Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-81905-3 — Gravity's Fatal Attraction 3Rd Edition Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-81905-3 — Gravity's Fatal Attraction 3rd Edition Index More Information

Index

21-cm spectral line, 87 merger of, in NGC 6240, 262 3C 31, 158 as possible quasar remnants, 220–221 3C 66B, 145, 146, 149, 156 pregalactic black holes and, 275 3C 75, 263, 264 radio emissions and jets, 157 3C 273, 83, 118 rarity of, and fuel requirement, 188 apparent superluminal expansion, 155 reactivation of, 220 luminosity of, 116 relativistic orbits and, 245–247 position of, 115 see also quasars; radio galaxies; redshift of, 82–83 Seyfert galaxies see also quasars 116 Alcock, Charles, 92 3C 279, 154 Alfvén, Hannes, 161 Algol paradox, 61–63 A Ambartsumian, Victor, 114–115 Abell catalogue see clusters of galaxies Andromeda galaxy (M31), 75 Abell, George, 142 dark matter in, 81, 88 absorption lines, 36, 221 gas near black hole, 208 accretion disks, 66–69, 124 quiescent black hole candidate, around Kerr black holes, 236, 243 203–205 around Schwarzschild black holes, 243 tidal disruption in, 209 capture of stars by collision, 245 angular momentum formation in X-ray binaries, 66–69 accretion by galactic nuclei, 125, 207 friction/viscosity effects, 66–69, 126 accretion from binary companions, 66 magnetic field effects, 126, 160–161 characterizing black holes, 12 powering quasars, 124, 127 exclusion principle and, 29 predicted appearance, 69, 236, and fate of the Sun, 288–289 238–239 formation of vortices, 66 protostellar jets and, 163 jet formation by AGN, 165 QPO and, 240 pulsar energy and, 49 unification in quasar, 126 relativistic orbits and, 245 accretion process, 53, 60–66 Antonov, Vadim, 18 accretion rate apparent variability, 157 and luminosity in quiescent black Arecibo radio telescope, 252 holes, 206–207 ASAS-SN (All Sky Automated Survey for needed to sustain AGN activity, 184 SuperNovae), 210 achromatic breaks, 182–183 ASCA satellite, 239 achromatic variability, 277 astrometry, 238 active galactic nuclei asymmetry see AGN radio galaxy jets, 157–159 adaptive optics, 191, 194, 200 relativistic predictions and, 11–12 adiabatic expansion, 159 supernova modeling and, 39 age estimates asymmetry and singularities, 12, 281 AGN energy output and, 122 atomic forces and gravity, 14 expressed as redshifts, 82, 95, 214 radio trails, 145 B AGN (active galactic nuclei), 110, 127 Baade, Walter, 42, 113 black hole paradigm, 120–124, 157 BAL (broad absorption line) quasars, characteristics of, 117–120 221 classes of, 116–117, 126–127 balloons, 203 in cool cluster cores, 227 Balmer series, 37 evidence for Kerr black holes, 240 Bardeen, James, 242 lifetime energy output, 122 baryon chauvinism, 94 luminosity downsizing of, 216 baryon density, 92

309

Index

beaming effect, 155, 156, 159 Blandford, Roger, 166, 240 Bekenstein, Jacob, 283 Blandford–Znajek process, 242 Bell, Jocelyn, 42–43, 59 blazars, 126–127 Bender, Ralf, 204 Blundell, Katherine, 144 Beppo–SAX satellite, 174 Bondi, Hermann, 115 big bang, 13, 92, 271 Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton theory, 61, 206 cosmic microwave background and, Born, Max, 5 268, 271, 277 Bowler, Michael, 144 need for a quantum treatment, 19, 278 brown dwarfs, 27, 90–92 and primordial black holes, 277, bubble phase, radio galaxies, 228–230 284–285, 295 Bullet cluster, 89 big science, astronomy as, 129 Burbidge, Geoffrey, 114, 121–122, 124, binary stars 138 cataclysmic variables, 64, 67, 69 gravitational waves and, 250–252, 267 C search for invisible companions, 52–53 Carr, Bernard, 275 tidal capture binaries, 101 cataclysmic variables, 64, 67 see also X-ray binaries Centaurus A (NGC 5128), 139 Binney, James, 78 Chandra X-ray Observatory,60 BL Lac objects, 117, 126–127, 156, 159 Bullet cluster, 90 Black Hole, The (film), 270 Centaurus A, 139 black holes cluster feedback and, 230 coining of the term, 13 Crab Nebula image, 46 demographic surveys, 199–206, 276, NGC 6240 image, 263 285, 290–292 view of Galactic Center, 106 evidence for, summarized, 234 Chandrasekhar limit, 30, 50, 65, 293 external observer’s view, 10 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 30, 234 formation in galactic nuclei, 103 Circinus X-1, 166 future research on, 290–292 clusters of galaxies gravitational environments, 7, 10 Abell 400, 262, 263 horizon and singularity, 8–13 Abell 2218, 89 intermediate mass, 266, 273, 290 Abell 478, 225 mass function of, 219 Bullet cluster, 89 mass related to radius 294 collisions between, 90 merger of two or more, 251, 253–255, with cool cores, 225–228 259–266, 275 dark matter in, 84 miniholes, 283–285, 291 expansion of the Universe and, 82, 289 populations and lifetimes, 199–206, monitoring for disruption flares, 210 275, 285, 290–292 Perseus cluster, 228–230 possibility of laboratory, 286–288 possible formation, 96, 221 possibility of pregalactic, 271–277, Virgo cluster, 230 290–291 clusters of stars possibility of primordial, 277–283 mass limit, 192 reasons to study, 18–21 see also globular clusters relativistic explanation for, 7, 234–237 coalescence rotational energy from, 163–166, 235 of galactic haloes, 95 theoretical predictions of, 2 of spiral galaxies, 101 see also Kerr black holes; of tidal capture binaries, 101 Schwarzschild black holes; stellar see also collisions; neutron stars mass black holes; supermassive cobalt, 38 black holes COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), blackbody radiation 271 AGN emissions and, 120 Cocke, John, 43 Einstein and, 19 Cohen, Marshall, 157 quasar emissions and, 119 cold dark matter see ΛCDM model spectroscopy and, 37 collapsars, 175, 177, 179, 180 Blaes, Omer, 68 collimation, 182

