-R _ &!_ j 9 ~~~~~~a Public Disclosure Authorized Democracy, Market Economics, and Development An Asian Perspective Farrukh Iqbal and Jong-Il You Editors The WorldBank Washington,D.C. Copyright (D2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 2001 1234 0504030201 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affil- iated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or per- sonal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470.Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Pub- lisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover design by UltraDesigns Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Democracy, market economics, and development / edited by Farrukh Iqbal, Jong-Il You. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-4862-0 1. Capitalism. 2. Democracy. 3. Economic development. I. Iqbal, Farrukh. II. You, Jong-Il, 1958- HB501 .D423 2001 338.9-dc2l 2001017950 CONTENTS Foreword ................................................. v Contributors ................................................ vii Overview ................................................ ix Farrukh Iqbal and fong-II You Chapter 1 Democracy and the Market Economy: Two Wheels of a Cart .................1 Kim Dae-jung Chapter 2 Democracy and Social Justice ................................................. 7 Amartya Sen Chapter 3 Political Institutions, Democracy, and Development ............................. 25 Minxin Pei Chapter 4 Participation and Development: Perspectives from the Comprehensive Development Paradigm ................................................ 49 Joseph Stiglitz Chapter 5 Corporate Governance and Economic Development: The Korean Experience ................................................ 73 Ha-sung Jang Chapter 6 Economic Adjustment, Equity, and Workers' Support .......................... 95 William A. Douglas iii iv DEMOCRACY, MARKET ECONOMICS, AND DEVELOPMENT Chapter 7 Political Economy of Reform: The Characteristics of Japanese Institutions .................................................. 119 Kuniko Inoguchi Chapter 8 The Politics of Governance: Lessons from the East Asian Crisis ...... 127 Stephan Haggard Chapter 9 Asian Values in the Wake of the Asian Crisis ....................................... 149 Francis Fukuyama Chapter 10 Values, Culture, and Democracy: A Korean Perspective ..................... 169 Jong-keun You FOREWORD This book contains a selection of papers which were originally presented at a conference held in Seoul, Korea in February 1999. The idea for the conference arose the year before in a meeting between Mr. Kim Dae-jung, President of the Republic of Korea and Mr. James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank Group. Recognizing that the recent travails of the East Asian region provided an opportunity to review the links between styles of political governance, economic strategies and development, they agreed to sponsor a conference at which these issues could be discussed among development practitioners, political leaders, and members of civil society. This book is being published to bring some of this thinking to a larger audience. The conference revealed some common patterns in views and experi- ences. There was broad agreement on the need to conceive of develop- ment as a multi-faceted objective rather than one comprising solely of changes in income per capita. Regarding governance, it was noted that civil and political liberties were important in their own right as well as effective instruments with which to attack corruption and poverty. The need to achieve social consensus and support through participatory means was highlighted in discussions about the design and implementa- tion of market-oriented economic reforms. Good corporate governance, supported by sound and prudential regulations, was also thought neces- sary for markets to operate in the public interest. Finally, there was a broad consensus that developments in Asia reveal complex links running from values and culture through institutions to economic performance which suggest that it is inappropriate to ascribe the 1997-98 crisis in East Asia to a simple-minded conception of so-called Asian values. These ideas and others are discussed at length in the papers that have been selected for this book. The perspectives discussed in these papers were shaped in part by the comments and suggestions of several persons who served as moderators, discussants and panelists at the conference. In this connection, we grate- fully acknowledge the contributions of Sri-Ram Aiyer, Walden