National Parks and a Government Started Agency Devoted Exclusively to Overseeing Them
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NATIONAL PARKS JACK BALLARD; LISA DENSMORE BALLARD 40 | 2016 ISSUE 2 | OUTDOOR AMERICA | THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA More To See Than BY LISA DENSMORE BALLARD Simply Iconic Views Though steep, the descent into Seven-Mile Hole was worth the thigh burn — as much for its eye-popping views as for the lure of the cutthroats below. The trail snaked alongside a precipice, then dropped to the Yellowstone River. Far below the clifftops, the river rushed away from Yellowstone’s massive Upper and Lower Falls, squeezed between walls of sulfur- stained sandstone and ancient volcanic spires. Boiling water trickled from small, steaming geothermal cracks along the route, which hikers sometimes shared with bears, eagles, and other wildlife looking for a fish dinner. I paused frequently on our way to “the hole” to admire and contemplate the grandeur of the setting. My son was more interested in the trout. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) are the only native trout in Yellowstone National Park. Once the primary fish species in the region (and an important y son Parker’s grin lit up the narrow food source for 20 bird and mammal species), canyon. After just four casts, a Yellowstone cutthroats were in trouble by the M16-inch Yellowstone cutthroat wriggled impa- 1980s, the victims of drought, over-fishing, tiently at the end of his line. It was the first loss of habitat, whirling disease, hybridization cutthroat trout he had ever caught. The fish with rainbow trout, and competition with and was beautiful: gold and green under its large predation by nonnative fish such as lake trout. speckles. Two telltale red stripes brightened the Today, Yellowstone National Park is an underside of its lower jaw. Its cranberry gill plate important sanctuary for Yellowstone cutthroats. made the perky piscine look embarrassed to Their recovery is due in large part to the be caught so effortlessly. Silly fish. It may have research, habitat restoration, and protection come quickly to Parker’s fly, but getting to the the National Park Service (NPS) has given this place where Parker could cast into the water was sportfish prized by anglers in the northern no easy matter. It required an overnight back- Rocky Mountains. Of course, Parker didn’t packing trip into Seven-Mile Hole — a five-mile know this. He had just come to catch one as trek that dropped almost 1,700 feet into the part of a long-anticipated family adventure in “Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone.” America’s oldest national park. THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA | OUTDOOR AMERICA | 2016 ISSUE 2 | 41 Where “America’s Best Idea” America’s national parks and a government Started agency devoted exclusively to overseeing them. President Ulysses S. Grant signed the “Act In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed of Dedication” that established Yellowstone the Organic Act, which created the National National Park in 1872. Early conservationists Park Service within the U.S. Department of and naturalists had pressured Congress to save the Interior. Mather was named the first NPS the “land of fire and brimstone” from settlement director and Albright his second in command. by homesteaders and intrusion by the ever- The stated mission of the National Park Service expanding railroads. The Northern Pacific was “to conserve the scenery and the natural Railroad was also a huge supporter of the bill, and historic objects and the wildlife therein expecting the new national park to draw tourists and to provide for the enjoyment of the same traveling across the continent on the proposed in such manner and by such means as will leave rail line from Minneapolis to Puget Sound. It them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future did once the rail line was completed in 1883. generations.” That mission remains largely intact Although Congress appointed a super- today. intendent for Yellowstone, there was no budget Mather also created a professional group of to manage the park, no regulations in place park rangers to care for the parks and interact governing use of park resources, and little with visitors. The uniform park rangers were oversight of the superintendent’s activities (or expected to wear included a flat-brimmed hat lack thereof). Yellowstone National Park was left — the signature hat that helps us identify park to fend for itself. Forestry, farming, ranching, rangers today! market hunting — even development of land within the park — encroached on the resources Find Your Park that made the park a national treasure. This year marks the 100th anniversary of To prevent additional losses of the park’s the National Park Service. Today, the agency natural resources, General Philip Sheridan — a manages 411 units within the national park Civil War hero and commander of the U.S. system, not only iconic landscapes but also Army for much of the West — dispatched cultural and historic landmarks in all 50 states, troops to take temporary control