310

Index

collisions cosmological view of black holes, 272 between galaxies, 103, 216, 258 cosmology between galaxy clusters, 90 dark matter/total matter and, 88, 92 between stars, 76, 98–103 inflationary, 284 color and relativity, 6 achromatic variability, 277 Crab Nebula blue light dominance in AGN, images, 35, 46 110–111, 116, 120, 125 pulsar identification, 43 energy and wavelength, 25, 34 supernova event, 34, 46 Ultra Deep Field image, 84 synchrotron radiation, 46 Coma cluster, 81, 86, 97, 148, 225 as X-ray source, 55, 56 evidence of dark matter, 81, 86 possible mechanism of formation, 97 cultural divergences, 52 radio trails, 148 Curtis, Heber D., 110, 132, 140, 173 X-ray image, 225 curvature of spacetime compact radio sources, 151–152, 157 detecting, 8, 245–247 compact stellar remnants effects, 5, 8–9, 235–240 as dark matter candidates, 92 Schwarzschild metric and, 8 gravitational waves from, 267 Cygnus A, 113–115, 133, 136 see also black holes; neutron stars as possible quasar remnant, 220 compactness of AGN, 117 Cygnus X-1, 56, 59, 69, 166, 167 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 157, 172 D computer simulations dark energy, 14, 83, 89 accretion disks, 68, 236 dark matter black hole formation and merger, 123, evidence for, 87 254 galaxy formation and, 95 black hole spin extraction, 166 intermediate mass black holes, cosmic jets, 144–145, 165, 166, 180 miniholes and, 285, 290–291 galaxy formation and merger, 94–95, 99 pregalactic black holes and, 274 Λ Millennium Run, 95–96 see also CDM model, 80–93 neutron star merger, 180 Das Gupta, M. K., 113–114, 135 Sgr A* accretion and luminosity, 206 de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 76 star formation, collision, disruption, degeneracy pressure, 29, 33, 44, 294 98, 210 densities supernovae, 41, 68 early Universe, 83, 273 computers galactic nuclei, 97, 190, 196 adaptive optics and, 191 mass–radius relations and, 293–295 automatic observing programs, neutron stars, 42, 47, 295 276–277 quasars, over time, 215–221 gravitational wave calculations, stellar, and susceptibility to disruption, 253–254 208 VLBI correlations, 148 white dwarfs, 30 Λ concordance ( CDM) model, 83, 217 differential rotation continuous spectra see black body and accretion, 66 radiation in pulsars, 45 cool cluster cores, 225–228 dimensions, extra, 286 core collapse in massive stars, 33, 34, 42, 49 dipole radiation, 251 core-bounce mechanism, 39 disks cosmic background radiation, 88, 92, protoplanetary (proplyds), 78 271, 273, 277 see also accretion disks; spiral galaxies cosmic rays, 93, 230, 286, 288 Disney, Michael, 43 cosmological constant distance estimates, 170 see also ΛCDM model, 83, 289 gamma-ray bursts, 170–171 cosmological evolution, 83, 272, 289 Hubble’s law and, 82–83