Bello, v vi DEMOCRACY, MARKET ECONOMICS, AND DEVELOPMENT Mark Malloch Brown, Yung Hee Choi, Yul Choi, Soo Bok Chung, Peter Geithner, Carolina Hernandez, Chul Kyu Kang, Moon Kyu Kang, Daniel Kaufmann, I1 Soo Kim, Choongsoo Kim, Keum Soo Kim, Robert Klit- gaard, Duk Seung Lee, Jin Soon Lee, Gill-Chin Lim, Ronald Maclean- Abaroa, Kamal Malhotra, Don Oberdorfer, Mari Pangestu, Funkoo Park, Won Soon Park, Young Hye Park, Hak-Yong Rhee, Shaha Riza, Jean- Michel Severino, Gunnar Stalsett, Laksamana Sukardi, Kari Tapiola, Vinod Thomas, Lisa Veneklasen, Vivienne Wee, Lynn Williams, William Witherell and Jung Sook Yoon. In addition, we would like to thank the following persons who rendered invaluable help in making the confer- ence a success: Byung-Goo Cho, Hun Choi, Kwang-Hai Choi, Ha-Won Jang, Mun-Soo Kang, Choon-Sun Kim, Ho-Shik Kim, Jin-Pyo Kim, Tae- Dong Kim, Joyce Rompass and Haruyuki Shimada. Migara de Silva ren- dered able assistance in preparing the manuscript for publication. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Japan, the Government of Korea and the World Bank, and the organizational support of the Korea Development Institute and the World Bank Institute which enabled the conference to be held. Farrukh Iqbal Jong-II You CONTRIBUTORS William A. Douglas Adjunct Professorial Lecturer, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA FrancisFukuyama Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor of Public Policy, George Mason Uni- versity, Virginia, USA Stephan M. Haggard Professor, Graduate School of International Relations & Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego, California, USA Kuniko Inoguchi Professor, Faculty of Law, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan Farrukh Iqbal Lead Economist, World Bank Institute, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA Ha-sung Jang Professor, College of Business Administration, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Kim Dae-jung Nobel Laureate and President, Republic of Korea Minxin Pei Senior Fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washing- ton, DC, USA Amartya Sen Nobel Laureate and Master of Trinity College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Joseph Stiglitz Professor, Department of Economics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA vii viii DEMOCRACY, MARKET ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Jong-Il You Professor, School of Public Policy and Management, Korean Develop- ment Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea Jong-keun You Governor, North Cholla Province, Republic of Korea OVERVIEW FarrukhIqbal and Jong-IIYou This book presents a selection from papers originally presented at a con- ference entitled Democracy, Market Economy and Development that was held in Seoul, Republic of Korea, in February 1999. The main objective of the conference was to examine the extent to which democracy is impor- tant to the achievement of sustainable development. While it is widely accepted that economic freedom, as ensured broadly by the operation of the economy according to market or laissez-faire principles, is a critical determinant of development, the role of political freedom, as ensured broadly by the practice of democracy, is less well understood. The scope of this overview is limited to the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Globalization and Its Effects on Democratic Systems At
    of Socia al lo rn m u ic o s J Journal of Socialomics Sarmadi and Badri, J Socialomics 2017, 6:3 ISSN: 2167-0358 DOI: 10.1472/2167-0358.1000204 Mini Review Open Access Globalization and its Effects on Democratic Systems at Authoritarian Edge of Persian-Gulf Countries in Outlook of Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Huntington Theories Hamid Sarmadi*and Mortaza Badri Department of Politics and Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Hamid Sarmadi, Ph. D. of Political Science, Department of Politics and Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Tel: + 98 21 22 56 51 49; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: May 26, 2017; Acc date: Jun 26, 2017; Pub date: Jul 05,2017 Copyright: © 2017 Sarmadi H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Terms formation like that globalization, world village, information era, lattice society and international common language indicate rising substantial changes in our peripheral circumstance. Today rate of life changes is very fast with widely range effect that intensify modernity dynamics. Today we are in subject appearance of global industry communications, formation of transnational institutions, fade of political borders, structural and institutional similarity of societies, internationalization of local issues, increase of social interactions and communications bulk and another common global challenge. All this change realizable in globalization paradigm. This phenomenon with its increaser validation along with global language, realize unprecedented level of transnational and human communications.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Revolutions at the Fin-De-Siecle
