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Calibration of Gantang (Sa') Based On ASM Sci. J., 9(2), 17–28 Calibration of Gantang (Sa’) Based on Metric System for Agricultural Zakat in Malaysia 1 2 3 4 A. R. Azman *, D. N. A. Said , H. Hafidzi and A. A. Sa’dan Giving zakat is the third of the five pillars of Islam and it is obligatory. The issues arose when the gantang for zakat payment in Malaysia is converted to kilogramme, a metric unit for weight as usually used for foods and there was no available standard for gantang used for zakat payment in Malaysia. However, this unit is inaccurate since gantang (sa’) is not a measure of weight (mizan) but it is a measure of volume (mikyal). Thus, the objective of this research is to study the volume of the sa’ and to calibrate it in the correct metric unit for standardisation purpose. A qualitative method was used by calibrating the gantang replica at Volume Laboratory, National Metrology Institute of Malaysia and the interviews with State Islamic Council, State Zakat Centre and State Mufti Department. From the calibration, the capacity of the gantang (sa’) was obtained, and subsequently, the respective capacities for cupak and agricultural nisab were calculated. The finding of the research found that the volume of gantang was important in the determination of nisab, a minimum amount of crop for a certain cropping season. Hopefully this research would be a guideline for all states in Malaysia to be more systematic and efficient for thezakat agriculture determination. Key words: Gantang (Sa’ ); cupak (Mudd ); agriculture zakat nisab; metric unit; crop determination; guideline Gantang is a dry volume measure akin to the gallon and In 2007, National Metrology Institute of Malaysia it has a smaller version which is known as cupak (mudd ). (NMIM), formerly known as National Metrology These measures were widely used by farmers or planters Laboratory was appointed as National Measurement to measure rice, paddy, fruits and foods; but that became Standards Laboratory under the National Measurement a history because nowadays items are measured by System Act 2007 which among responsibility is to ensure weight (in kilogramme). The use of Gantang and cupak the use of the appropriate metric unit in all measurement ceases to exist as a result of the introduction of the metric activities in Malaysia. Besides, NMIM is national unit system through the Weights and Measures Act 1972. reference for standards and traceable to international This act aimed to establish units of measurement based standards. However at present, there is no available on the International System of Units (SI) and to regulate physical standard reference for sa’ nor wasq particularly weights and measures standards and instruments for for zakat payment in Malaysia. weighing and measuring. The enforcement was started in 1982, allowing the change of weights and measuring The traditional measures (wasq, sa’, gantang, instrument from traditional to metric unit in ten years gallon) were widely used by farmers or planters to time. Gantang and cupak were prohibited for trading, measure and trade their agricultural produce; but that and those traders who still have on their possession for was history as nowadays items including foods are non-SI measures shall be fined not exceeding RM4000 measured and traded by weight. Consequently, in or be imprisoned not exceeding three years, or both Malaysia, the old standard of measure such as gantang (Weights and Measures Act 1972 ). (sa’) ceased to exist especially after the introduction of 1,4 Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, N. Sembilan, Malaysia 2,3 National Metrology Institute of Malaysia, Lot PT 4803, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, 43900 Sepang, Selangor *Corresponding author (A. R. Azman, e-mail: [email protected]) 17 ASM Science Journal, Volume 9(2), 2015 metric measurement system through the Weights and of one sa’ and each narrated from his father and Measures Act 1972. his ancestors that this was the sa’ used at the time of the Prophet (pbuh). Abu Yusuf studied Ibn Umar said, “The Prophet SAW made incumbent all the measures and found them all equal; and on every male or female, free man or slave, the payment that the equivalent weight of the sa’s content of one sa’ (gantang) of dates or barley as Zakat-ul-fitr ” is a little less than 5 1/3 ratl. Al-Husain bin (Bukhari, Hadith no. 587). The foods may be interpreted al-Walid went to pilgrimage the next year and as the foods that a family usually eat like wheat, dates, asked Imam Malik about the weight equivalent barley, dried sour milk, raisins, or rice. Significantly, the of the sa’. Imam Malik said that the sa’ they unit of foods for