311

Index

Doppler beaming, 159, 160, 239 maintaining double radio sources, 123 Doppler effect, 69 negative energy, 280 gas motion and galaxy rotation, 81 quiescent black holes, 206–207 quasar emission lines, 111, 116 radio galaxy lobes, 114, 135–136 Seyfert galaxy emission lines, 111 released by core collapse, 33 X-ray binaries, 69 synchrotron radiation and, 44, 114 see also redshifts, 87 see also dark energy; luminosity Dressler, Alan, 203 energy levels, hydrogen atom, 36 Dubath, P., 205 energy-dominated phase, 228 Dyson, Freeman, 279 entropy analogy, 243, 282–283 ergosphere, 243 E eclipsing binaries, 69 escape speed, 2 Eddington limit, 122, 218 at the horizon, 8 Eddington, Sir Arthur, 6, 31, 61, 80 and mean star speeds near black holes, EHT (Event Horizon Telescope), 237 200 Einstein, Albert neutron stars, 2 blackbody radiation and, 26 pulsars, 48 cosmological constant and, 83 relativistic expression for gravitational in 1905, 4 field strength, 7 Kerr’s solution to the equations of, 234 stellar collisions and, 101 special and general relativity, 4 Escher, M. C., 82–83 see also general relativity evaporation of clusters, 17–18 Einstein radius, 91 evaporation of isolated black holes, 280, Einstein satellite, 56, 60 283–285 electromagnetic radiation exclusion principle, 29 electromagnetic spectrum, 25 neutron stability in collapsed cores, 33 gravitational redshift, 7 neutron star exotic elements, 45 gravitational waves compared to, pycnonuclear reactions, 64–65 250–252 expansion of the Universe see also light; photons; wavelength; dark energy and, 83 X-rays isotropy and, 173 electron–positron pairs whether accelerating, 89, 289 possible creation by black holes, 165 see also cosmological evolution, possible creation by pulsars, 48 extreme-mass-ratio inspiral (EMRI) possible creation in a vacuum, 280 events, 267 electrons energy levels, 37 F spectroscopy and, 37 Faber, Sandra, 206 spin alignment with protons, 87 Fabian, Andrew, 55 elements abundances, 41, 92, 222, 234, 275 Fanaroff–Riley radio galaxies, 117 neutron star core composition, 47 feedback spectroscopic signature of, 37 cluster formation and, 224–232 supernovae, 41, 79 galaxy formation and, 221–224 elliptical galaxies, 76, 81, 95, 99, 136 fermions, 29, 33 radio-loud jet producing AGN as, 165 flywheel mechanism, black holes, 124, emission lines 127 quasars, 112, 116 forces Seyfert galaxies, 111 counteracting gravitational in spectroscopy, 37 equilibrium, 13–18 energy operating range of nuclear, 31 AGN, 117, 121 frequency (gravitational waves), 264 black hole rotational, 163–166 frequency (occurrence) conversion and galaxy growth, 223 accretion disks, 66–69, 126 extraction and black hole spin rate, black hole mergers, 266 243 neutron stars, 45 gamma-ray burst, 175, 177 quiescent black holes, 204

312

Index

supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, nature of, 184 178 properties, 179 Friedman, Herbert, 55 short duration, 178–179 frozen stars, 13 supernovae, 178 fusion reactions Garrington, Simon, 157 efficiency of, 49, 64, 121 gas formation of heavier nuclei, 31–32, availability and accretion rate, 206 38–40 availability and quasar reactivation, pycnonuclear reactions, 64–65 216 stellar evolution and, 17–18, 25, 27, bubbles in NGC 1275, 225–230 31–33 ionization near quasars, 218 Sun-like stars, 18, 24, 26, 80, 234 see also accretion disks future of gravity research, 288–292 gas motions in AGN, 120, 124 G Galactic Center see Milky Way detection of black holes through, 191, galactic haloes 204 black holes in, 290–291 detection by Doppler effect, 87, 120, collisions and, 89, 95–97, 103 195, 236 feedback and size of, 221 in quasars, 120 see also dark matter in Seyfert galaxies, 111 galactic nuclei see also jets black hole formation, 103 general relativity formation and density of, 99 applicability to compact stellar Milky Way center, 104–107, 188–191 remnants, 4–13 see also AGN; supermassive black applicability to extreme gravity, 267 holes expression for gravitational field galaxies strength, 7 appearance and photography, 129 information loss and black holes, 283 collisions between, 103, 188, 216, Kerr black holes and, 234, 240 259–266 mass compactness, 121 formation, 95–98 observations supporting, 6, 242, 267 gravitational equilibrium in, 14–15 planetary orbits and, 6, 8, 242, 267 quasar phase, 219 prediction of gravitational waves, 250, scarcity of satellites, 222 253–255 structure and evolution, 74–80, 95–97 prediction of a singularity, 11–12 taxonomies for classifying, 76 and quantum electrodynamics, 285 see also Andromeda; clusters; elliptical and relativistic astrophysics, 52, 267 galaxies; Milky Way; radio Genzel, Reinhard, 190–191 galaxies; spiral galaxies and Ghez, Andrea, 190–191 individual galaxies under M and Giacconi, Riccardo, 54–56 NGC numbers globular clusters, 15, 17–18, 199 gamma-ray astronomy galactic nuclei and, 99, 103 compact radio sources, 157 stellar evolution and, 29 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Gold, Thomas, 5, 43, 52, 115 157, 172 gravitation detecting mini-black holes, 284, 285 changes in, 250 Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, gravitational binding energy, 14, 17, 48, 157 65, 87, 293 soft gamma-ray repeaters, 170 gravitational constant, G, 121, 287 gamma-ray bursts (GRB) gravitational equilibrium, 13 discovery, 170–171 Chandrasekhar limit and, 30 distances and distribution, 170–173 collapse and, 13–18, 32, 50, 296 energy source for the radiation, 180, degeneracy pressure and, 29, 44 285 in galaxies, 74–76 jets from, 175 maintenance, 14–18, 24 long duration, 178–179 gravitational field strength, 7 modeling, 178–185 gravitational focusing, 60