    ThirdWorld Quarterly, Vol 18, No 5, pp 791± 820, 1997 Thefuture of revolutions at the ®n-de-sieÁcle JOHN FORAN Istheera ofrevolutionover? Did it end in 1989?And was thatsuch a longtime ago,in any case? Itdoesn’ t necessarilyseem tobe over in places like Mexico (Chiapas),Algeria, Peru or Zaire, and may be just around the corner elsewhere (Egypt?).The discourse of revolution may be changing; the international loci andfoci may be moving(with the demise of the Soviet Union and the tentative consolidationof democracies in Latin America); the actors may be changing (withmore women and ethnic minorities active; though both have long histories ofrevolutionary activism)Ð all of this may be (arguably) true. But this article willargue that revolutions are goingto be with us tothe end of history, andÐ pace FrancisFukuyamaÐ that is notin sight. SocialrevolutionsÐ in Theda Skocpol’ s nowclassic sense of`rapid, basic transformationsof a society’s stateand class structures¼accompanied and in partcarried through by class-based revoltsfrom below’ 1Ðare infact relatively rare eventsby virtue of thedeep degree of transformationthey require to qualify as such.While the issue of`how much’ transformation is enoughto merit the label`social’ is avexingone, most analysts can agree on the list of twentieth- centurysocial revolutions: Russia 1917,China 1949, Cuba 1959, Nicaragua 1979,Iran 1979 in the ® rst instance;and, arguably, Mexico 1910± 20, Vietnam 1945±75, Algeria 1954± 62, and Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the 1970s,among others, if the de® nition is relaxedsomewhat. (The dates here refer tothe making, not aftermaths, of these revolutions, which were, it should be evident,processes morethan `events’ .) Evenwith the more generous list, we haveno more than a dozeninstances in almost a hundredyears, a `rate’that wouldnot yield quite yet a singlefurther case sincethe momentous events of 1989in China and Eastern Europe, themselves not classi® ableas successful or quitesocial, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberal Values and the End of History
    FEATURE LIBERAL VALUES AND THE END OF HISTORY The Arab Spring’s call for the institutionalisation of liberal values is reason to pause and reconsider Francis Fukuyama’s famed and reviled end of history thesis, argues Benjamin Herscovitch n the dying days of the Cold War, Greg Sheridan objected to Fukuyama’s thesis Francis Fukuyama claimed the world was on the grounds that it was ‘fantastic nonsense’9 witnessing nothing short of ‘an unabashed and ‘spectacularly wrong, rendered almost idiotic victory of economic and political by the turn events have taken.’10 Iliberalism.’1 Since making this stark claim, a To claim that Fukuyama’s thesis was seemingly endless stream of academics and dicredited by an event like the 9/11 terrorist commentators have betrayed their petty attacks betrays either a failure of basic prejudices and intellectual shallowness by comprehension or a failure to actually read condemning Fukuyama as an ignorant liberal Fukuyama’s works. The shockingly sloppy and triumphalist. Rather than a serious comment superficial critiques of Fukuyama’s position on the almost irresistible gravitational pull of advanced by the likes of Sheridan and others liberal values, Fukuyama’s view that ‘there are indicate their total ignorance of the specificities no serious ideological competitors left to liberal of Fukuyama’s thesis. Fukuyama nowhere democracy’2 was taken to be the high-water claims that major events of world historical mark of solipsistic liberalism. significance will not take place. If Fukuyama’s To be sure, it was perhaps both bold and earnest critics had taken the time to first read confrontational to claim we had arrived at his works and then critique, they would have ‘the end of history’3 and that in the wake of realised that what Fukuyama ‘suggested had ‘the twin crises of authoritarianism and socialist come to an end was not the occurrence of central planning,’4 ‘liberal democracy ..