the zakat fitrah payment is gantang. have at the time is the same sa’ of the time of Thus, the gantang must be studied, preserved and the Prophet (pbuh) and that the sa’ is a measure calibrated in the accurate metric unit for standardisation of capacity and it cannot convert into weight ”. purpose. Al-Qardawi (1994) also proposed three ways to PROBLEM STATEMENT reconcile the two weight equivalent estimations of sa’: Most states in Malaysia have different values of gantang Firstly, as proposed by some Hanafites that and different weight measures of paddy nisab. The the ratl of Madinah is two-thirds of the ratl of calibration of gantang has to be established because Baghdad. This further means that the sa’ as of different values of gantang and different weight capacity measure is agreed upon. Secondly, measures of paddy nisab have been used in both in Ibn Taimiyah suggested that the sa’ in Hijaz theory and in practice. According to Basmeh (1985), the is used only to measure grains and foodstuff nisab for paddy is 363 sa’ Malaysia, the same measure while the sa’ in Iraq was used only for liquid as decided by the National Fatwa Committee (MFK) and (water). According to this reconciliation, both ratl now is adopted by seven states, namely, Johor, Melaka, Baghdadi and Madinah are the same. Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Federal Territories (Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan), Penang, and Sabah. Yet, al-Qardawi (1994) favoured the suggestion Other measures were chosen by other states: 375 sa’ of ‘Ali Mubarak that claimed there is not much by Kelantan and Terengganu; and 400 sa’ by Pahang, different between the volume of sa’ nor the ratl Perak, and Sarawak The states of Kedah and Perlis use as a measure of weight. ‘Ali claimed that a sa’ 1 larger measures like kunca and nalih (Table 1). Firdaus full of grains weighs 5 3 ratl while a sa’ full of et al. (2014) reason that this diversity in agricultural water is a little bit less than 8 ratl. This agreed nisab is clearly due to the use of local traditional weight with Ibn Taimiyah that the Iraqis considered the and the different assessment of a sa’ weight. He also weight of water as measured medium while the mentioned that the differences were attributed to the Hijazis considered the weight of grain. type, weight, density and the quality grade of paddy. Hidayah et al. (2014) suggested the difference is due According to Hinz (1955/2003), the basis for all to the use of different types of balance to weigh paddy Islamic weights is the dirham and the mithqal which are throughout Malaysia. then categorised either as numismatic (currency / an- nuqud) weights or commodity (al-kayl) weights. Hinz Differences on the Weight Equivalent of sa ’ among (1955/2003) concluded that silver dirham (an-nuqud) Jurists of Madinah and Baghdad weighed 2.97 g while dirham al-kayl weighed 3.125 g. He further suggested that the ratl of Baghdad was Al-Qardawi (1994) mentioned: amounted to 130 dirham al-kayl (406.25 g) while the ratl of Madinah amounted to 195 dirham al-kayl (609.375 “A story from Al-Husain bin al-Walid (disciple g), which equal to 1½ ratl Baghdadi. This eventually of Imam Abu Hanifah) about Abu Yusuf who agreed with the first reconciliation as suggested by changed his mind of the weight equivalent of sa’ some Hanafites that the volume of sa’ is same in both from 8 ratl (Baghdadi) to 5 1/3 ratl (Madinah) Madinah and Baghdad. We could simply calculate that 1 during his pilgrimage. Abu Yusuf asked the a sa’ in Madinah is equivalents to 5 3 x 609.375 g = 3.25 people of Madinah the proof that a sa’ is kg and a sa’ in Baghdad is equivalents to 8 x 406.25 g = 1 equivalent to 5 1/3 ratl and about 50 elderly 3.25 kg. Thus 5 3 ratl Madinah = 8 ratl Baghdad = 3.25 sons of Ansar and Muhajirin brought a measure kg (equivalent weight). 18 Azman A. R. et al. : Calibration of Gantang (Saa’) Based on Metric System for Agricultural Zakat in Malaysia Table 1. The comparison of ratl Baghdad and ratl Madinah Kati Malaysia Pound Av Ratl Madinah Ratl Baghdad 0 200 400 600 800 Weight (g) Source: Dayang et al. (2015) Gantang is very important for agricultural zakat 28–29 Jan 1981 decided that nisab for paddy is 363 payment in Malaysia. For a certain growing season, gantang (e-Fatwa 2012). the crop gathered has to reach a minimum quantity or volume before it becomes an obligation to pay zakat. MATERIAL AND METHODS The minimum quantity or volume is called nisab and the nisab for agricultural zakat is generally 5 Wasq where 1 Wasq is equivalent to 60 gantang. Therefore, the nisab 5 Data Collection Method Wasq equal to 300 gantang (al-Qardawi, 1994). A study conducted by Asmak et al.
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