313

Index

gravitational lensing, 87–90 curvature of spacetime and, 9 intermediate mass black holes, 276 electrical properties, 163–164 microlensing, 91, 173 entropy analogy, 243, 283 gravitational potential energy, 70 influences well beyond, 200, 201 gravitational redshift, 8 Kerr black holes, 243 gravitational waves, 250–255 Schwarzschild’s concept of, 7–9 bar detectors, 256 wavelength of black hole emissions direct detection, 255–258, 267–268, and, 280–281 290 horizons (observational), 82 primordial conditions and, 277 horizons (rationality), 291 residual asymmetry and, 12 Horne, Keith, 68, 69 gravity Hoyle, Fred, 61, 115, 123 as an energy source, 49, 65 Hubble constant, 82 consequences of weakness, 14, 287, Hubble, Edwin, 75 296 on expansion of the Universe, 82, 170 and cosmic dimensions, 293–295 on galactic evolution, 76 creation of particles by, 280 on scale of the Universe, 6, 94 electrical forces compared with, 14, The Realm of the Nebulae (1936), 129 250 Hubble radius, 83, 173, 178, 295 quantum effects and, 295 Hubble Space Telescope thermal catastrophe, 18 Abell 2218 gravitational lensing, 89 universality of, 2 Crab Nebula image, 35 GRB see gamma-ray bursts detection of quasar host galaxies, ground-based telescopes 49, 115, 129, 116 190–191 evidence for supermassive black holes, see also radio astronomyGuth, Alan, 202, 205 285 GRB 990123, 175 GW170817, 259 images of galactic nuclei, 111, 203 gyroscope action of black holes, Orion Nebula image, 29, 78 240–242 protostellar jet, 162 radio galaxy NGC 326, 149 H radio galaxy NGC 4869, 148 Hawking Effect, 277–283, 287 resolution of, 190, 200 Hawking radiation, 285 Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, 128 Hawking, Stephen, 279 Sombrero galaxy image, 77 Hawking temperature, 284 starburst galaxy M82, 112 Haymes, Richard, 58 Ultra Deep Field image, 84 Hazard, Cyril, 115 Hubble’s law, 6, 82, 116, 170 headlight effect, 155 Hulse, Russell, 252 Heger, Alexander, 50 Hulse–Taylor binary, 252, 256 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 278, hydrogen 280 Heisenberg, Werner, 278 21-cm spectral line, 87 helium burning, 26 energy levels, 36 Hercules A, 140 see also protons Hernquist, Lars, 99 hyperfine transitions, 87 Herschel, John, 116 hypernova hypothesis, 175, 177–178 Herschel, William, 27, 74 hyperspace, 270 Herschel’s telescope, 129 hibernation see quiescent black holes I hierarchical galaxy formation, 95, 98, impedance matching, 164 221, 273 incompleteness, 215 Hirose, Shigenobu, 68 inertial frames, 240–242 Hjellming, Robert, 142, 144 inflationary cosmology, 284 horizons (black hole) information loss, 243, 282–283 areas of merging black holes, 243, 254 infrared astronomy black hole identification by, 70 Spitzer images of galaxies, 77, 86

314

Index

views of the Milky Way’s center, K 104, 188 Kant, Immanuel, 74 instruments Keck Telescope, 190–191 balloon-based, 203 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 24 development leading AGN theory, Kerr black holes, 243 129–130 behavior of infalling matter, 70, 242 see also ground-based telescopes evidence for the existence of, 235–240, interferometry, 133–137 267 compact radio sources, 151–152 mathematics of, 12, 234 gravitational wave detection and, merger of two, 253 256–257 spin energy extraction, 124, 127, see also VLA; VLBA; VLBI 163–164, 220 Kerr, Roy, 12, 13, 234 intergalactic medium, 137, 145 kilonovae, 259 Interstellar (film), 270 kinetic energy, 15, 199, 223 inversion symmetry, 146, 149, 261 Klebesadel, Ray, 170 iron, 32, 39, 45 Kormendy, John, 203, 205 Krolik, Julian, 68 J Jackson, Robert, 206 L Jansky, Karl, 133, 271 laboratory black holes, 286 Jarvis, B., 205 Laing, Robert, 157 Jennison, Roger, 113–114, 135 Lamb, Donald, 173 jets ΛCDM model, 83, 217 alignment of, around black holes, 242 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 2 black hole rotational energy and, Large Hadron Collider, 288 163–166, 243 Large Magellanic Cloud see also computer simulations of, 144-–145 Magellanic Clouds formation of relativistic, 159–167 lasers one-sidedness, 153, 157 gravity wave detectors, 256–257, precessing jet model, 141–142, 264–265 146–147 principle of masers and, 192, 194 speeds of, 137, 153 Lense–Thirring effect, 242 symmetry of, 145–147 life cycles ubiquity and variety of, 132, 162 see also stellar evolution jets (from galaxies) light alignment of, in radio galaxies, 157 effects of neutron stars and black holes on, 3, 7, 10, 235 discovery of, from M87, 110–111 frequencies and electronic transitions, double radio sources and, 138 36 evidence for, in radio galaxies, interference effects, 133 228–230 see also electromagnetic radiation; evidence for Kerr black holes, 240 gravitational lensing; speed of feedback regulating galaxy growth, light 223 light cones, 270 from merging supermassive black light echoes, 208 holes, 261–262 light travel times, 11, 118, 121, 158 radio-loud AGN, 126 LIGO (Laser Interferometer variability over time, 153 Gravitational-Wave Observatory), jets (from stars) 256–257, 259 discovery of, from SS, 80, 261 limits from gamma-ray bursts, 167, see mass limits; size limits 178–182 LISA (Laser Interferometer Space protostellar, 162 Antenna), 264–265, 267 Johnston, Kenneth, 142, 144 sensitivity, 266 Jupiter, gravitational equilibrium of, 14, Local Group of galaxies, 81, 289 295 Luminet, J.-P., 236