    [Show full text]
  • Francis Fukuyama the National Interest Summer 1989
    The End of History? Francis Fukuyama The National Interest Summer 1989 IN WATCHING the flow of events the intellectual climate of the world's over the past decade or so, it is hard to two largest communist countries, and avoid the feeling that something very the beginnings of significant reform fundamental has happened in world movements in both. But this history. The past year has seen a flood phenomenon extends beyond high of articles commemorating the end of politics and it can be seen also in the the Cold War, and the fact that "peace" ineluctable spread of consumerist seems to be breaking out in many Western culture in such diverse regions of the world. Most of these contexts as the peasants' markets and analyses lack any larger conceptual color television sets now omnipresent framework for distinguishing between throughout China, the cooperative what is essential and what is restaurants and clothing stores opened contingent or accidental in world in the past year in Moscow, the history, and are predictably Beethoven piped into Japanese superficial. If Mr. Gorbachev were department stores, and the rock music ousted from the Kremlin or a new enjoyed alike in Prague, Rangoon, and Ayatollah proclaimed the millennium Tehran. from a desolate Middle Eastern What we may be witnessing is not capital, these same commentators just the end of the Cold War, or the would scramble to announce the passing of a particular period of rebirth of a new era of conflict. postwar history, but the end of history And yet, all of these people sense as such: that is, the end point of dimly that there is some larger process mankind's ideological evolution and at work, a process that gives coherence the universalization of Western liberal and order to the daily headlines.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis Report: Meta- Analysis of Critical Turning Points in TSI
    Synthesis Report: meta- analysis of Critical Turning Points in TSI Deliverable 5.4 Theme [ssh.2013.3.2-1][Social Innovation- Empowering People, changing societies] Project Full Title: “Transformative Social Innovation Theory project” Grant Agreement n. 613169 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 61316 TRANSIT – Grant agreement 613169 – WP5 - Deliverable 5.4: Synthesis report Focus of deliverable: This deliverable is the synthesis report of work package 5 ‘Cases and Evidence – Meta analysis’. It presents the results of the meta-analysis of TSI propositions through the Critical Turning Points database. This database contains 65 local manifestations of transnational social innovation networks in 28 different countries, and almost 400 in-depth accounts of Critical Turning Points in the histories of these local manifestations. The synthesis provides empirical testing and substantiation of 12 propositions on TSI, as inputs for the final account of TSI theory. Acknowledgements: This meta-analysis and the construction of the Critical Turning Points database would not have been possible without the collaboration of the more than 250 individuals from social innovation initiatives whose in-depth accounts of social innovation processes we have collected. The meta-analysis team also wish to thank the entire TRANSIT consortium and guest researchers for their substantial work on data gathering and data entry. Finally,
    [Show full text]
  • Il Parlamento E L'evoluzione Degli Strumenti Della Legislazione
    Tavola rotonda su IL PARLAMENTO E L’EVOLUZIONE DEGLI STRUMENTI DELLA LEGISLAZIONE promossa dal Comitato per la legislazione in conclusione del secondo ciclo di Presidenza 12 gennaio 2010 Sala della Lupa Camera dei deputati Roma La tavola rotonda, promossa dal Comitato per la legislazione a conclusione del secondo ciclo di presidenza, riunisce personalità politiche che rivestono, o hanno rivestito, diverse posizioni di responsabilità nello svolgimento del processo legislativo. La tavola rotonda pone al centro della riflessione il ruolo fondamentale del Presidente di Assemblea, nell’esperienza dei presidenti della Camera dei deputati che si sono succeduti nelle ultime quattro legislature e che hanno tutti dovuto far fronte a rilevanti difficoltà nel procedimento legislativo. Nelle stesse quattro legislature il Comitato per la legislazione, istituito nel gennaio 1998, ha operato a supporto di tale impegnativa funzione presidenziale, svolgendo i suoi compiti di vigilanza sulla qualità dei testi legislativi, con particolare riferimento alle forme prevalenti di legislazione (deleghe e decreti legge). Presso entrambe le Camere, le Commissioni Affari costituzionali svolgono anch’esse un delicato ruolo di controllo con riferimento agli aspetti di costituzionalità, che investe non solo i contenuti ma anche le procedure e il sistema delle competenze. Inoltre, le due Commissioni sono al centro dei processi di riforma costituzionale. Sul versante governativo, il Ministro per i rapporti con il Parlamento svolge un ruolo altrettanto complesso nel misurarsi con le difficoltà del processo legislativo collegando un doppio fronte: l’insieme dei rapporti interni al Governo e quello con i diversi organi parlamentari in entrambe le Camere. Come base della discussione si offrono le analisi delle tendenze della legislazione elaborate di recente nell’ambito del Comitato: la “nota di sintesi” del Rapporto sulla legislazione 2009, edito dalla Camera dei deputati, e “Tendenze e problemi della decretazione d’urgenza”, presentato al Comitato per la legislazione il 12 novembre 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Rook Reviews /1121 "Reflexively Modern." However, When I Called Our Pre-Postmodern Plumber, He Chuckled and Said, "It Don't Work 'Round Here
