CONTROL Vs. KAOS

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CONTROL Vs. KAOS PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA - HISTORIA CONTROL vs. KAOS La realidad en la televisión de comedia estadounidense durante la Guerra Fría desde “I Love Lucy” hasta “Get Smart” 1951-1970 Diego Ignacio Vera Vásquez 2016 Director: Germán Rodrigo Mejía Pavony To my momma and brothers, my own domestic comedy… 2 Índice Agradecimientos…………………………………………………………………………….4 Instrucciones………………………………………………………………………………...5 0. Introducción………………………………………………………………………………6 1. El Susto Rojo: La Paranoia……………………………………………………………...10 La Paranoia Exógena……………………………………………………………….10 La Paranoia Endógena……………………………………………………………...21 2. El Espionaje: Breve Historia…………………………………………………………….28 Espionaje Moderno y la CIA……………………………………………………….28 La CIA en el Mundo………………………………………………………………..30 La KGB: El Enemigo………………………………………………………………32 Otras Organizaciones en Estados Unidos………………………………………….34 3. La Televisión: Cultura Popular………………………………………………………….37 Televisión: El Medio y su Desarrollo……………………………………………....37 Las Comedias Televisivas: Génesis y Evolución…………………………………..39 CONTROL: Las Comedias en los Años 50………………………………………..42 4. ¿KAOS?: Las Comedias en los Años 60………………………………………………..49 Las Sitcoms: Ejemplos……………………………………………………………..50 Comedias de Variedades: Ejemplos……………………………………………….55 5. La Parodia: Herramienta para la Comedia……………………………………………...59 The Rocky & Bullwinkle Show (1959-1964)……………………………………..60 Get Smart (1965-1970)……………………………………………………………65 6. Conclusión………………………………………………………………………………73 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………...76 Créditos de las Imágenes…………………………………………………………………..81 3 Agradecimientos Este trabajo de grado fue un proceso de un año y unos meses de arduo trabajo que cierran el episodio de mi vida de estudios de pregrado. Esta tesis representó muchos retos que con la ayuda de un número de personas fueron superados y por eso quiero agradecerles. A mi momma por su constante ayuda, amor y apoyo, de no ser por ti no estaría terminando este ciclo, a punto de graduarme y comenzar mí camino, eres el mejor ejemplo de vida, gracias por enseñarme a ser fuerte, a estar por encima de las adversidades y por estar siempre ahí. A mis hermanos por ser ese soporte con el que puedo contar siempre, por ser siempre mi felicidad y darme tantas risas, he aprendido mucho de ustedes, agradezco mucho poder haber crecido junto a los dos. A Germán Mejía por su guía durante este trabajo, por aclarar la vía que debía seguir y creer en mí tema, su apoyo fue invaluable. A Pedro Lutz por estar desde el principio, por su constante ayuda, por estar siempre pendiente y mostrarme los primeros pasos que debía seguir. A Oscar Cuervo por siempre estar ahí, por escucharme mientras el trabajo se estaba formando, dándome consejos y guías, y sobre todo por su amistad. A Juliana Vallejo por los libros, por estar siempre pendiente y siempre a mi lado a pesar de la distancia. Y a Candy, mi perrito mujer por ser mi compañía. 4 Instrucciones Este trabajo trata de la televisión y como medio visual, que mejor forma de expresar lo que quiero exponer que utilizándolo como soporte. Por esto se incluye adjunto videos que van anclados a la lectura del mismo. Los videos aparecen en el último capítulo del trabajo, el 5, en este capítulo se hace énfasis en dos series de televisión The Rocky & Bullwinkle Show y Get Smart, durante la lectura aparecerán letras en orden alfabético, de esta manera: [A], el lector tiene la opción de leer el libro en físico y con el disco verlo en digital también, mientras aparecen las letras puede referenciar las letras que aparecen en la carpeta de los videos. 5 0. Introducción En los comienzos de la Guerra Fría se popularizó el uso de la televisión en la vida estadounidense, pasando de ser un lujo para una de cada diez familias en 1949 a ser un medio casi obligatorio, para 1959, nueve de cada diez familias tenían un televisor en su hogar. La comedia como entretenimiento fue un género que prosperó en gran forma dentro del medio, con un origen en el país que data desde el final del siglo XIX con los espectáculos de Vaudeville, pasando por la radio a principios del XX y siendo heredado sin rival a mitades del siglo por la televisión. El contexto y la política que rodea a las series y a los productores moldean la televisión de cada momento. Actualmente la televisión parece ser más libre, pues los productores viven en países donde tienen libertad casi absoluta sobre su creatividad, la televisión ahora es una que contiene menos censura, es más variada, tocando todo tipo de temas. Por año se producen cientos de ellas en todo el mundo y es casi universal, cualquier persona en una considerable parte del globo tiene acceso a un televisor, más recientemente con la masificación del internet es aún más fácil acceder a ella. Pero esto no fue siempre así, en las décadas de los 50 y 60s del siglo XX, la televisión era manejada por unos pocos, la programación no era tan variada y respondía, más que ahora, a las