315

Index

luminosity maser action of orbiting water and accretion rate in quiescent black molecules, 192 holes, 206 mass compactness, 121, 122 of AGN, 117, 121 mass estimates deficit in radio galaxies, 160 AGN, 121 of gamma-ray bursts, 175, 178–179 black hole size and, 279 of quasars, 116, 216–218 black holes in other galaxies, 203, relativistic aberration and, 157 218–219 stellar aging and, 26 Doppler effect and gravitational Lyman series, 36 lensing, 87, 90 Lynden-Bell, Donald, 124 early cosmic structures, 273–274 Lyttleton, Raymond, 61 Sgr A*, 105–107, 190 mass function, 219 M mass limits M31 see Andromeda galaxy AGN luminous region, 121 M32, 204 galaxies with massive black holes, 205 M81, 40 long-lived quasars, 217–218 M82, 112 merging black holes, 254 M84, 204 miniholes, 286 M87, 237 neutron stars, 30, 50, 56, 59, 70 discovery of jets from, 110–111, 132 for nuclear fusion, 90 mass compactness of, 122 see Chandrasekhar limit; white dwarfs as possible quasar remnant, 220 mass segregation, 103 quiescent black hole candidate, mass transfer, X-ray binaries, 60–66 201–202, 234 mass–radius relationships, 293–295 as a radio galaxy, 117, 151-–153 masses scale of jet formation and, 152, 159 black hole correlation with host X-ray image, 234 galaxy/bulge mass, 205, 221 M100, 100 cosmic, compared with the proton, McCray, Richard, 291 293 MACHOs (massive compact halo massive stars objects), 93 as AGN black hole alternative, 123 Mackie, M. B., 115 direct collapse to a black hole, 50, Magellanic Clouds 175, 179, 275 lensing detection, 91–92 proportion evolving into black holes, probable fate, 79 70 star forming regions, 79 radiation pressure and Supernova 1987A, 38–39, 156 successive nuclear reactions in, 32 magnetars, 48 supernovae and, 31–42 magnetic fields matter creation, 48, 165, 280, 282 black hole accretion disks and, 126 maxima see mass limits; size limits electron–proton spin alignment and, mean speeds near galactic centers, 87 199–200 gamma-ray burst jets and, 179, 180 Mercury, 6, 8, 244, 267 neutron stars, 45, 49, 67 merger see coalescence pulsar mechanism and, 43, 48, 49 metal enrichment, 95 relativistic jets and, 161 metallicity, 50 supernova modeling and, 39 Michell, Rev. John, 2–3, 9 synchrotron radiation and, 44, 138 microquasars, 56, 166 X-ray binaries, 56, 67 microwave astronomy, 192 magnetocentrifugal processes, 162 Milky Way main sequence, 25, 61–63, 76, 294 angular size of black hole in, 237 Margon, Bruce, 141 center, 104–107, 188–191 Markarian, B. E., 111 dark matter halo, 81 maser action relativistic orbits and, 245 gas orbiting NGC, 192–199 speculations on the nature of, 74 limitations, 197 see also Sgr A*