    Rook Reviews /1121 "reflexively modern." However, when I called our pre-postmodern plumber, he chuckled and said, "It don't work 'round here ... but if you want me to put one in, I will. No guarantee, though. "T had spent much time and hope planning my emancipation from The Dead Hand of Tradi- tion, with the aid of an expensive computer and a stack of printer paper. Yet obdurate structure, social and physical, had the last laugh. And it al- ways will. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/75/3/1121/2233538 by guest on 01 October 2021 Social Revolutions in the Modern World. By Theda Skocpol. Cambridge University Press,1994.354 pp. Reviewer: DANIEL CHIROT, University of Washington Theda Skocpol's essays in Social Revolutions in the Modern World have al- ready been reviewed by such noted social scientists as Charles Tilly and Francis Fukuyama. Ten of the twelve essays were published in the 1970s and early 1980s, two are from the late 1980s, and only the conclusion was written for this book. Moreover, neither social revolutions nor historical sociology as it was practiced during the 1970s and 1980s are among Skocpol's main interests these days. Rather, the history of social welfare in the U.S. and contemporary policy controversies about health care are the focus of her attention. Why, then, is it important to discuss this book once more? Because it more or less unwittingly marks the death of a type of so- ciology that once attracted some of the best minds in the discipline but that contained within itself contradictions that could not be resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence in Fascist Criminal Law Discourse: War, Repression and Anti-Democracy
    Int J Semiot Law DOI 10.1007/s11196-012-9296-3 Violence in Fascist Criminal Law Discourse: War, Repression and Anti-Democracy Stephen Skinner Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract This article constructs a critical historical, political and theoretical analysis of the essence of Fascist criminal law discourse in terms of the violence that shaped and characterised it. The article examines the significance of violence in key declarations about the role and purpose of criminal law by Alfredo Rocco, Fascist Minister of Justice and leading ideologue, in his principal speech on the final draft of the 1930 Italian Penal Code. It is grounded on the premise that criminal law is particularly significant for understanding the relationship between State power and individuals, and so what was distinctive about Fascist thinking in this regard. The article analyses Rocco’s declarations as a discourse in order to highlight their contextual foundations, construction and ideological connections. It argues that the core theme of that discourse is violence, which has three principal dimensions: a close historical and rhetorical connection with war, a focus on repressive and intimidatory force, and a paramount concern with subordinating individuals to State interests. The article then uses this analysis to develop a theoretical reading of the nexus between criminal law and violence in Fascism, in terms of its foundations and reversal of ends and means. The article thus provides an original perspective on Fascism and criminal law, which it argues is important for critical engagement with criminal law discourse in our democracies today. Keywords Fascism Á Violence Á Criminal law Á Anti-democracy Á Democracy S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Precariat: the New Dangerous Class
    THE PRECARIAT UNITED NATIONS The New RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL Dangerous Class DEVELOPMENT by Guy Standing An UNRISD Seminar Neoliberal policies and institutional changes have Guy Standing produced a huge Professor of Economic Security and growing University of Bath number of people with sufficiently PRESENTING common experiences to be The Precariat: called an emerging class. The New Dangerous Class In this book, Guy Standing introduces what he calls the Monday, 26 September 2011 precariat – a growing number of people across the world living and working precariously, usually in a 12:30–14:00 series of short-term jobs, without recourse to stable occupational identities or careers, stable social Room XXV protection or protective regulations relevant to them. Palais des Nations They include migrants, but also locals. Increasingly Geneva, Switzerland frustrated and potentially dangerous because they have no voice, vulnerable to the siren calls of extreme political Advance registration parties, the precariat could produce new instabilities in society. is requested How might these dangers be addressed? Standing Please contact outlines a new kind of good society, with more people [email protected] actively involved in civil society and the precariat re- engaged. One way to this better society, he suggests, “This important and original book brings would be an unconditional basic income for everyone, out the political dangers…of failing to contributed by the state, which could be topped up address the insecurities of the precariat. It through earned incomes. also suggests the way forward: a reconstruction of the concept of work.” This is a topical and radical book, which will appeal to readers concerned about the growing problems of labour – Eileen Applebaum, Centre for Economic and insecurity and civic disengagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Francis Fukuyama: Identity and Migration Study Guide
    Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 1-1-2007 Francis Fukuyama: Identity and Migration Study Guide Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven Alan, "Francis Fukuyama: Identity and Migration Study Guide" (2007). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 206. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/206 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA: IDENTITY AND MIGRATION STUDY GUIDE, 2007 Steven Alan Samson http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8239 Study Questions 1. What is the hole in the political theory underlying liberal democracy? What is its (especially Hobbes’s and Locke’s) emphasis regarding the social contract? What historical circumstances were behind the rise of modern liberalism? What principle did it establish? What question did it leave unanswered? Why was it not seen as a central issue by the American founders? 2. Why did identity politics in the West begin with the Reformation? [cf. Minogue, chapter 4]. What did Rousseau and Herder contribute to developing the idea of authenticity? What kind of “contract” does it entail? How does it reflect the reality of modern market democracies? How does the ideal of la carrière ouverte aux talents [Thomas Carlyle’s quote about Napoleon: “The tools to him that can use them”] reflect the breakdown tradition barriers [i.e., the social classes associated with Ferdinand Tönnies’s idea of Gemeinschaft: personal, “face-to-face” community] to social mobility? 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Privatization, State Militarization Through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 7-18-2014 Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Martirosyan, Anna, "Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia" (2014). Dissertations. 234. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/234 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan M.A., Political Science, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2008 M.A., Public Policy Administration, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2002 B.A., Teaching Foreign Languages, Vanadzor Teachers' Training Institute, Armenia, 1999 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School at the University of Missouri - St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science July 11, 2014 Advisory Committee David Robertson, Ph.D. (Chair) Eduardo Silva, Ph.D. Jean-Germain Gros, Ph.D. Kenneth Thomas, Ph.D. Gerard Libardian, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i
    [Show full text]
  • The Precariat and Class Struggle by Guy Standing
    The Precariat and Class Struggle By Guy Standing [Published as “O precariado e a luta de classes”, Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais 103, May 2014: 9-24. Copyright (English and Portugese versions) belongs to author.] Abstract: The world economy is in the midst of a Global Transformation that is producing a new global class structure. A new mass class is emerging – the precariat – characterised by chronic uncertainty and insecurity. Although the precariat is still a class-in-the-making, divided within itself, its elements are united in rejecting old mainstream political traditions. To become a transformative class, however, the precariat needs to move beyond the primitive rebel stage manifested in 2011 and become enough of a class-for-itself to be a power for change. This will involve a struggle for redistribution of the key assets needed for a good life in a good society in the twenty-first century –not the “means of production”, but socio- economic security, control of time, quality space, knowledge (or education), financial knowledge and financial capital. Keywords: class structure, economic security, precarisation of labour, social welfare, world economy Every social formation produces its class structure, even if it is superimposed on preceding structures. Today we are in the midst of the Global Transformation, analogous to Karl Polanyi’s Great Transformation (Polanyi, [1944] 2001). But in this case we are going through the painful construction of a global market system, whereas he was writing about the creation of a national market economy and the institutions for embedding the economy in society. Whereas in the early 20th century, the proletariat – then the growing core of the working class – was in the vanguard of political and social change, it ceased to have the size or strength or progressive outlook to fulfil that role in the 1980s.
    [Show full text]