necesidades del mundo real. En los años 50, por el contexto político internacional de una guerra ideológica contra la Unión Soviética y el comunismo, y más aún por el contexto interno de paranoia causado por la misma guerra y las persecuciones políticas, la televisión de comedia y sus productores, se vieron en la obligación de utilizar el medio como uno transmisor de los valores estadounidenses, de lo que está bien, del bienestar, la calma y la tranquilidad, utilizando tramas que giraban alrededor de la familia y de la vida doméstica y usando un humor que no tocara los temas de su entorno. Las series más populares de esta primera etapa de la comedia televisiva utilizaban más que todo dos formatos, el de las sitcoms, con series como Yo Amo a Lucy, Papá lo Sabe Todo, Las Aventuras de Ozzie y Harriet y Déjalo en manos de Beaver; y el de los shows de variedades, dirigidos por estrellas como Ed Sullivan y Milton Berle. 6 En el cambio de la década, con el inicio de los años 60s hay una diferencia que es palpable en la televisión de comedia, algunos autores la clasifican como una década en la que se intensificó el escape de la realidad, llamándola la “década escapista”, que a causa del estrés que sufrían las personas por lo que sucedía alrededor, se produjeron series fantásticas y sobrenaturales, con programas que incluían brujas, genios de botella, familias de monstruos, marcianos, carros que hablaban, fantasmas, entre otros. Esta teoría es posible desmentirla, pues aunque es verdad que las nuevas sitcoms tenían personajes y tramas sobrenaturales, en series como Los Locos Addams, Los Munsters, La Isla de Gilligan y Mi Bella Genio, se hablaba de la realidad de manera directa y de manera indirecta. En los mismos años, los show de variedades también prosperaron y empezaron a incorporar la sátira política y la provocación en sus actos, burlándose de la realidad. Utilizando los shows nombrados y adicionando Las Aventuras de Rocky y Bullwinkle y El Súper-agente 86, series que utilizan la parodia del espionaje como su trama principal, será demostrado este cambio, evidenciando así esta transformación, en la que el miedo y la paranoia se redujeron al mínimo, siendo ahora utilizados como motivo de burla. A su vez exponiendo la relajación de la política interna, con el fin de la persecución de personas estadounidenses que tildaban de comunistas y apoyado también por la rebeldía que trajo el Rock & Roll y la contracultura. Así, la televisión puede ser utilizada como un documento histórico, de la misma manera en que los historiadores utilizan las imágenes. Estas series de televisión pueden ser usadas para entender el contexto en el que se produjeron, el cómo fue visto ese período de la Historia por sus contemporáneos, pues los productores y los escritores al fin y al cabo son personas que vivieron ese momento y conociendo la cultura popular del tiempo, la reflejaron en la pantalla. Es importante recalcar que esta visión siempre es la de los Estados Unidos y su pensamiento cultural de la realidad. Peter Burke en su libro “Visto y no visto: El uso de la imagen como documento histórico”, habló de la importancia de la imagen para los historiadores, “un ícono de la Virgen del siglo XVI y un póster de Stalin del siglo XX dicen a los historiadores muchas cosas acerca de la cultura rusa, pero – a pesar de ciertas analogías de lo más curioso – existen evidentemente diferencias enormes entre lo que nos dicen y no nos dicen una imagen y 7 otra. Si pasamos por alto la diversidad de las imágenes, de los artistas, de la utilización de la imagen y de las actitudes frente a ella en los distintos periodos de la historia, será bajo nuestra propia responsabilidad”1. La televisión transmite algo que puede ser analizado por lo que está mostrando, pero también refleja una realidad que no es tan palpable en las imágenes, es por eso necesario estudiar el contexto del cual salieron, las personas que estuvieron detrás de su producción y así mismo la influencia que tuvieron en la forma en que la realidad fue vista en su tiempo, “las imágenes dan acceso no ya directamente al mundo social, sino más bien a las visiones de ese mundo propias de una época”2. Este texto está divido en 5 secciones, la primera expone la realidad desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta el final de la década de los 60 durante la Guerra Fría, primero en el mundo y luego lo que causó dentro de los Estados Unidos; la segunda es un estudio del espionaje en el mismo lapso de tiempo y la relevancia que adquirió, entrando en la cultura popular del momento; después se estudia la cultura popular, la televisión como medio y la comedia como entretenimiento, desde su origen en el Vaudeville, pasando por la radio y finalizando en la televisión, enseñando los programas populares de la década del 50 y sus formatos; la cuarta sección entra a indagar la televisión de comedia de los años 60 y sus formatos; para finalizar analizando la parodia de las series Las Aventuras de Rocky y Bullwinkle y el Súper-agente 86.
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