316

Index

Millennium Run simulation, 96 novae, 64–65, 175–177 miniholes, 277–283, 291, 294 Novikov, Igor, 53, 218 Minkowski, Rudolf, 113 nuclei (atomic) see fusion reactions mirror-symmetric jets, 145, 146 nuclei (galactic) see galactic nuclei modeling see computer simulations O molecules, 192 Ochialini, Giuseppe (Beppo), 174 see also cosmic background radiation OJ 287, 262 momentum-dominated phase, 228 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 11, 42 orbital precession, 242 N orbital speed see rotation neutrinos Orion Nebula, 29, 78 as dark matter candidates, 92, 93 P formation in collapsing stars, 33 Pacini, Franco, 43 and supernovae, 38–40 Paczynski,´ Bohdan, 173, 175 neutrinos, solar, and mass of, 253 Palomar Transient Factory, 210 neutron drip point, 47 Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey neutron stability, 33 Telescope and Rapid Response neutron stars, 42–49 System), 210 alleged association of gamma-ray particle acceleration by pulsars, 45, 48 bursts with, 171 Pauli see exclusion principle coalescence PC 1247+3406, 215 and gravitational waves, 251, Penrose, Roger, 12, 163, 234, 241 253–255 Penzias, Arno, 271 and short gamma-ray bursts, 178 Petterson, Jacobus, 242 distinguishing from black holes, 30, photons 57, 58, 70 beaming effect, 155 gravitational environments, 3 emission of by black holes, 280 magnetic field, 48, 49 energy and wavelength, 25, 36 merging, 258–259, 262 physics and black hole studies, 18–21 metallicity and formation of, 50 PKS 1302-102, 262 non-pulsating, 56 Planck length, 295 probable structure, 44–48, 49 Planck mass, 286, 295 radiation, 253–256 Planck, Max, 286 in X-ray binaries, 54–60 Planck time, 295 see also magnetars; pulsars Planck observatory, 271, 273, 274 New Technology Telescope (NTT), 190 plasmas, 36, 114 Newtonian gravitational theory, 2, 15 Pop III simulation, 98 black hole gyroscope action, 241 pregalactic black holes, 290–291 gravitational constant, 287 pressure, and gravitational equilibrium, relativity and, 6, 243, 253 15 Schwarzschild radius and, 9, 10 primordial black holes, 277–283, 288 shortcomings, 3–4 proplyds, 78 NGC 1068, 128 proton–antiproton pairs, 280 NGC 1265, 146 NGC 1275, 225–228 Q NGC 3115, 205 quadrupole radiation, 251 NGC 4258, 191–199, 205 quiescent black holes, 124, 188 NGC 4594 see Sombrero galaxy detection by stellar disruption flares, NGC 4869, 148 209 NGC 4874, 148 detection by gravitational effects, NGC 5128, 139 198–199 NGC 6240, 262 frequency, 204 NGC 6251, 150 mass acceptance and luminosity, non-thermal radiation see blackbody 206–207 radiation Seyfert galaxies as reactivated, nonbaryonic matter, 92 220–221

317

Index

R variability, in AGN, 157 radiation see also blackbody radiation; dipole and quadrupole, 251 electromagnetic radiation radiation intensities, pulsars, 48 reprocessing quasar radiation, 125–127 radiation pressure resolution acceleration of gas jets and, 160, 167 HST and ground-based AGN/quasar mass and, 122, 218–219 telescopes,135, 200 massive stars, 294 HST and the VLBA, 196 radio astronomy VLA and, 148 21-cm spectral line, 87 reverberation mapping, 219 aperture synthesis, 133 Richstone, Douglas, 203 double radio sources, 135, 138 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, 240 history of, 132–138 rotation identification of Cygnus A, 113 of black holes as an energy source, the resolution problem, 134, 148 163–166, 235 view of the Galactic Center, 105 differential, 45, 66 view of Hercules A, 140 Earth as interferometric baseline, 135 VLA view of Centaurus A, 139 galaxies, and dark matter, 81, 88 VLA view of Cygnus A, 115 of stars near galactic nuclei, 203 see also interferometry supernova modeling and, 39 radio emission, quasars, 116, 126, 148 see also angular momentum; spinning radio galaxies, 117, 126 black holes gas bubbles in NGC 1275, 225–230 Ruderman, Malvin, 170 jets in, 151 Ryle, Martin, 134, 135 luminosity deficit in, 160 possible black hole binaries, 262, 264 S as quasar remnants, 220 safety issues, laboratory black holes, symmetrical structure of, 135, 287–288 145–146 Sagittarius A-star see Sgr A* unified models, 155–157 Salpeter, Edwin, 52–53, 69, 124 viewed at different scales, 152 Sanduleak, Nicholas, 141–142 radio nebulae, 142 Sargent, Wallace, 201 radio trails, 145–147 satellite galaxies Randall, Lisa, 288 scarcity of, 222 Rauch, Kevin, 244 see also M32; Magellanic Clouds Readhead, Anthony, 157 satellites Reber, Grote, 133 Beppo–SAX, 173–174 Redman, Roderick, 94 cosmic background radiation studies, redshifts 271 age expressed as, 82–83, 95 Suzaku,60 of black hole accretion disks, 239 Swift, 179–180, 182 of quasars, 116, 216 Vela system, 170 significance of z values, 82 see also space-based observations relativistic aberration, 155, 157, 160 scale relativistic astrophysics, 52, 258, 267 strength of gravity and, 14 relativistic electrons, 138 of the Universe, 74, 82 relativistic jets, 132, 160–162 views of radio galaxy M87, 152 relativistic plasmas, 114 scale invariance, jet production, 166 relativistic speeds Schmidt, Maarten, 115–116 gamma-ray bursts and, 179–180 Schwarzschild, Karl, 7 quasar gas clouds, 120 Schwarzschild, Martin, 203 stars close to black holes, 244–247 Schwarzschild metric, 8–9 relativists Schwarzschild (non-rotating) black and quantum gravity, 278 holes, 70, 163, 254–255 synergism with astronomers, 52, 267 as special case of Kerr, 243 see also general relativity Schwarzschild radius, 9–10, 152, 245, reprocessing 286, 287 in AGN, 125–127 Sco X-1, 54–55, 59