of Yellowstone the District of Columbia, and several U.S. in 1886. The park remained under military territories. supervision for 30 years, as did several other Some of these places, especially in the West, national parks. However, the military had offer what many people may envision when millions of acres to cover and no authority to they think of a national park: scenic vistas, enforce regulations or punish lawbreakers. As fantastic wildlife viewing, and numerous additional parks and monuments were added outdoor activities, including fishing, hiking, to the national park system, vandalism and loss and whitewater rafting. The natural beauty of of resources skyrocketed with increases in park Yosemite and the Grand Canyon, for example, visitations. are iconic parts of our national park system. Businessman Stephen Mather, disgusted However, they are only one piece of the system. by the conditions at several national parks he The others might surprise you. For example, visited in 1914, complained to Secretary of Theodore Roosevelt’s birthplace is part of the the Interior Franklin Lane, his former college national park system, as are the childhood classmate. Lane suggested if Mather was homes of George Washington and Abraham unhappy with the way the parks were being Lincoln. In fact, there is at least one site within administered, he should run them himself. Lane the park system dedicated to each former U.S. probably did not expect Mather would do it. president. With a legal assistant named Horace Albright The National Mall in Washington, DC, home and a New York Times journalist to help with to iconic landmarks including the Washington publicity, Mather set out to build support for Monument and Vietnam Veterans Memorial; LISA DENSMORE BALLARD; NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AARON (5); VOWELS; CONNIE BRANSILVER; IWLA 42 | 2016 ISSUE 2 | OUTDOOR AMERICA | THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA WHAT’S IN A NAME? the Mississippi National River and There are 28 different types of “units” in the park system, reflecting the diversity and history of our nation, from fields of sacrifice to Recreation Area, which provides outdoor flowing rivers. Here’s how the main categories are defined. recreation opportunities across urban areas of Minnesota; and the Wright Brothers NATIONAL PARK National Memorial in North Carolina, Large area that protects land and water where Wilbur and Orville Wright launched of great scenic/scientific quality, historic the first successful airplane flights, are structures, and rare plants/animals. all part of our national park system. The Everglades National Park in Florida (top) National Park Service oversees battlefields, is the first national park established specifically seashores, lakeshores, and much more. The to benefit plant and animal species. Arches National Park in Utah (bottom) agency also provides financial and technical is a wonderland of more than 2,000 natural assistance to help local communities protect sandstone arches and other geologic resources for public enjoyment. formations. There are 28 different designations in the national park system (see sidebar) — literally something for everyone no matter your NATIONAL MONUMENT background, interests, or location. Find the Smaller than a national park. national parks near you at FindYourPark.com, Typically preserves one feature of a Web site developed to help recruit the natural, historic, or cultural importance. next generation of national park visitors. Aztec Ruins National Monument in New Mexico (top) preserves Recruiting New Visitors Ancestral Puebloan structures from Jonathan Jarvis, director of the National the 11th to 13th centuries. Fort McHenry National Monument Park Service, emphasized the need to and Historic Shrine in Maryland (bottom) bring more people into our national parks defended Baltimore Harbor in the War of 1812 — especially young people and minorities — and inspired “The Star-Spangled Banner.” during an address to the Outdoor Writers Association of America. NATIONAL MEMORIAL “Regardless of your background, everyone Structure and grounds created to honor a who stands on the rim of the Grand person or event of national importance. Canyon appreciates the scenery and feels Jefferson National Expansion Memorial a rush of pride,” said Jarvis. “Our national in Missouri (top) commemorates the Louisiana parks are a collection of who we are as Purchase and the Dred Scott case. Perry’s Victory and International a people. They preserve and define the Peace Memorial in Ohio (bottom) values that unite us and serve as a beacon commemorates the Battle of Lake Erie during of hope to the rest of the world. One of the the War of 1812 and celebrates lasting peace among Great Britain, Canada, and goals of the centennial is to create the next the U.S. generation of park advocates. What people care about, they’ll take responsibility for. Baby boomers were taken to the parks by NATIONAL PRESERVE their parents. We need millennials to take Similar to a national park, but activities their kids, too.” such as hunting, fishing, and mining may Sound familiar? Virtually every be permitted here.