318

Index

Seyfert galaxies, 111, 128 gravitational wave propagation, 255 mistaken evidence of periodicity, 246 size limits for variable objects and, 118 quasars and, 117, 216, 220 see also relativistic speeds reverberation mapping, 219 speed of sound, 137, 160, 228, 230 Seyfert, Karl, 111 speeds see escape speed; mean speed Sgr A* spin, 29 identification as a black hole, 107, alignment, electron–proton, 87 192, 195 see also angular momentum; rotation predicted and observed luminosity, spin energy and luminosity, 124, 127 206 see also Kerr black holes VLBI imaging prospects, 238 spin rate changes, 45 X-ray image of the region, 105 spinning black holes Shapley, Harlow, 173 spin energy and AGN reactivation, Shimmins, John, 115 220 simulation see computer simulation singularities, 10–13, 19, 278, 284 spin energy and jet formation, size estimates, variable sources, 121 163–164 size limits spinning neutron stars AGN, 118 pulsars as, 42–43 white dwarfs, 25 spiral galaxies Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 86, 217 M100, Virgo cluster, 100 Snyder, Hartland, 11 radio-quiet nuclei in, 165 solar eclipses and relativity, 6 spin rate and dark matter haloes, 95 Solar System relativistic effects, 6, 8, 244, structure of typical, 80 267 Spitzer Space Telescope, 77, 86 Sołtan, Andrzej M., 220 Springel, Volker, 96 Sombrero galaxy (NGC 4594), 77, 205 SS 433 X-ray binary, 167, 261–262 space-based observations star formation Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Magellanic Clouds, 79 157, 172 Pop III simulation, 98 experimental evidence for relativity, 6 starburst galaxies and AGN, 110, 112 gravitational wave detection, 264–265 Ultra Deep Field image, 84 PVO (Pioneer Venus Orbiter), 170 stars Spitzer Space Telescope,77 achromatic variability, 277 X-rays, 54–239 collisions and their consequences, 76, see also satellites 98–103 spacetime see curvature; hyperspace densities in galactic nuclei, 98, 190, special relativity, 4 199 spectra of accretion disks gravitational equilibrium in, 14–15 typical central mass, 124 mean speeds in galactic nuclei, spectral signatures of black holes, 59, 199–200 239 possible relativistic speeds, 244–247 spectroscopy, 36–37 the 21-cm line of hydrogen, 87 tidal disruption by black holes, 200, emission lines, 37 207–211, 244 gas in galactic nuclei, 204 see also massive stars; stellar evolution of gamma-ray bursts and associated static limit, 243 supernova, 176 steady state theory, 115 masing water molecules, 195 stellar evolution, 25–29, 32, 78, 103 of quasars, 129, 215 age and galaxy type, 76–80 X-ray, of gas near black holes, 239 first predictions of black hole of X-ray binary SS, 80, 141, 144, 262 formation, 11–12 see also Doppler effect; redshifts gravitational equilibrium and, 17 speed of light, 4 importance of mass in determining, apparent superluminal expansion, 26, 29 153–155, 166 importance of metallicity in gravitational field strength and, 7 determining, 50

319

Index

stellar-mass black holes long-duration gamma-ray bursts and, direct collapse of massive stars, 175, 178–179 179 massive stars and, 31 discovery of, 53 Type Ia, 65 distinction from neutron stars, 3, 57 types of, 34 evolutionary significance, 19 X-ray binary evolution involving, 64 formation and long gamma-ray bursts, Suzaku satellite, 60 180 Swift satellite, 179–180, 209 merger with a neutron star, 179–180 symmetry possibility of, 49–50 and black hole formation, 12 as X-ray sources, 69 of double radio sources, 114, 135, 162 Stephenson, C. Bruce, 141 inversion symmetry, 146 strange quark matter, 45–47 mirror-symmetric jets, 145–147 Stratoscope, 203 see also asymmetry Sun symposia see Texas Symposia on bending of radiation near, 267 Relativistic Astrophysics escape speed of, 101 synchrotron radiation eventual fate, 24, 29, 289 Crab Nebula, 44, 45 gravitational equilibrium in, 14, 15, Galactic Center, 105 17, 24 gamma-ray bursts and, 183 Kelvin on the age of, 24 radio sources, 106, 114, 122, 138, 228 neutrinos, 234 superconductivity, 47 T superfluidity, 47 Taylor, Joseph, 252 superluminal motion, 153–155, 166 Taylor, Don, 43 supermassive black holes technology leading AGN theory, AGN as, 121–124 129–130, 132 angular size and imaging, 239 telescopes detection, 191 balloon-based, 203 formation in galactic nuclei, 104, see also ground-based telescopes; 199–206, 274 resolution; satellites; space-based gravitational waves from merging, observations 259–266 temperature identification of Sgr A* as, 107, 192 black hole gravity and, 284 mass and host galaxy (bulge) mass, blackbody radiation and, 37 205–206, 221 gravitational collapse and, 17 mass and quasar accretion, 219–220 see also cool cluster cores mass and relativistic orbits, 243–247 Texas Symposia on Relativistic possibility of intergalactic, 264 Astrophysics possible ejection of binary, 264 First Texas Symposium on Relativistic regulation of cluster growth, 224 Astrophysics, 52 regulation of galaxy growth, 222 Ninth Texas Symposium on supermassive stars, 124, 165, 274 Relativistic Astrophysics, 141, tidal disruption by, 200, 207–211 142 X-ray spectroscopy of gas near, 237 Seventh Texas Symposium on see also quiescent black holes Relativistic Astrophysics, 170 Supernova 1987A, 38–39, 156 thermodynamics and gravity, 17, 279, Supernova 1993J, 40 281–283 Supernova 1998bw, 176, 178 thermonuclear reactions see fusion Supernova 2003dh, 176 reactions supernova remnants, 42, 49–50 Thorne, Kip, 258, 270 supernovae three-body systems, 263, 264, 275 computer simulation, 41 tidal capture binaries, 101 core collapse, 33–34 tidal disruption, 200, 244 evolution of galactic nuclei, 103 debris from, 209 frequency, compared with gamma-ray tidal forces and quantum effects, 280 bursts, 178 time dilation by extreme gravity, 7

320

Index

timing argument, 81 colors of stars and, 19 Tonry, John, 204 Galactic Center visibility, 105 Tremaine, Scott, 78, 204 hyperfine transitions, 87 quasar emissions, 120, 127 U redshifts explained, 82 Uhuru X-ray satellite, 56, 59 resolution relation to, 133 ultraviolet wavelengths, 64, 110, 125, weak lensing, 88 215, 216 Weyl, Herman, 5 uncertainty principle, 278, 280 Wheeler, John Archibald, 5, 13 unification/unifed theory see also Bekenstein, Jacob; Thorne, AGN phenomena and line of sight, Kip, 284 126–127 the Hawking effect and, 278, 287 white dwarfs, 24–25, 29–31, 64–65, 67 radio galaxies and line of sight, Wilson, Robert, 271 155–157 WIMPs (weakly interacting massive singularities and, 12 particles), 93 unipolar inductors, 164 WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Universe Anisotropy Probe), 271 possible creation from black hole, Woosley, Stanford, 175 284–285 world lines in hyperspace, 282 primordial condition of, 277 Wright, Thomas, 74 scale of, 74, 295 total matter content, 88, 296 X see also expansion X-ray astronomy, 54 Crab Nebula image, 46 V dark matter evidence, 81–89 vacuum see matter creation focusing X-ray telescopes, 60 van den Heuvel, Edward, 62 gas in galaxy clusters, 224–227 variability microquasars, 166 neutron star spectra, 45 and upper size limits, 118, 122, 179 radio galaxy Cygnus A, 229 Vela satellite system, 170 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, 240 velocity dispersion, 205–206, 221, 224 satellite observations, 54 Vera C. Rubin Observatory, 210 stellar mass black holes, 69 Virgo A see M87 using rockets, 54 virial theorem, 17, 87, 103 views of the Galactic Center, 105–107 virtual particles, 280, 282 X-ray binaries viscosity see friction/viscosity effects accretion disk formation, 66–69 VLA (Very Large Array), 135, 136, 140, discovery of jets from, 141, 167 144, 156 distinguishing neutron stars from VLBA (Very Long Baseline Array), 150, black holes, 59 152, 195–197 evidence for black holes from, 235, VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) 261 evidence for black holes, 234, 276 flickering emission, 53, 56, 60, 69 of molecular clouds, 40 formation, 62–63 radio galaxy investigations, 148–157 VLT (Very Large Telescope), 191, 237 precessing jets in SS, 80, 143, 261–262 GRAVITY instrument, 238 properties, 56, 63, 64 Volkoff, George, 42 views and spectra of SS, 80, 105, 141–142, 261 W X-ray pulsars in, 56 water, 192–199 see also Cygnus X-1 wavelength X-ray bursts, 65, 171 accretion disk radiation, 127 X-ray novae (microquasars), 56, 166 black hole emissions, 280–281 X-ray precursors, gamma-ray bursts, 180

321

Index

X-ray sources, 54, 59, 239 Z see also Cygnus X-1 z values (redshift), 83 XMM-Newton satellite, 60, 226, Zel’dovich, Yakov, 52–54, 69, 124, 218, 227, 239 283 Znajek, Roman, 166, 240 Y see also Blandford–Znajek process Yang Wei-Te, 34 Zwicky, Fritz, 42, 80, 86, 88, 141, 190 Young, Peter, 201, 202 Zwicky Transient Facility, 210

322